The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 43 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Burden of Paediatric Dog Bite Injuries on the Emergency Department of an English Coastal Town
Open accessAbstract
Background Dog bite injuries can be life threatening and/or life changing for children and their families. The psychological consequences of these injuries are significant yet challenging to quantify. Prevention of these injuries is crucial. We studied the demographics, mechanism of injury and patient outcome in order to identify preventative strategies during emergency department (ED) presentation. Methods A single-centre, retrospective study was conducted in the children's ED of Blackpool Victoria Hospital, United Kingdom. Electronic medical records of patients under 16 years old with dog bite injuries between September 1, 2021 to September 30, 2023 were reviewed. Data collected included patient demographics, events surrounding dog bite injuries, safeguarding concerns, management and outcome. Correlations of variables were analysed using chi-squared test. Results One hundred and seventy-two cases presented with dog bite injuries. There was a slight male preponderance (94; 54.7%). Injuries were commonly seen in the first decade of life (109; 63.4%). Most of the injuries occurred indoors (132; 76.7%). Clear provocation preceding the bite injuries was documented in 76 children (44.2%). Common sites of bite injuries were face (88; 51.2%) and distal upper extremities (53; 30.8%). Injuries were commonly caused by dogs familiar to their victims (137; 79.7%). Facial injuries were more associated with familiar dogs (p<.00001). Twenty-five (14.5%) children required tertiary care for their bite injuries. There were inconsistencies in antibiotic prescription for dog bite injuries with variations in duration of therapy. Conclusions The burden of dog bite injuries in our ED is evident. Most of the bites were caused by familiar dogs in indoor settings. The study provided incredibly insightful data to guide the development of preventative strategies on a local and national level.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This single-centre retrospective review describes 172 paediatric dog bite presentations to the children’s ED of Blackpool Victoria Hospital over two years. Most bites involved familiar dogs and occurred indoors, with facial injuries common and 14.5% requiring tertiary plastic/maxillofacial care.
Key findings
- Of 172 cases, there was a slight male preponderance (94; 54.7%), median age was 7 years (range 0.8–15.9), and 109 (63.4%) were in the first decade of life.
- Most injuries occurred indoors (132; 76.7%) and were caused by dogs familiar to the victim (137; 79.7%); facial injuries were the most common site (88; 51.2%) and were more associated with familiar dogs (p<.00001).
- Twenty-five children (14.5%) required tertiary care; among this severe cohort, 22 (88%) had facial injuries, 22 (88%) were bitten by familiar dogs, and 18 (72%) were younger than 10 years.
- Antibiotics were prescribed in 128 children (74.4%), most commonly co-amoxiclav (95; 74.2%), but duration varied: three days (n=12), five days (n=25), seven days (n=12), and unknown (n=46).
Methods
- Single-centre, retrospective review of electronic medical records in the children’s ED of Blackpool Victoria Hospital, UK, including patients under 16 years old with dog bite injuries between September 1, 2021 and September 30, 2023; dog strikes and scratches without puncture wounds were excluded.
- Data collected included demographics, dog characteristics, event preceding the bite, seasonality, bite site, safeguarding concerns, wound management, antibiotic therapy, and ED outcome; severe injuries were defined as those requiring tertiary plastic and/or maxillofacial services.
- Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages using IBM SPSS version 23.0; subgroup analysis by dog familiarity used chi-squared tests, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.
Limitations
- Paper-stated: the study was limited by its retrospective nature, single-centre design, and some incomplete data; electronic prescription went live after the study period, contributing to incomplete pharmacological management data, and findings may not be generalizable.
- Evident from the text: antibiotic duration was unknown for 46 of 128 children prescribed antibiotics, and dog breed was documented in only 65.7% of cases (115/172).
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
1 of 43 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged
- Interpretationcitation
The true burden of dog bites could be more enormous than data from hospital records.
“The true burden of dog bites could be more enormous than data from hospital records.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Westgarth C, Brooke M, Christley RM. How many people have been bitten by dogs? A cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018, 72:331-6. 10.1136/jech-2017-209330 source
- Findingown data
Injuries were commonly caused by dogs familiar to their victims (79.7%).
“Injuries were commonly caused by dogs familiar to their victims (137; 79.7%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Facial injuries were more associated with familiar dogs (p<.00001).
“Facial injuries were more associated with familiar dogs (p<.00001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Dog bite injuries were commonly seen in the first decade of life (63.4%).
“Injuries were commonly seen in the first decade of life (109; 63.4%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Antibiotics were prescribed in 74.4% of patients (n=128).
“Antibiotics were prescribed in 74.4% of the patients (n=128).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Clear provocation preceding the bite injury was documented in 44.2% of children.
“Clear provocation preceding the bite injuries was documented in 76 children (44.2%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Small to medium-sized dog breeds inflicted some of the severe injuries in our cohort.
“Notably, small to medium-sized dog breeds inflicted some of the severe injuries in our cohort”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The XL bully breed was not responsible for the severe injuries in our cohort.
“The XL bully breed was not responsible for the severe injuries in our cohort.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The median age of children presenting with dog bite injuries was 7 years (range 0.8-15.9).
“The median (range) age was seven (0.8-15.9) years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The majority of severe dog bite injuries were seen in children younger than 10 years (72%; n=18).
“The majority of these severe injuries were seen in children younger than 10 years (72%; n=18).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Twenty-five children (14.5%) required tertiary care for their bite injuries.
“Twenty-five (14.5%) children required tertiary care for their bite injuries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There was no significant correlation between severity of injuries and familiarity of dogs.
“There was no significant correlation between severity of injuries and familiarity of dogs as shown in Table 2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
There were inconsistencies in antibiotic prescription for dog bite injuries with variations in duration of therapy.
“There were inconsistencies in antibiotic prescription for dog bite injuries with variations in duration of therapy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In our study, 89% of bite injuries occurred in the presence of a responsible adult.
“This was like our study where 89% of bite injuries occurred in the presence of a responsible adult.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In our study, three out of four children with bites on their lower limbs were over seven years old.
“In our study, three out of four children with bites on their lower limbs were over seven years old.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Any dog is capable of causing life-changing injuries.
“highlighting that any dog is capable of causing life-changing injuries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The 2019 Indices of Multiple Deprivation ranked Blackpool as the area with the most concentrated deprivation in England.
“The 2019 Indices of Multiple Deprivation ranked Blackpool as the area with the most concentrated deprivation in England [12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] JSNA Blackpool | Deprivation. (2022). Accessed. April 22, 2025: https://www.blackpooljsna.org.uk/People-and-Places/Wider-determinants-of-health/Deprivation.aspx.
- Premisecitation
The psychological consequences on children and families have been understudied.
“The psychological consequences on children and families have been understudied [26].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Boat BW, Dixon CA, Pearl E, Thieken L, Bucher SE. Pediatric dog bite victims: a need for a continuum of care. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2012, 51:473-7. 10.1177/0009922811435504 source
- Premisecitation
More deprived areas in England and Scotland have been associated with a higher risk of dog bites.
“More deprived areas in England and Scotland have been associated with a higher risk of dog bites [3, 11].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Jakeman M, Oxley JA, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Westgarth C. Pet dog bites in children: management and prevention. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2020, 4:e000726. 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000726 source
- cites [11] Hooper J, Lambert P, Buchanan-Smith H, Robertson T. Exploring social and locality variations of dog bites in Scotland using administrative data sources. Int J Popul Data Sci. 2022, 7:1810. 10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.1810 source
- Premisecitation
Seemingly benign child-dog interactions can result in head and face bite injuries.
“Seemingly benign child-dog interactions can result in head and face bite injuries [20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Reisner IR, Nance ML, Zeller JS, Houseknecht EM, Kassam-Adams N, Wiebe DJ. Behavioural characteristics associated with dog bites to children presenting to an urban trauma centre. Inj Prev. 2011, 17:348-53. 10.1136/ip.2010.029868 source
- Premisecitation
Blackpool ranked third most income-deprived of the 316 local authorities in England.
“Blackpool ranked third most income-deprived of the 316 local authorities in England [13].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Office for National Statistics. Exploring local income deprivation . (2021). Accessed: April 22, 2025: https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc1371/.
- Premisecitation
Most dogs involved in dog bite injuries are known to the victim.
“Most dogs involved in dog bite injuries are known to the victim.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Mannion CJ, Graham A, Shepherd K, Greenberg D. Dog bites and maxillofacial surgery: what can we do?. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015, 53:522-5. 10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.02.022 source
- Premisecitation
Preschool children are predisposed to head and neck injuries from dog bites.
“Preschool children are predisposed to head and neck injuries from dog bites. [19].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Cook JA, Sasor SE, Soleimani T, Chu MW, Tholpady SS. An epidemiological analysis of pediatric dog bite injuries over a decade. J Surg Res. 2020, 246:231-5. 10.1016/j.jss.2019.09.013 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Our study highlights a probable disproportionate impact of dog bites on English regions with high indices of multiple deprivation.
“Importantly, our study highlights a probable disproportionate impact of dog bites on English regions with high indices of multiple deprivation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The study's findings may not be generalizable.
“Although findings may not be generalizable”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The lack of understanding that any dog can attack or bite humans under specific circumstances inhibits bite prevention.
“In the same vein, the lack of understanding that any dog can attack or bite humans under specific circumstances inhibits bite prevention [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Arhant C, Landenberger R, Beetz A, Troxler J. Attitudes of caregivers to supervision of child-family dog interactions in children up to 6 years—an exploratory study. J Vet Behav. 2016, 14:10-16. 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.007 source
- Interpretationown data
Younger children are much more likely to suffer severe injuries to the face and neck.
“Younger children are much more likely to suffer severe injuries to the face and neck.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Benign child-dog interactions such as kissing or hugging can provoke a dog bite.
“Benign child-dog interactions such as kissing or hugging can provoke a dog bite [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Arhant C, Landenberger R, Beetz A, Troxler J. Attitudes of caregivers to supervision of child-family dog interactions in children up to 6 years—an exploratory study. J Vet Behav. 2016, 14:10-16. 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.007 source
- Premisecitation
There are regional and socioeconomic patterns of dog bite injuries and hospital admissions with increased rates in most deprived areas.
“There are regional and socioeconomic patterns of dog bite injuries and hospital admissions with increased rates in most deprived areas [11, 18].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Hooper J, Lambert P, Buchanan-Smith H, Robertson T. Exploring social and locality variations of dog bites in Scotland using administrative data sources. Int J Popul Data Sci. 2022, 7:1810. 10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.1810 source
- cites [18] Taylor AE, Ogharanduku O, Connor J, Bridgman S. Epidemiology of dog bite and strike related hospital admissions in Scotland, 1997 to 2022. Public Health. 2025, 239:142-8. 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.12.049 source
- Premisecitation
Supervision of child-dog interaction is often deficient.
“Supervision of child-dog interaction is often deficient [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Arhant C, Landenberger R, Beetz A, Troxler J. Attitudes of caregivers to supervision of child-family dog interactions in children up to 6 years—an exploratory study. J Vet Behav. 2016, 14:10-16. 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.007 source
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataOne hundred and seventy-two cases of dog bite injuries presented to the children's ED over the two-year period from September 1, 2021 to September 30, 2023.
“One hundred and seventy-two cases over the two-year period were analysed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataCommon sites of bite injuries were the face (51.2%) and distal upper extremities (30.8%).
“Common sites of bite injuries were face (88; 51.2%) and distal upper extremities (53; 30.8%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataMost dog bite injuries occurred indoors (76.7%).
“Most of the injuries occurred indoors (132; 76.7%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataAmoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the antibiotic of choice in 74.2% of cases (n=95).
“Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the antibiotic of choice in 74.2% of the cases (n=95).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataThere was a slight male preponderance among children with dog bite injuries (54.7% male).
“There was a slight male preponderance (94; 54.7%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIn England, the incidence of dog bite-related hospital admissions rose from 6.34 to 14.99 per 100,000 population from 1998 to 2018.
“In England, the incidence rose from 6.34 to 14.99 admissions per 100,000 population from 1998 to 2018 [15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Tulloch JS, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Fleming KM, Vivancos R, Westgarth C. English hospital episode data analysis (1998-2018) reveal that the rise in dog bite hospital admissions is driven by adult cases. Sci Rep. 2021, 11:1767. 10.1038/s41598-021-81527-7 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTwo-thirds of parents of children with dog bite injuries reported feelings of guilt and nearly half were apprehensive of their child's safety.
“Two-thirds of parents of children with dog bite injuries reported feelings of guilt and nearly half were apprehensive of their child’s safety [26].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Boat BW, Dixon CA, Pearl E, Thieken L, Bucher SE. Pediatric dog bite victims: a need for a continuum of care. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2012, 51:473-7. 10.1177/0009922811435504 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe increase in dog bite-related hospital admissions was driven by adults, which was also a similar phenomenon in Wales between 2014 and 2022.
“This increase was driven by adults, which was also a similar phenomenon in Wales between 2014 and 2022 [16].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Oxley JA, Tulloch JS. Welsh hospital admissions due to dog bites and strikes (2014-2022). Public Health. 2024, 233:83-9. 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.05.010 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationBite injuries to extremities were more likely seen in children aged over seven because of their increased height and limbs being in most proximity to the dog.
“Bite injuries to extremities were more likely seen in children aged over seven because of their increased height and limbs being in most proximity to the dog [19, 20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [19] Cook JA, Sasor SE, Soleimani T, Chu MW, Tholpady SS. An epidemiological analysis of pediatric dog bite injuries over a decade. J Surg Res. 2020, 246:231-5. 10.1016/j.jss.2019.09.013 source
- cites [20] Reisner IR, Nance ML, Zeller JS, Houseknecht EM, Kassam-Adams N, Wiebe DJ. Behavioural characteristics associated with dog bites to children presenting to an urban trauma centre. Inj Prev. 2011, 17:348-53. 10.1136/ip.2010.029868 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThere is unclear description of methods to improve adult supervision.
“There is unclear description of methods to improve adult supervision [25].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence | Child maltreatment. when to suspect maltreatment in under 18s. (2009). Accessed: March 31, 2025: https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG89.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe effectiveness of integrating comprehensive programs into primary school curricula was demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial.
“The effectiveness of integrating comprehensive programs into primary school curricula was demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial [31].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Chapman S, Cornwall J, Righetti J, Sung L. Preventing dog bites in children: randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention. BMJ. 2000, 320:1512-3. 10.1136/bmj.320.7248.1512 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe evidence to support the correlation of specific dog breeds and bite injuries is limited and controversial.
“The evidence to support the correlation of specific dog breeds and bite injuries is limited and controversial [3].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Jakeman M, Oxley JA, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Westgarth C. Pet dog bites in children: management and prevention. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2020, 4:e000726. 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000726 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationUp to 70% of dog bite cases involved family dogs, and incidents occurred mostly in home settings.
“Up to 70% of dog bite cases involved family dogs, and incidents occurred mostly in home settings [21].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Mannion CJ, Graham A, Shepherd K, Greenberg D. Dog bites and maxillofacial surgery: what can we do?. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015, 53:522-5. 10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.02.022 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Study design and conductnone givenSelection bias was reduced by an independent review of compiled non-identifiable patient information prior to data collection.
“Selection bias was reduced by an independent review of compiled non-identifiable patient information prior to data collection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe incidence of dog bite-related hospital admissions has continued to rise in the last two decades.
“The incidence of dog bite-related hospital admissions has continued to rise in the last two decades.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Tulloch JS, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Fleming KM, Vivancos R, Westgarth C. English hospital episode data analysis (1998-2018) reveal that the rise in dog bite hospital admissions is driven by adult cases. Sci Rep. 2021, 11:1767. 10.1038/s41598-021-81527-7 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationChildren with dog bite injuries may experience long-standing anxiety, phobia, nightmares, insomnia, social isolation or negative body image problems.
“Children with dog bite injuries may experience long-standing anxiety, phobia, nightmares, insomnia, social isolation or negative body image problems [27].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Monti L, Kotzalidis GD, Arcangeli V, et al.. Psychological sequelae of dog bites in children: a review. Children (Basel). 2024, 11:1218. 10.3390/children11101218 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe risk of head and neck injuries is greater in children, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality.
“The risk of head and neck injuries is greater in children, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality [1].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] WHO. Animal bites.. (2024). Accessed: April 10, 2025: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/animal-bites.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationNearly one-third of children developed phobia and avoidance of dogs while one-fifth experienced nightmares in a study by Boats et al.
“Nearly one-third of children developed phobia and avoidance of dogs while one-fifth experienced nightmares in a study by Boats et al. [26].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Boat BW, Dixon CA, Pearl E, Thieken L, Bucher SE. Pediatric dog bite victims: a need for a continuum of care. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2012, 51:473-7. 10.1177/0009922811435504 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAdmissions in Scotland nearly tripled between 1997 and 2022 from 5.9 to 17.2 per 100,000 population.
“Admissions in Scotland nearly tripled between 1997 and 2022 from 5.9 to 17.2 per 100,000 population [18].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Taylor AE, Ogharanduku O, Connor J, Bridgman S. Epidemiology of dog bite and strike related hospital admissions in Scotland, 1997 to 2022. Public Health. 2025, 239:142-8. 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.12.049 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAn increase in bites from familiar dogs was evident during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“However, an increase in bites from familiar dogs was evident during the COVID-19 pandemic [6].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Parente G, Gargano T, Di Mitri M, et al.. Consequences of COVID-19 lockdown on children and their pets: dangerous increase of dog bites among the paediatric population. Children (Basel). 2021, 8:620. 10.3390/children8080620 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe World Health Organization suggests that tens of millions of injuries annually are caused by dog bites with children being most at risk.
“World Health Organization suggests that tens of millions of injuries annually are caused by dog bites with children being most at risk [1].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] WHO. Animal bites.. (2024). Accessed: April 10, 2025: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/animal-bites.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationA community-based survey of 694 respondents in Cheshire, United Kingdom, revealed one in four people had experienced a dog bite, while only one-third of the victims sought medical care or intervention.
“A community-based survey of 694 respondents in Cheshire, United Kingdom, revealed one in four people had experienced a dog bite, while only one-third of the victims sought medical care or intervention [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Westgarth C, Brooke M, Christley RM. How many people have been bitten by dogs? A cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018, 72:331-6. 10.1136/jech-2017-209330 source
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown dataThe burden of dog bite injuries in our ED is evident.
“The burden of dog bite injuries in our ED is evident.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn an observational study, parents were observed to be very attentive and stayed in proximity during interactions with unfamiliar dogs.
“In an observational study, parents were observed to be very attentive and stayed in proximity during interactions with unfamiliar dogs [24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Morrongiello BA, Schwebel DC, Stewart J, Bell M, Davis AL, Corbett MR. Examining parents' behaviors and supervision of their children in the presence of an unfamiliar dog: does The Blue Dog intervention improve parent practices?. Accid Anal Prev. 2013, 54:108-13. 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.005 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationRyan et al. reported a significant increase in the rate of emergency in-hospital admissions from 5.6 to 8.7 from 2012 to 2021 in Ireland, with highest rates among children under the age of 15 years.
“Ryan et al. reported a significant increase in the rate of emergency in-hospital admissions from 5.6 to 8.7 from 2012 to 2021 in Ireland, with highest rates among children under the age of 15 years [17].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Ryan E, O'Farrell A, O'Suillleabháin PS, McKeown D. Trends in in-hospital admissions due to dog bites in Ireland from 2012-2021. Ir Med J. 2023, 116:887. source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationChildren between the ages of one and 14 years represent the most vulnerable population for dog bites.
“Children between the ages of one and 14 years represent the most vulnerable population [2].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Cohen-Manheim I, Siman-Tov M, Radomislensky I, Peleg K. Epidemiology of hospitalizations due to dog bite injuries in Israel, 2009-2016. Injury. 2018, 49:2167-73. 10.1016/j.injury.2018.09.058 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationChildren under the age of two and those aged 9-12 years are most frequently victims of dog bites.
“Particularly, children under the age of two and those aged 9-12 years are most frequently victims [3].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Jakeman M, Oxley JA, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Westgarth C. Pet dog bites in children: management and prevention. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2020, 4:e000726. 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000726 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationParents were mostly present (84%) when preschool children sustained dog bites.
“Parents were mostly present (84%) when preschool children sustained dog bites [20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Reisner IR, Nance ML, Zeller JS, Houseknecht EM, Kassam-Adams N, Wiebe DJ. Behavioural characteristics associated with dog bites to children presenting to an urban trauma centre. Inj Prev. 2011, 17:348-53. 10.1136/ip.2010.029868 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationDog attacks result in serious physical and psychological consequences and even death.
“Dog attacks result in serious physical and psychological consequences and even death [8].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Cameron O, Al-Himdani S, Oliver DW. Not a plastic surgeon's best friend: dog bites an increasing burden on UK plastic surgery services. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2017, 70:556-7. 10.1016/j.bjps.2016.12.007 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationJi et al. investigated 358 Chinese children with animal-induced injury and discovered important changes in their personalities, such as overcaution and cognitive constriction, which lasted for several years.
“Ji et al. investigated 358 Chinese children with animal-induced injury and discovered important changes in their personalities, such as overcaution and cognitive constriction, which lasted for several years [28].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Ji L, Xiaowei Z, Chuanlin W, Wei L. Investigation of posttraumatic stress disorder in children after animal-induced injury in China. Pediatrics. 2010, 126:e320-4. 10.1542/peds.2009-3530 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study was limited by its retrospective nature, single-centre design, and some incomplete data.
“The study was limited by its retrospective nature, single-centre study, and some incomplete data.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationA population-based survey revealed 54.7% of people were bitten by unfamiliar dogs.
“A population-based survey revealed 54.7% of people were bitten by unfamiliar dogs [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Westgarth C, Brooke M, Christley RM. How many people have been bitten by dogs? A cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018, 72:331-6. 10.1136/jech-2017-209330 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationReisner et al. reported 72% of the 203 cases were caused by family dogs.
“Reisner et al. reported 72% of the 203 cases [20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Reisner IR, Nance ML, Zeller JS, Houseknecht EM, Kassam-Adams N, Wiebe DJ. Behavioural characteristics associated with dog bites to children presenting to an urban trauma centre. Inj Prev. 2011, 17:348-53. 10.1136/ip.2010.029868 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenElectronic prescription went live after the study period, which contributed to incomplete data on pharmacological management.
“Electronic prescription went live after the study period, which contributed to incomplete data on pharmacological management.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationOlder children were more likely to be bitten by unfamiliar dogs without interaction.
“Older children were more likely to be bitten by unfamiliar dogs without interaction [20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Reisner IR, Nance ML, Zeller JS, Houseknecht EM, Kassam-Adams N, Wiebe DJ. Behavioural characteristics associated with dog bites to children presenting to an urban trauma centre. Inj Prev. 2011, 17:348-53. 10.1136/ip.2010.029868 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIn Wales, children under age 14 comprised 20.8% of all dog bite and strike hospital admissions.
“In Wales, children under age 14 comprised 20.8% of all dog bite and strike hospital admissions [16].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Oxley JA, Tulloch JS. Welsh hospital admissions due to dog bites and strikes (2014-2022). Public Health. 2024, 233:83-9. 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.05.010 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationNICE recommends the consideration of neglect when dog bite injury occurs in the context of inadequate supervision.
“The National Institute of Healthcare Excellence (NICE) recommends the consideration of neglect when dog bite injury occurs in the context of inadequate supervision [25].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence | Child maltreatment. when to suspect maltreatment in under 18s. (2009). Accessed: March 31, 2025: https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG89.
The paper relies on this without support.
Dog bites are preventable injuries.
“Dog bites are preventable injuries of public health concern.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lack of danger awareness in very young children increases the risk of dog attacks.
“The lack of danger awareness in very young children would increase the risk of dog attacks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children under the age of two place their faces very close to moving objects, which may trigger a dog to react.
“Children under the age of two place their faces very close to moving objects, which may trigger a dog to react.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Child-dog interactions that lead to bites are most often initiated by the child.
“These interactions are most often initiated by the child.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Larger dogs may cause more severe injuries compared with small dogs because of relative differences in size.
“Larger dogs may cause more severe injuries compared with small dogs because of relative differences in size.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adult supervision is vital for child injury prevention.
“Adult supervision is vital for child injury prevention.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Raising awareness of appropriate behaviour around dogs, especially at homes, will reduce the risk of bite injuries.
“Raising awareness of appropriate behaviour around dogs, especially at homes, will reduce the risk of bite injuries.”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Not confirmedχ²(1) = 1.26reported p < .26 · recomputed p = .262
“X2 (1, N=172) = 1.26, p < .26”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 27.76reported p < .00001 · recomputed p < .001
“X2 (1, N = 172) = 27.76, p < .00001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 28.6reported p < .00001 · recomputed p < .001
“X2 (1, N=172) = 28.60, p < .00001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Two chi-squared values reported for the same facial-injury comparison
MinorThe prose reports a chi-squared value of 27.76 for facial injuries and dog familiarity, while Table 2 reports 28.60 for that comparison.
“Facial bite injuries were more likely to be inflicted by familiar dogs (X2 (1, N = 172) = 27.76, p<.00001).”
“| Non-facial injuries | 53 | 31 | X2 (1, N=172) = 28.60, p<.00001 |”
Upper-limb injury percentage differs from its count
MinorFifty-three of 172 cases is 30.8%, as stated in the abstract, rather than 30.1%.
Reported 30.1 · recomputed 30.813953
“Injuries to the upper limb (hands, forearm) accounted for 30.1% of the cases (n= 53).”
Dog-breed documentation percentage differs from its count
MinorA documented breed in 115 of 172 cases corresponds to 66.9%, not 65.7%.
Reported 65.7 · recomputed 66.860465
“Breed of dog was documented in 65.7% of the cases (n=115)”
Incorrect percentage for children aged 1-4
MinorThe 49 children aged 1-4 are 28.5% of 172 cases, not 29.3%.
Reported 29.3 · recomputed 28.488372
“| 1–4 years | 49 (29.3) |”
Citations
Cites
Preventing dog bites in children: randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention
Chapman, S. (2000) · Western Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1136/ewjm.173.4.233 · Cited by 118
Westgarth, C., Brooke, M., & Christley, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209330 · Cited by 111
Preventing dog bites in children: randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention
Chapman, S. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7248.1512 · Cited by 95
Reisner, I. R., Nance, M. L., Zeller, J. S., Houseknecht, E. M., Kassam-Adams, N., & Wiebe, D. J. (2011) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2010.029868 · Cited by 81
Pet dog bites in children: management and prevention
Jakeman, M., Oxley, J. A., Owczarczak-Garstecka, S. C., & Westgarth, C. (2020) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000726 · Cited by 78
Tulloch, J. S. P., Owczarczak-Garstecka, S. C., Fleming, K. M., Vivancos, R., & Westgarth, C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81527-7 · Cited by 63
Tulloch, J. S. P., Minford, S., Pimblett, V., Rotheram, M., Christley, R. M., & Westgarth, C. (2021) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001040 · Cited by 62
Caffrey, N., Rock, M. J., Schmidtz, O., Anderson, D., Parkinson, M., & Checkley, S. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9060324 · Cited by 51
Dog bite injuries in a tertiary care children's hospital: A seven‐year review
Zangari, A., Cerigioni, E., Nino, F., Guidi, R., Gulìa, C., Piergentili, R., Ilari, M., Mazzoni, N., & Cobellis, G. (2020) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.14484 · Cited by 42
Dog Bites Recognized as Public Health Problem
Voelker, R. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540280016009 · Cited by 39
Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries: A 5-Year Nationwide Study and Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Plana, N. M., Kalmar, C. L., Cheung, L., Swanson, J. W., & Taylor, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000008670 · Cited by 38
Investigation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children After Animal-Induced Injury in China
Ji, L., Xiaowei, Z., Chuanlin, W., & Wei, L. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3530 · Cited by 35
Morrongiello, B. A., Schwebel, D. C., Stewart, J., Bell, M., Davis, A. L., & Corbett, M. R. (2013) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.005 · Cited by 32
An Epidemiological Analysis of Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries Over a Decade
Cook, J. A., Sasor, S. E., Soleimani, T., Chu, M. W., & Tholpady, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.09.013 · Cited by 32
Arhant, C., Landenberger, R., Beetz, A., & Troxler, J. (2016) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.007 · Cited by 26
Pediatric Dog Bite Victims: A Need for a Continuum of Care
Boat, B. W., Dixon, C. A., Pearl, E., Thieken, L., & Bucher, S. E. (2012) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922811435504 · Cited by 25
Parente, G., Gargano, T., Di Mitri, M., Cravano, S., Thomas, E., Vastano, M., Maffi, M., Libri, M., & Lima, M. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8080620 · Cited by 23
Dog bites and maxillofacial surgery: what can we do?
Mannion, C. J., Graham, A., Shepherd, K., & Greenberg, D. (2015) · British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.02.022 · Cited by 22
Epidemiology of hospitalizations due to dog bite injuries in Israel, 2009–2016
Cohen-Manheim, I., Siman-Tov, M., Radomislensky, I., & Peleg, K. (2018) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2018.09.058 · Cited by 19
O’Hara, N. (2024) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2024.05.049 · Cited by 13
Not a plastic surgeon's best friend: Dog bites an increasing burden on UK plastic surgery services
Cameron, O., Al-Himdani, S., & Oliver, D. W. (2017) · Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.12.007 · Cited by 12
Rising fatalities, injuries, and NHS costs: dog bites as a public health problem
Waters, A. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.p879 · Cited by 10
Welsh hospital admissions due to dog bites and strikes (2014–2022)
Owczarczak-Garstecka, S. C., Oxley, J. A., & Tulloch, J. S. P. (2024) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.05.010 · Cited by 8
Psychological Sequelae of Dog Bites in Children: A Review
Monti, L., Kotzalidis, G. D., Arcangeli, V., Brozzi, C., Iacovino, R., Giansanti, C., Belella, D., Marconi, E., Pulitanò, S. M., Mazza, M., et al. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11101218 · Cited by 7
Epidemiology of dog bite and strike related hospital admissions in Scotland, 1997 to 2022
Taylor, A. E., Ogharanduku, O., Connor, J., & Bridgman, S. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.12.049 · Cited by 6
Exploring Social and Locality Variations of Dog Bites in Scotland Using Administrative Data Sources.
Hooper, J., Lambert, P., Buchanan-Smith, H., & Robertson, T. (2022) · International Journal of Population Data Science · doi:10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.1810 · Cited by 4
Trends in in-hospital admissions due to dog bites in Ireland from 2012-2021
Ryan, E., O’Farrell, A., Ó Súilleabháin, P., & McKeown, D. (2023) · Irish Medical Organization · doi:10.34961/researchrepository-ul.24972693
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dog bites man: A case study of treatment and recovery in North Devon, UK
Wilson, R. T. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Case Reports · doi:10.52768/2766-7820/3962
Metadata
- Authors
- Maduemem, K., Hey, C., Anakebe, K., Boorenie, M., & Watkinson, L.
- Affiliations
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Maduemem, Kene
- ORCID
- Maduemem, Kene
- Venue
- Cureus
- Published
- 2025-05-17
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e84307-e84307
- ISSN
- 2168-8184 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12176248
- OpenAlex
- W4410477074
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Cureus (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Traumatic Ocular and Foreign Body Injuries
- Keywords
- dog bites, paediatric injuries, emergency department presentation, injury prevention, facial trauma, upper extremity injuries, antibiotic prescribing, patient outcomes, child protection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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