Indic-Vernacular Bitexts from Thailand

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Pali insertions include amplifications of implied words such as thito, titikkhati, and evaṃ, as well as Pali glosses of ambiguous or rare Pali words such as yathā for va and dhanuto for cāpāto.

“The Pali insertions include both amplifications of implied words such as thito, titikkhati, and evaṃ, as well as Pali glosses of ambiguous or rare Pali words, such as yathā for va (i.e., iva) and dhanuto for cāpāto (i.e., cāpato).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The number of specific analysis techniques used depends on the linguistic and cultural context of the author.

“The number of specific techniques of analysis used depends on the linguistic and cultural context of the author.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Without the Pali amplifications and glosses, the order of the vernacular reading is notated as 11, 1, 10, 3, 8, 9, 5, 13, 12; with the added words it becomes 11, 1, 2, 10, 3, 4, 8, 9, 5, 13, 6, 7, 12, 14.

“Without the Pali amplifications and glosses, the order of the vernacular reading is notated as 11, 1, 10, 3, 8, 9, 5, 13, 12.With the added words it becomes 11, 1, 2, 10, 3, 4, 8, 9, 5, 13, 6, 7, 12, 14.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The annotator uses this abbreviation to mark hatthiādayo, mahāmegho, verambhavātā, and koci as grammatical subjects.

“The annotator uses this abbreviation to mark the Pali terms hatthiādayo, mahāmegho, verambhavātā, and koci as grammatical subjects in this passage.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Early Lanna authors of such bitexts were deeply steeped in the Pali grammatical and commentarial tradition, and their scholastic expansions read much like the monolingual Pali commentaries they engage, including frequent citation of other treatises, stylized rhetorical questions, refutation of incorrect views, and admission of multiple interpretations.

“Early Lanna authors of such bitexts were deeply steeped in the Pali grammatical and commentarial tradition, and their scholastic expansions read much like the monolingual Pali commentaries they engage, including frequent citation of other treatises, stylized application of rhetorical questions, refutation of incorrect views, and admission of multiple interpretations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the first phrase of the sentence, the annotator uses numerals 1 through 4 to indicate the reordered sequence.

“In the first phrase of the sentence from tesaṃ to akkamantu, he uses the numerals 1 through 4 to indicate this order.”

May combine two claims.

The Pali-Lanna exegetical and homiletic examples, never analyzed before, are among the few dozen oldest manuscripts surviving in any Tai language.

“The Pali-Lanna exegetical and homiletic examples, never analyzed before, are among the few dozen oldest manuscripts surviving in any Tai language.”

May combine two claims.

The author's research on bitexts in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand shows that strict conventions were followed and many were shared across mainland Southeast Asia from the eleventh century onward.

“By contrast, my research on bitexts in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand demonstrates not only that strict conventions were followed, but that many of these conventions were shared across mainland Southeast Asia from the eleventh century onward.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In these cases, the annotations are typically carved directly into the leaves instead of inked on the surface.

“In these cases, the annotations are typically carved directly into the leaves instead of inked on the surface.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The vernacular insertions include the grammatical marker mè~ị ȫ to mark the conditional mood and the special Pali-Pali gloss marker maḥ.

“The vernacular insertions include the grammatical marker mè~ị ȫ (modern Thai mè 2 mị ȫ1 ), meaning”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The primary characteristic of the exegetical mode of presentation is the scholastic expansion of a bitext.

“The primary characteristic of the exegetical mode of presentation is the scholastic expansion of a bitext.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Bitexts in second-millennium contexts, including fifteenth- to nineteenth-century Siam and Lanna, are created through three required steps: selection, analysis, and presentation.

“Whether they emerged in Burmese, Khmer, Lanna, Lao, Mon, Siamese, or Sinhalese contexts, bitexts in second-millennium contexts, including fifteenthto nineteenth-century Siam (Central Thailand) and Lanna (Northern Thailand), are created through three required steps: selection, analysis, and presentation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The relatively rare words verambhavātā and makkhetuṃ are glossed with lamo hva 1 tvan 1 and lab, respectively.

“The relatively rare words verambhavātā and makkhetuṃ are glossed with lamº hva 1 tvan 1 (modern Thai lam hvă tvăn 2 ,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Like similar portions in other scholastic treatises, this passage shows how key terms are explained through their supposed etymological connection (nirukti) to other words.

“Like similar portions in other scholastic treatises, this passage shows how key terms are explained through their supposed etymological connection (nirukti) to other words:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The passage in question comes from the beginning of the Ālambanasaṅgaha (or Ārammaṇasaṅgaha in some Lanna manuscripts) in the third chapter of the text.

“The passage in question comes from the beginning of the Ālambanasaṅgaha (or Ārammaṇasaṅgaha in some Lanna manuscripts) in the third chapter of the text.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this passage, grammatical annotations are limited to marking the nominative case with the abbreviation for ăn vā 1, a Siamese technical particle used in bitexts to mark the nominative case or grammatical subject.

“In this passage, such annotations are limited to marking the nominative case with a special abbreviation for ăn vā 1 , a Siamese technical particle that is used in bitexts to mark the nominative case or grammatical subject of a sentence.28”

• cites [28]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The annotator glosses -atthaṃ with bị ȫ to clarify that it is not interpreted as 'meaning,' 'benefit,' or 'wealth.'

“One such word is -atthaṃ, which he glosses with bị ȫ (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The annotator restricts himself to glossing only ambiguous or difficult lexical items.

“Our annotator restricts himself to glossing only ambiguous or difficult lexical items.”

May combine two claims.

A smaller number of manuscripts were the work of three or more sets of hands, the third being an annotator.

“A smaller number of manuscripts, however, were the work of three or more sets of hands.The third person to contribute to the manuscript was the annotator.”

May combine two claims.

Notable exceptions include an interphrasal Sanskrit-Pyu inscription tentatively dated to the sixth century and a number of Sanskrit-Khmer inscriptions, largely from the early second millennium, that include parallel content but divergent form in the two languages.

“Notable exceptions include an interphrasal Sanskrit-Pyu inscription tentatively dated to the sixth century and a number of Sanskrit-Khmer inscriptions, largely from the early second millennium, that include parallel content, if divergent form, in the two languages.12”

• cites [12]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The examples include two passages from a mid-nineteenth-century philological Pali-Siamese bitext, two exegetical Pali-Lanna bitexts from 1585 and 1638, two homiletic Pali-Lanna bitexts from 1563 and 1666, and a poetic Pali-Siamese bitext from 1482.

“These include 1) two passages from a mid-nineteenth-century philological Pali-Siamese bitext, 2) two exegetical Pali-Lanna bitexts, one from 1585 and another from 1638, 3) two homiletic Pali-Lanna bitexts, one from 1563 and another from 1666, and 4) a poetic Pali-Siamese bitext from 1482.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The term maḥ is equivalent to moḥ in Middle Khmer, muh in Old Khmer, and măk vā 1 in Lanna, roughly means 'that is to say,' and separates a Pali item to be glossed from its Pali gloss.

“This term, equivalent to moḥ in Middle Khmer, muh in Old Khmer, and măk vā 1 in Lanna, roughly means”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the final clause, the annotator uses the syllables ka, kā, ki, and kī instead of ciphers.

“In the final clause, the annotator uses the syllables ka, kā, ki, and kī instead of ciphers.”

May combine two claims.

The article's evidence includes a previously undeciphered manuscript annotation from seventeenth-to nineteenth-century Siam, two of the oldest palm-leaf documents in any Tai language from sixteenth-century Lanna, and the oldest known Pali-Siamese literary work thought composed in 1482.

“These include a hitherto undeciphered form of manuscript annotation in seventeenth-to nineteenth-century Siam; two of the oldest palm-leaf documents surviving in any Tai language, from sixteenth-century Lanna; and the oldest known Pali-Siamese literary work, thought to be composed in 1482.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The cited passage is subject to a vernacular reading and translation comprising parsing, amplification, syntactic rearrangement, grammatical annotation, and gloss.

“The cited passage is subject to a vernacular reading and translation, comprising the analytic techniques of parsing, amplification, syntactic rearrangement, grammatical annotation, and gloss.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Indic-vernacular bitexts across Sri Lanka and mainland Southeast Asia rely on a common model for their composition.

“Indic-vernacular bitexts across Sri Lanka and mainland Southeast Asia rely on a common model for their composition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The whole passage is inscribed in scriptio continua, except for string hole breaks, line breaks, and sentence-final daṇḍa markers, in contrast to modern Pali editions.

“No spaces are added to parse the text; with the exception of string hole breaks, line breaks, and sentence-final daṇḍa markers, the whole passage is inscribed in scriptio continua, in contrast to modern Pali editions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In folio ḍo verso, line 1 of the same manuscript, both the proofreader and the annotator offer corrections to the inscribed letters.

“The proofreader and the annotator both offer corrections to the inscribed letters.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are a few Pali curricular manuscripts in which interlinear annotations are written out in full, providing a complete vernacular reading in Siamese.

“There are a few Pali curricular manuscripts in which interlinear annotations are written out in full, providing a complete vernacular reading in Siamese.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are a handful of reliably dated first-millennium Pali-Sinhala bitexts that include the three primary steps.

“There are a handful of reliably dated first-millennium Pali-Sinhala bitexts that include the three primary steps.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Siamese and Lanna contexts, it is not uncommon for all five analysis techniques to be applied to each passage.

“In Siamese and Lanna contexts it is not uncommon for all five techniques (2a-2e) to be applied to each passage.10”

• cites [10]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Dhammapadaaṭṭhakathā manuscript in the Swift Family Collection was likely fashioned in Siam in the mid-nineteenth century.

“This manuscript was likely fashioned in Siam in the mid-nineteenth century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At some point in the manuscript's history, likely shortly after it was inscribed and proofread, a monk preparing for Pali examinations in Siam began to study it.

“At some point in this manuscript's history, likely shortly after it was inscribed and proofread, a monk preparing for Pali examinations in Siam began to study it.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The manuscript annotations were made by a monk preparing for Pali examinations in Siam.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The focus is solely on parsing, amplifying, syntactically rearranging, grammatically annotating, and sometimes glossing a portion of a Pali text.

“The focus is solely on parsing, amplifying, syntactically rearranging, grammatically annotating, and sometimes glossing a portion of a Pali text.”

May combine two claims.

Many manuscripts were proofread by a second reader, most likely a male monastic, who corrected mistakes by writing on the manuscript with an ink pen rather than re-inscribing the leaves.

“Many manuscripts were then proofread by a second reader, most likely a male monastic.He would correct mistakes in the manuscript by writing on it directly with an ink pen, rather than re-inscribing the leaves.”

May combine two claims.

They are usually extremely fragmentary because they are written in ink by a student studying the text and usually comment only on particularly difficult words or passages.

“They are usually extremely fragmentary since they are written in ink by a student studying the text and usually comment only on particularly difficult words or passages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this passage, the annotator amplifies only one Pali word, tesaṃ, by supplying the dative/genitive plural janānaṃ.

“In this passage, the annotator only amplifies one Pali word, tesaṃ (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Such inscribed interlinear annotations are most commonly found in palm-leaf copies of the Kaccāyanavyākaraṇa, the primary treatise used to teach Pali grammar in Siam, Laos, and Cambodia prior to the twentieth century.

“Such inscribed interlinear annotations are most commonly found in palm-leaf copies of the Kaccāyanavyākaraṇa, the primary treatise used to teach Pali grammar in Siam, Laos, and Cambodia prior to the twentieth century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Most Pali manuscripts from the seventeenth through early twentieth centuries in Siam and Cambodia are inscribed on palm leaves.

“Most Pali manuscripts from the seventeenth through early twentieth centuries in Siam and Cambodia are inscribed on palm leaves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The syntactic reordering in this passage is particularly complex.

“The syntactic reordering in this passage is particularly complex.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Its special annotation symbols are shared by many other Dhammapada-aṭṭhakathā manuscripts from Cambodia and Siam from the seventeenth century onward.

“Its special annotation symbols are shared by many other Dhammapada-aṭṭhakathā manuscripts from Cambodia and Siam from the seventeenth century onward.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

After the scribe inscribed the lines in Pali, the proofreader supplied a missing word and two missing niggahīta, likely based on a reference manuscript.

“After the scribe inscribed these lines in Pali, the proofreader supplied a missing word (te,”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The proofreader used a reference manuscript to supply missing words.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Only seven of the original thirteen chapters of the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ survive.

“Only seven of the original thirteen chapters survive, excerpts from two of which I examine here.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The manuscript begins with a citation of two excerpts from the Sāratthadīpanī.

“The manuscript begins with a citation of two excerpts from the Sāratthadīpanī”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are a significant number of homiletic bitexts, including Pali-Lanna examples from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Lanna.

“There are a significant number of such homiletic bitexts, including Pali-Lanna examples from sixteenthand seventeenth-century Lanna.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author of Nisrai mahosathapaṇḍit added two Pali stanzas of his own composition at the beginning.

“the author added two Pali stanzas of his own composition at the beginning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author of the Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha follows the case discussion with an exposition explaining how the ṭīkā relates to the root text of the Abhidhammatthasaṅgaha.

“The author follows this discussion of case with a different sort of exposition: Here the emphasis is not on providing an abbreviated reading or translation, but rather on explaining how the ṭīkā relates to the root text of the Abhidhammatthasaṅgaha.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Nandapañño then argues that taṃvisayāni can instead be an aññapatthaka-tagguṇa-bahubbīhi if consciousnesses and mental factors are considered a subset of mental objects (dhammārammaṇa).

“Nandapañño then makes the case for the opposing claim that taṃvisayāni can instead be an aññapatthaka-tagguṇa-bahubbīhi if consciousnesses and mental factors are considered a subset of mental objects (dhammārammaṇa).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The second homiletic example comes from a manuscript dating to 1666 CE.

“The second homiletic example I present here comes from a manuscript dating to 1666 ce.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The passage from vaṇṇavikāraṃ to rūpaṃ showcases five principal analytical techniques: parsing, amplification, rearrangement, grammatical annotation, and gloss.

“This passage showcases the five principal analytical techniques, namely parsing (tadeva becomes taṃ eva); amplification (taṃ eva becomes taṃ eva rūpaṃ); rearrangement (tadeva dubbalapurisena daṇḍādi viya cittacetasikehi ālambīyati becomes taṃ eva rūpaṃ cit[tacetasike]hi ā[lambīya]ti da[ṇḍādi vi]ya du[bbalapurisen]a ā[lambīya]ti); grammatical annotation (taṃ eva rūpaṃ is marked with acc to show its”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The formula begins with the Pali word sādhavo and follows it with an expanded vernacular translation that implores the audience to listen and introduces the sermon content.

“The formula is simple: begin with the Pali word sādhavo (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the bitext version, the author makes clear that by listeners he means those engaged in studying and listening to the Mahosatha-jātaka scripture.

“In the bitext version that follows, the author makes clear that by”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Each of these stanzas is inscribed first in Pali in proper word order, followed by a parsed, amplified, rearranged, grammatically annotated, and interphrasally glossed version.

“Each of these stanzas is inscribed first in Pali in the proper word order, followed by a parsed, amplified, rearranged, grammatically annotated, and interphrasally glossed version.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This citation is followed by a mostly vernacular section that includes a brief introduction and a partial analysis and expanded translation of the Pali citations.

“This is followed by a mostly vernacular section that includes a brief introduction as well as a partial analysis and expanded translation of the Pali citations above.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In homiletic bitexts, vernacular translations appear in full prose sentences, often accompanied by expansive explanations that make doctrinal or narrative context easier to understand.

“Vernacular translations appear in full prose sentences, often accompanied by expansive explanations that make the doctrinal or narrative context easier to understand.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Unlike the 1585 example, which covered the entire Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī, Nandapañño's exposition only addresses the Ālambanasaṅgaha section.

“Unlike the previous example from 1585, which covered the entire Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī, Nandapañño's exposition only addresses the Ālambanasaṅgaha section.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nandapañño quotes from Pali grammatical treatises including the Saddatthabhedacintā, Balāvatāra, and Saddasāratthajālinī to argue that taṃvisayāni can be read as a tappayoga.

“he quotes from a variety of Pali grammatical treatises, including the Saddatthabhedacintā, 50 the Balāvatāra, 51 and the Saddasāratthajālinī, 52 to first make a case that taṃvisayāni can be read as a tappayoga”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The former monk Nandapañño studied and wrote down the Compendium of Objects while staying at the monastery of Ṕā Sȃpo near the center of Chiang Saen in a pœko yī year, cūḷasakarāja 1000 (1638 CE).

“the former monk Nandapañño studied ceaselessly and wrote this down while staying in the monastery of Ṕā Sȃpº near the center of the city of Chiang Saen, in a pœkº yī year, cūḷasakarāja 1000 (1638 ce).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In glossing abhivaṇṇayissaṃ, the author writes a Lanna phrase meaning making the meanings of the words and explanations clearly manifest and expounding them.

“In glossing abhivaṇṇayissaṃ (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One hallmark of homiletic Indic-vernacular bitexts is their explicit invocation of an audience of listeners.

“One hallmark of homiletic Indic-vernacular bitexts is their explicit invocation of an audience of listeners.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nandapañño cites an earlier passage from the Abhidhammavibhāvinī to support the position that consciousness cannot arise in the absence of an object.

“He cites an earlier passage from the Abhidhammavibhāvinī to support this position, namely that consciousness cannot arise in the absence of an object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nandapañño's analysis focuses on how to interpret the bahubbīhi compound taṃvisayāni.

“Nandapañño's analysis focuses on how to interpret the bahubbīhi (Skt.bahuvrīhi) compound taṃvisayāni.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha manuscript was first inscribed for a certain Văt Bvă Tèmo 2.

“though it was first inscribed for a certain Văt Bvă Tèmº 2 .37”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author of the Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha makes his case by citing the Pali grammatical principle vibhattipadhāno tappuriso and arguing that the compound should be understood in an accusative sense.

“reference to a Pali grammatical principle, vibhattipadhāno tappuriso, 43”

• Also stated in: § philological bitexts: interlinear pali-siamese examples from the nineteenth century · plain

  “should be understood in an accusative sense (dutiyatth).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author links words in the ṭīkā, such as vibhāgato, with whole passages in the root text, such as that abbreviated by pana vasena.

“He links words in the ṭīkā, such as vibhāgato, with whole passages in the root text, such as that abbreviated by pana vasena”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In homiletic bitexts where the selected Pali portions are invented rather than cited, the composition may appear mostly vernacular with just a few Pali phrases.

“In cases where the selected Pali portions are invented rather than cited, the composition may appear to be mostly in the vernacular, with just a few Pali phrases here and there.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ is intended to be recited as a sung or chanted sermon, its style is radically different from other bitexts in that the vernacular portions are entirely composed in various meters of Siamese poetry.

“Though the text is intended to be recited as a sung or chanted sermon, its style is radically different from the other bitexts discussed in this article in that the vernacular portions are entirely composed in various meters of Siamese poetry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For homiletic bitexts based on citations of extant Indic texts, the presentation may include all of the source or only short excerpts.

“For bitexts based on citations of extant Indic texts, a homiletic presentation may include all of the source or only short excerpts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A different Pali-Lanna bitext dating to 1638 shows an even wider range of exegetical techniques.

“A different Pali-Lanna bitext, dating to 1638, shows an even wider range of exegetical techniques.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author of the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ provides a parsed, amplified, syntactically rearranged, grammatically annotated, and glossed Pali-Siamese version.

“The author of the bitext then provides a parsed, amplified, syntactically rearranged, grammatically annotated, and glossed Pali-Siamese version”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ was first in a line of famous royal compositions or gāṃ hlvaṅ, all of which are either Pali-Siamese or Sanskrit-Siamese bitexts in a similar literary style.

“It was also first in a line of famous”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the aññapatthaka reading, the qualities of the external referent are unstated and inherent to the compound itself.

“In this case, the qualities of the external referent are unstated, being inherent to the compound itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The oldest and most influential such composition in what is now Thailand was penned in the late fifteenth century.

“The oldest and most influential such composition in what is now Thailand was penned in the late fifteenth century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After a complex invocation in Pali composed expressly for this work, the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ begins with the initial line of Pali prose from the Vessantara-jātaka-aṭṭhakathā.

“After a complex invocation in Pali composed expressly for this work, the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ begins with the initial line of Pali prose from the Vessantara-jātaka-aṭṭhakathā.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nandapañño's bitext begins with an explication of which phrases in the ṭīkā correspond to which parts of the root text.

“His bitext begins with an explication of which phrases in the ṭīkā correspond to which parts of the root text”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As the lines that follow state, the aim of such exegesis is to make the meanings of the text easily known to the audience of the sermon.

“As the lines that follow state, the aim of such exegesis is to make the meanings of the text easily known to those to the audience of the sermon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha, the author explains why he chose yăṅo (acc) instead of hëṅo (gen) to annotate the compound ārammaṇasaṅgaho.

“In this portion of his exposition, the author explains why he chose the particle yăṅº (acc) instead of hëṅº (gen) to annotate the compound ārammaṇasaṅgaho.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The term vohāno is extremely common in the titles of Pali-Lanna sermon texts from the late seventeenth through early twentieth centuries.

“This term is extremely common in the titles of Pali-Lanna sermon texts from the late seventeenth through early twentieth centuries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ten-fascicle text is rooted in the Sāratthadīpanī's exposition of the ten major epithets or qualities of the Buddha, beginning with arahaṃ.

“The ten-fascicle text is rooted in the Sāratthadīpanī's 61 exposition of the ten major epithets or qualities of the Buddha, beginning with arahaṃ.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the tappayoga reading, cittāni is the stated external referent for taṃvisayāni, understood as those having as their object the five sense objects beginning with form.

“In this case, cittāni (”

May combine two claims.

In the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ, the bitextual analysis rearranges syntax, adds technical particles to mark grammatical features such as case, number, and mood, and amplifies the Pali.

“As in previous examples, the bitextual analysis rearranges the syntax, adds technical particles to mark grammatical features such as case, number, and mood, and amplifies the Pali.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha, some Pali phrases are grammatically annotated and others are glossed, but the Lanna translation is far from complete.

“Some Pali phrases are grammatically annotated, and others are glossed, but the translation into Lanna is far from complete.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Almost all manuscripts bearing vohāno in their title are bitexts presented in a homiletic style.

“Almost all manuscripts bearing this term in their title are bitexts presented in a homiletic style.”

May combine two claims.

The earliest copy of Nisrai mahosathapaṇḍit dates to 1563 CE and is housed at Văt Pān 2 Hluk (Wat Ban Luk), Lampang province.

“The earliest copy of the first example, Nisrai mahosathapaṇḍit, dates to 1563 ce and is currently housed at Văt Pān 2 Hluk (Wat Ban Luk), Lampang province.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A homiletic bitext rarely uses abbreviation of any kind.

“A homiletic bitext rarely uses abbreviation of any kind.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The process of amplification and syntactic rearrangement encourages the Pali text to grow, in this case by inserting words (gantho and ahaṃ) that are only implied in the Pali but necessary for the vernacular gloss.

“At the same time, the process of amplification and syntactic rearrangement encourages the Pali text to grow, in this case by inserting words (gantho and ahaṃ) that are only implied in the Pali but are necessary for the vernacular gloss.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha exposition includes minor amplification by adding the conjunction ca and rearrangement by placing ārammaṇasańgaho at both the beginning and the end.

“The analysis includes minor amplification (adding the conjunction ca) and rearrangement (putting ārammaṇasańgaho at the beginning in addition to the end).”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Other Lanna passages in the 1666 bitext expand the narrative scope or the doctrinal precision of the Pali.

“Other Lanna passages expand the narrative scope (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A relatively small number of Indic-vernacular compositions are crafted with aesthetic principles in mind, with the vernacular portions shaped into elaborate verse.

“In contrast to the straightforward prose of homiletic bitexts, a relatively small number of Indic-vernacular compositions are crafted with aesthetic principles in mind, with the vernacular portions shaped into elaborate verse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the 1666 bitext, the Pali is amplified in a few places, and technical particles are used to gloss key grammatical features.

“The Pali is amplified in a few places, and the technical particles are used to gloss key grammatical features.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To support the aññapatthaka reading, Nandapañño quotes the Abhidhammāvatāra as stating that there are six kinds of objects: the five sense objects plus mental objects.

“he quotes the Abhidhammāvatāra (a fifth-century systemization of the Abhidhamma by Buddhadatta) as stating that there are six kinds of objects, the five sense objects plus mental objects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In this passage, technical particles for grammatical annotation are placed consistently, and the Lanna glosses are complete.

“Technical particles for grammatical annotation are placed consistently, and the Lanna glosses are complete.”

May combine two claims.

The Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ is believed to have been composed in 1482 under the aegis of King Borommatrailokkanat of Ayutthaya and is the earliest extant Tai-language version of the Mahāvessantara-jātaka and one of the earliest known pieces of Siamese literature.

“Believed to have been composed in 1482 under the aegis of King Borommatrailokkanat of Ayutthaya (Paramatŕailokanāth, r. 1431-1488), the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ (Mahachat kham luang) is the earliest extant Tai-language version of the Mahāvessantara-jātaka and one of the earliest known pieces of Siamese literature.”

• cites [66]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 1666 manuscript is called vohāno yo so or ṭīkā yo so and is kept at Văt Hlvaṅ Rājasăṇṭhān (Wat Luang Ratchasanthan) in Phayao province.

“This particular manuscript is called vohānº yo so or ṭīkā yo so, and is currently kept at Văt Hlvaṅ Rājasăṇṭhān (Wat Luang Ratchasanthan) in Phayao province.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ, the author inserts the Pali phrase yaṃ dinnaṃ, repeated from the root verses, into a Siamese line.

“the author inserts a Pali phrase, yaṃ dinnaṃ, which is repeated from the root verses.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Only a small number of bitextual compositions on palm-leaf and folded-paper manuscripts across the region have been studied with modern critical reading, editing, and translation.

“very few have been subject to contemporary methods of critical reading, editing, and translation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Siamese poet recounts the entire first act of Prince Vessantara: after the people of his father's kingdom of Sivi spurn him for giving away a rain-making elephant, he retreats to the forest to seek the fulfillment of his spiritual path.

“The Siamese poet takes the opportunity here to recount the entire first act of Prince Vessantara: After the people of his father's kingdom of Sivi spurn him for giving away a rain-making elephant, he retreats to the forest to seek the fulfillment of his spiritual path.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other passages in the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ show even bolder poetic experimentation within the bitextual, interphrasal format.

“Other passages from the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ, however, reveal an even bolder sense of poetic experimentation within the bitextual, interphrasal format.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A few Pali words are brought into the Siamese meter.

“In fact, a few Pali words, marked in italics in my presentation of the passage, are brought into the Siamese meter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Simple Pali words or phrases are given elaborate vernacular expansions.

“Simple words or phrases in Pali receive elaborate vernacular expansions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All of the glosses in the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ are linked together into a rhyme scheme called rāy yāv, in which the last syllable of each line rhymes with any syllable of the following line.

“All of the glosses are linked together into a rhyme scheme called rāy 1 yāv, in which the last syllable of each line rhymes with any syllable of the following line.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The glōṅ meter used here has much stricter rules for syllable counts, rhyme, and tone-mark placement than rāy 1 yāv.

“The particular glōṅ meter in use here has much stricter constraints regarding syllable counts, rhyme, and the placement of tone marks than rāy 1 yāv.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lines in the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ are defined either by a space or by the presence of an intervening Pali word.

“Lines are defined either by a space or by the presence of an intervening Pali word.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The interphrasal treatment runs through the whole bitext; the Pali is never abandoned for a purely vernacular presentation.

“The interphrasal treatment continues through the entirety of the bitext; at no stage is the Pali abandoned in favor of a purely vernacular presentation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ is one of the earliest instances of the rāy 1 yāv meter in Siamese literature.

“The Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ provides one the earliest examples of the use of the rāy 1 yāv meter in Siamese literature.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The two contrasting Pali-Lanna readings of the Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī-ṭīkā examined here, dated 1585 and 1638, display the exegetical mode's range and depth in producing effective hermeneutical guides for advanced Pali readers.

“The two contrasting Pali-Lanna interpretations of the Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī-ṭīkā unpacked in this article, one from 1585 and the other from 1638, showcase the range and depth of the exegetical mode in crafting efficient hermeneutical guides for skilled readers of Pali treatises.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the first line of the Siamese glōṅ, the author adds the Pali word bhonto, a respectful vocative plural meaning 'Sir!' in this context.

“the author adds the Pali word bhonto, a respectful vocative plural form, meaning”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the Pali version, the passage is fairly straightforward, with one brief prose section and three half-stanzas in verse.

“In the Pali version, this passage is relatively straightforward, consisting of one brief prose portion and three half-stanzas in verse:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Despite the meter's constraints, the passage adds several expressive details.

“Within the constraints imposed by the meter, this passage also manages to add a number of expressive details.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the seventh chapter, Mahāban ('The Great Forest'), the bitext's author experiments with combining Pali and Siamese verse forms.

“the author of the bitext experiments with combining Pali and Siamese verse forms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A simple Pali phrase such as sañjassa sakaṃ puttaṃ / sivīhi vippavāsitaṃ is expanded through the insertion of the appropriate narrative context.

“A simple Pali phrase such as sañjassa sakaṃ puttaṃ / sivīhi vippavāsitaṃ (”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Two passages from the 1482 Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ illustrate the literary potential of the analytical tools of Indic-vernacular bitexts.

“The two example passages from the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ of 1482 exemplify the literary possibilities present in the analytical tools of Indic-vernacular bitexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the 1666 manuscript, lengthy passages may occur only in the vernacular, with Pali phrases inserted sparingly.

“Or, as in the 1666 manuscript, long passages may appear only in the vernacular, with Pali phrases inserted sparingly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The expanded glosses are linked to one another by rhyme and logical structure, making a seamless Siamese paragraph.

“Each of these expanded glosses links to the next by rhyme and logical structure, forming a seamless paragraph in Siamese:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These examples give only a partial glimpse of the philological practices witnessed in manuscript annotations from Siam.

“These examples, however intricate they may seem, only give a partial glimpse of the philological practices witnessed in manuscript annotations from Siam.”

May combine two claims.

These bitexts provide detailed evidence for vernacular reading and the emergence of vernacular literature in mainland Southeast Asia and Thailand.

“These bitexts provide detailed evidence for vernacular reading and the emergence of vernacular literature in mainland Southeast Asian in general and Thailand in particular.”

May combine two claims.

The annotations fill in all implied Pali words and transform the expanded Pali sentence into a readily comprehensible vernacular reading.

“The annotations fill in all of the implied Pali words and transform this new, expanded Pali sentence into a readily comprehensible vernacular reading.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There have been very few sustained studies of Southeast Asian Indic-vernacular bitexts to date.

“There have been very few sustained studies of Southeast Asian Indic-vernacular bitexts to date.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These four syllables are traditionally used to paginate the verso sides of the first four leaves of the first fascicle of a palm-leaf manuscript in mainland Southeast Asia.

“These four syllables are traditionally used to paginate the verso sides of the first four leaves of the first fascicle of a palm-leaf manuscript in mainland Southeast Asia.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four syllables ka, kā, ki, and kī conventionally correspond to pagination numbers 1 through 4 or a through d in mainland Southeast Asian palm-leaf manuscripts.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Since exegetical bitexts were not intended to be read aloud in public, their contents are highly abbreviated and may seem cryptic or deliberately confounding at first glance.

“Since these exegetical bitexts were not intended to be read aloud in a public setting, their contents are highly abbreviated, and may seem cryptic or even deliberately confounding at first glance.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Exegetical bitexts were not intended to be read aloud in a public setting.

May combine two claims.

Pali-Siamese, Pali-Lanna, and Pali-Lao bitexts almost certainly existed prior to the late fifteenth century, though the extreme paucity of manuscripts before that time precludes firm conclusions.

“Pali-Siamese, Pali-Lanna, and Pali-Lao bitexts almost certainly existed prior to the late fifteenth century, though the extreme paucity of manuscripts before that time precludes firm conclusions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Janānaṃ is not a gloss of tesaṃ but a clarification of the implied noun behind the pronoun.

“Janānaṃ is not a gloss of tesaṃ, but rather a clarification of what, in the annotator's view, the implied noun behind the pronoun should be.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The new order allows for a literal reading and translation that matches vernacular syntax.

“The meaning is the same in Pali, but the new order allows for a literal reading and translation that matches vernacular syntax.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These interlinear annotations are the most abbreviated form of Indic-vernacular bitext in Southeast Asia.

“These interlinear annotations are the most abbreviated form of Indic-vernacular bitext in Southeast Asia.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The annotator's interlinear analysis transforms the passage into a philological Pali-Siamese bitext.

“The annotator's interlinear analysis transforms this passage into a philological Pali-Siamese bitext.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The annotator's insertions provide an accurate account of how to read and translate this Pali passage into Siamese.

“The annotator's insertions provide an accurate account of how to read and translate this Pali passage into Siamese.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The proofreader's duty is to make sure that the inscribed text matches the reference manuscript.

“The proofreader's duty is to make sure that the inscribed text matches the reference manuscript.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The proofreader used a reference manuscript to supply missing words.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The aim is to produce a bitext that is philologically useful for a careful student of Pali rather than to compose a treatise for public consumption.

“The aim is to produce a bitext that is philologically useful for a careful student of Pali rather than to compose a treatise for public consumption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Each mode roughly corresponds to an intended audience: philological for linguistic training, exegetical for scholastic readers, homiletic for public preaching, and poetic for recitation to court circles or other highly literate audiences.

“Each mode roughly corresponds with a particular intended audience: a philological presentation favors linguistic training, an exegetical approach is suitable for scholastic readers, a homiletic mode is honed for public preaching, and a poetic treatment may be intended for recitation to court circles or other highly literate audiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pali was the leading Indic language in this period in Southeast Asia, though Sanskrit maintained a secondary role.

“The leading Indic language of this period in Southeast Asia is Pali, a Middle Indic language closely related to Sanskrit, though Sanskrit itself maintained a secondary role in the region.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The precision of this highly abbreviated interlinear analysis makes it one of the most sophisticated forms of vernacular grammatical analysis to emerge prior to modern linguistics.

“The precision of this highly abbreviated form of interlinear analysis, comprising the techniques of parsing , amplification, syntactic rearrangement, grammatical annotation, and gloss, makes it one of the most sophisticated forms of vernacular grammatical analysis to emerge prior to the development of modern linguistics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Upon closer examination, these bitexts reveal the power of the exegetical mode to carefully unpack multiple layers of meaning within a Pali text.

“Upon closer examination, however, these bitexts reveal the power of the exegetical mode to carefully unpack multiple layers of meaning within a Pali text.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The two examples selected are bitextual expositions of the same passage from the Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī-ṭīkā, a twelfth-century commentary on Anuruddha's Abhidhammatthasaṅgaha, a handbook that elucidates the core concepts of the Pali Abhidhamma.

“The two examples I have selected are bitextual expositions of the same passage from the Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī-ṭīkā, a twelfth-century commentary on Anuruddha's Abhidhammatthasaṅgaha, a handbook that elucidates the core concepts of the Pali Abhidhamma.32”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Pali-Lanna examples highlighted below are concerned more with how to interpret Pali scriptures and commentaries.

“The Pali-Lanna examples I highlight below are concerned more with how to interpret Pali scriptures and commentaries.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The annotator reorders the Pali passage so that its word sequence matches how it would be read and translated into Siamese.

“Here the annotator seeks to reorder the Pali passage so that the word sequence matches how it would be read and translated into Siamese.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The annotator uses these syllables instead of ciphers to avoid confusion with the first part of the sentence.

“The annotator uses these syllables instead of ciphers to avoid confusion with the first part of the sentence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The colophon of the 1638 manuscript suggests that its author and scribe are the same person.

“The colophon even suggests that the author and the scribe are one and the same person”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This expansion fills out the narrative signification of the passage, because the long jātaka that follows exhibits the Bodhisatta's skill in solving riddles.

“This expansion fills out the narrative signification of the passage, for the long jātaka that follows exhibits the Bodhisatta's skill in solving riddles.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The vernacular portion, even if comprehensible on its own, remains in close proximity to its Pali counterpart, providing a secure basis for its commentarial elaborations.

“The vernacular portion, even if perfectly comprehensible on its own, remains in close proximity to its Pali counterpart, providing a secure basis for its commentarial elaborations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The extensive abbreviation of the root text and the serial delivery of contrasting interpretations make Nandapañño's bitext unsuitable for public sermons.

“The extensive abbreviation of the root text and the serial delivery of contrasting interpretations make his bitext equally unsuitable for public sermons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The author of the Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha wrote for readers who had the Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī-ṭīkā available and already had a good grasp of Pali.

“and was writing for readers who had the Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī-ṭīkā available to them and already had a good grasp of Pali.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Homiletic Indic-vernacular bitexts may be presented in a vernacular-focused style with clear, unredacted prose that makes them well suited for preaching to lay audiences.

“Indic-vernacular bitexts may also be presented in a vernacular-focused style with clear, unredacted prose that makes them well suited for preaching to lay audiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The omissions in the Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha do not make the text incoherent.

“These omissions do not make for an incoherent text, however.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most striking feature of the 1666 bitext is the way the author transforms the bulk of the long Pali sentence into a complex, multilayered, yet completely fluent vernacular translation.

“Most striking, however, is the way the author transforms the bulk of the long Pali sentence into a complex, multilayered, yet completely fluent vernacular translation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nisrai mahosathapaṇḍit was almost certainly first composed by a monk or ex-monk before 1563, perhaps earlier in the sixteenth century, and continued to be copied in later centuries.

“It was almost certainly first composed by a monk or ex-monk before that time, perhaps earlier in the sixteenth century, and continued to be copied in later centuries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Like the 1563 example, the 1666 Pali-Lanna bitext is explicitly structured as a sermon that is perfectly comprehensible to a lay audience while still remaining grounded in a particular Pali text.

“structured as a sermon that is perfectly comprehensible to a lay audience while still remaining grounded in a particular Pali text.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nandapañño is not providing linguistic tools as aids for those learning Pali, since he quotes extensively from Pali sources without translating them.

“He is clearly not providing linguistic tools as aids for those learning Pali, since he quotes extensively from Pali sources without translating them.”

May combine two claims.

The emphasis on offering multiple interpretations is shared by the monolingual Pali scholastic tradition and links exegetical Indic-vernacular bitexts to that broader heritage.

“This emphasis on offering multiple interpretations is shared by the monolingual Pali scholastic tradition, and links exegetical Indic-vernacular bitexts to this broader heritage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ remained a touchstone for Siamese writers long after its fifteenth-century composition.

“The Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ remained a touchstone for Siamese writers long after its composition in the fifteenth century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author of the Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha was probably a monk or former monk.

“The author was probably a monk or former monk”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This passage demonstrates the capacity of bitexts to deliver a fluent vernacular text that remains grounded in a parsed, amplified, and rearranged Pali source.

“This passage once again demonstrates the capacity of bitexts to deliver a fluent vernacular text that remains grounded in a parsed, amplified, and rearranged Pali source.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Nandapañño makes clear that phrase-by-phrase analysis of scholastic texts can have significant doctrinal implications.

“Nandapañño makes clear that the phrase-by-phrase analysis of scholastic texts can have significant doctrinal implications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nandapañño's Investigation demonstrates how the analytical tools of bitexts may be effectively marshaled for sophisticated exegetical purposes.

“Nandapañño's”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The introduction is one of the earliest examples of a stock formula witnessed in countless homiletic bitexts across Tai and Khmer cultures from the seventeenth century to the present.

“The introduction is one of the earliest examples of a stock formula witnessed in countless homiletic bitexts across Tai and Khmer cultures from the seventeenth century to the present.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These bitexts aim to create literature for its own sake, or belles-lettres.

“These bitexts, in other words, aim to create literature for its own sake, or what we might call belles-lettres.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This 1666 bitext is perhaps the second-oldest known Pali-Lanna manuscript to feature the term vohāno in one of its colophons.

“This bitext is perhaps the second-oldest known Pali-Lanna manuscript to feature the term vohānº (Pali vohāra) in one of its colophons.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Even though only a small percentage of the passage remains in Pali in the 1666 author's presentation, it still follows the analytic conventions of bitexts.

“Even though only a small percentage of the passage remains in Pali in the author's presentation, it still follows the analytic conventions of bitexts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The purpose of the analyzed text and extended prose glosses is to bring a vernacular sermon to life with depth and clarity.

“The purpose of the analyzed text and extended prose glosses is to bring a vernacular sermon to life with depth and clarity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author of the Nissayo ṭīkā abhidhammatthasańgaha deemed it unnecessary to write out taṃvisayacittato ca because ta to ca sufficed for readers to understand the source phrase being analyzed.

“Likewise, he deemed it unnecessary to write out taṃvisayacittato ca when ta to ca would be enough for his readers to understand what phrase in the source text is being analyzed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These poetic bitexts, many of which were once recited as chanted sermons in court or other elite circles, repurpose the analytic tools discussed in the article for aesthetic ends.

“These bitexts, many of which were once recited as chanted sermons in court or other elite circles, repurpose the analytic tools discussed throughout this article for aesthetic ends.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This passage articulates its own method and purpose in impressive detail.

“Moreover, this passage articulates its own method and purpose in impressive detail.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These verses function as both an opening invocation and an explanation of the purpose of the bitext.

“These verses function as both an opening invocation and as an explanation of the purpose of the bitext.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nandapañño's efforts capture the purpose of the exegetical mode of presentation: to provide skilled readers of Buddhist texts with tools to unpack difficult passages.

“His efforts neatly capture the purpose of the exegetical mode of presentation: to provide skilled readers of Buddhist texts with the tools to unpack difficult passages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The literary craft of the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ is visible from its opening lines in the first chapter, Daśabar (Ten Boons).

“The literary craft of the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ is visible from its opening lines in the first chapter, Daśabar (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Siamese line does not translate yaṃ dinnaṃ; the reader must understand its Pali meaning to grasp the import of the whole line.

“The Siamese line does not translate this phrase, however.The reader must understand its meaning in Pali (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ is the first in a tradition of poetic gāṃ hlvaṅ bitexts that bring Pali and Sanskrit poetic conventions into conversation with Siamese verse.

“The Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ is the first in a tradition of poetic gāṃ hlvaṅ bitexts that bring Pali and Sanskrit poetic conventions into conversation with Siamese verse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The author of the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ is at once engaged with the broader commentarial tradition and adding his own interpretations.

“The author of the bitext is at once engaged with the broader commentarial tradition as well as adding his own interpretations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The addition of bhonto emphasizes that Jūjaka addresses Accuta respectfully.

“The addition of bhonto serves to emphasize that Jūjaka is addressing Accuta respectfully.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most remarkable aspect of the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ passage is the poetic style of the glosses in Siamese.

“The most remarkable aspect of this passage, however, is the poetic style of the glosses in Siamese.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Although the lines that follow are entirely in Siamese, the author finds novel ways to integrate declined and conjugated Pali words into a local metrical system.

“Though the lines that follow are entirely in Siamese, the author finds novel ways to integrate declined and conjugated Pali words into a local metrical system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These celebrated compositions, long prized for their aesthetic power, are emblematic of the impact of Indic-vernacular bitexts on local literary production in mainland Southeast Asia.

“These celebrated compositions, long prized for their aesthetic power, are emblematic of the impact of Indicvernacular bitexts on local literary production in mainland Southeast Asia.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Siamese sections are not assimilated into an Indic system.

“The Siamese portions are not assimilated into an Indic system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The poet's skillful application of various Siamese meters lifts the glosses from a scholastic to an aesthetic function.

“Moreover, the poet's skillful application of various Siamese meters lifts the glosses from a scholastic to an aesthetic function.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Other uses of the core methods-citation/invention, parsing, amplification, rearrangement, annotation, and gloss-are best classified as exegetical, since they carry the scholastic work of Pali commentaries into a bitextual setting.

“Other applications of the core techniques of citation/invention, parsing, amplification, rearrangement, annotation, and gloss are best understood as exegetical, for they extend the scholastic project of Pali commentaries into a bitextual context.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Siamese portions of the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ rely on the Pali passages for structure, but they enact their own expressive and narrative force in the vernacular.

“The Siamese portions rely on the Pali passages for structure, but they enact their own expressive and narrative force in the vernacular.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Siamese sections answer and reshape the Pali verses into a clearly Siamese metrical style.

“The Siamese portions respond to and transform the Pali verses into a distinctly Siamese metrical style.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The rāy 1 yāv meter's use shows that the vernacular elaborations are not merely scholastic but also an effort to compose an aesthetically pleasing new kind of bitextual poetry.

“The use of the rāy 1 yāv meter confirms that the vernacular elaborations are not simply scholastic in nature, but rather an attempt to compose an aesthetically pleasing new form of bitextual poetry.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The remainder of the Mahājātí gāṃ hlvaṅ passage exemplifies how the Siamese portions expand in meaning upon the Pali.

“The remainder of the passage exemplifies how the Siamese portions expand in meaning upon the Pali.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This bitextual passage sets the two metrical systems in explicit contrast.

“This bitextual passage puts these two metrical systems in explicit contrast.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Pali meters rely on light/heavy syllable distinctions, while Tai verse forms typically use syllabic and tonal rhyme.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This passage marks the earliest recorded instance of such experimentation.

“This passage marks the earliest recorded instance of such experimentation.”