Normal Pregnancy- A State of Insulin Resistance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Purpose of insulin resistance (IR) adapted by mother is to deliver enough quantity of nutrients to the growing fetus. Many maternal hormones and factors play role in causation of IR during pregnancy. AIM: The study aims at evaluating IR at different trimesters of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pregnant women at 1(st), 2(nd) and 3(rd) trimester were grouped into groups I, II and III respectively (n=20 in each group). Healthy non-pregnant women were taken as controls (n=30). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting serum insulin (FSI) were measured and IR indices such as fasting glucose to insulin ratio (FGIR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), log FSI and log HOMA1-IR were calculated. The student's t-test and one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean FSI, log FSI and log HOMA 1-IR were significantly higher in 2(nd) and 3(rd) trimesters while QUICKI was significantly lower in 2(nd) and 3(rd) trimesters of pregnancy when compared with controls. Also, mean FGIR was found to be significantly lower in 3rd trimester when compared with controls. CONCLUSION: As pregnancy advances, IR increases. Increased IR is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcome. Screening of all pregnancy for IR and early intervention may help to reduce the associated complications.
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All organisms have physiological adaptive responses to deal with changing environmental conditions and the varying demands of internal physiological states.
“All organisms have physiological adaptive responses to deal with changing environmental conditions (starvation, fasting, physical threat, stress and infection) and the varying demands of internal physiological states (pregnancy, lactation and adolescence) [14,65].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes maternal insulin resistance as a physiological adaptation that helps supply carbohydrates to the fetus during pregnancy. It does not support the broader claim about all organisms adapting to changing environmental conditions, or the examples of lactation and adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe adaptive protective mechanism of insulin resistance can be pathway-specific during periods of growth, such as pregnancy, lactation and adolescence, so that only the metabolic signaling (PI-3K) is inhibited and not the mitogenic pathway (MAPK), which may even be up-regulated.
“This adaptive protective mechanism can be pathway-specific during periods of growth, such as pregnancy, lactation and adolescence, so that only the metabolic signaling (PI-3K) is inhibited and not the mitogenic pathway (MAPK), which may even be up-regulated [30,65,160].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPhysiological regulation of insulin function can be viewed as an adaptive mechanism to regulate the metabolic pathway of insulin signaling (PI-3K) in response to changing environmental conditions or during normal alterations of internal states.
“Physiological regulation of insulin function can be viewed as an adaptive mechanism to regulate the metabolic pathway of insulin signaling (PI-3K), in response to changing environmental conditions [starvation, fear, stress] [164,165] or during normal alterations of internal states (pregnancy, lactation, adolescence) [65,146,152].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
Pregnancy is characterized by metabolic changes promoting adipose tissue growth during the early phase, followed by an insulin resistance state with its peak during the third trimester.
“This is because pregnancy condition is characterized by a series of metabolic changes promoting adipose tissue growth during the early phase, which is followed by an IR state with its peak during the 3rd trimester [56, 57].”
From From Prediabetes to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Lifestyle and Pharmacological Management (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
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- E-mail : amitsonagra@gmail.com FinAnCiAl or other Competing intereStS: None. Date of Submission: may 22, 2014 Date of Peer Review: Aug 01, 2014 Date of Acceptance: Aug 31, 2014 Date of Publishing: nov 20, 2014
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“Physiological regulation of insulin function can be viewed as an adaptive mechanism to regulate the metabolic pathway of insulin signaling (PI-3K), in response to changing environmental conditions (starvation, fear, stress) (163,164) or during normal alterations of internal states (pregnancy, lactation, adolescence) (…”
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- Authors
- Sonagra, A. D.
- Corresponding author
- Sonagra, Amit D.
- ORCID
- Sonagra, Amit D.
- Venue
- JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
- Publisher
- JCDR Research and Publications
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- CC01-3
- ISSN
- 0973-709X (ISSN-L)
- 2249-782X
- PMC
- PMC4290225
- OpenAlex
- W2326229595
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Keywords
- insulin resistance, pregnancy, pregnancy trimesters, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, glucose-to-insulin ratio, maternal glucose metabolism
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