Task shifting provision of contraceptive implants to community health extension workers: results of operations research in northern Nigeria
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Contraceptive use remains low in Nigeria, with only 11% of women reporting use of any modern method. Access to long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) is constrained by a severe shortage of human resources. To assess feasibility of task shifting provision of implants, we trained community health extension workers (CHEWs) to insert and remove contraceptive implants in rural communities of Bauchi and Sokoto states in northern Nigeria. METHODS: We conducted 2- to 3-week training sessions for 166 selected CHEWs from 82 facilities in Sokoto state (September 2013) and 84 health facilities in Bauchi state (December 2013). To assess feasibility of the task shifting approach, we conducted operations research using a pretest-posttest design using multiple sources of information, including surveys with 151 trained CHEWs (9% were lost to follow-up) and with 150 family planning clients; facility observations using supply checklists (N = 149); direct observation of counseling provided by CHEWs (N = 144) and of their clinical (N = 113) skills; as well as a review of service statistics (N = 151 health facilities). The endline assessment was conducted 6 months after the training in each state. RESULTS: CHEWs inserted a total of 3,588 implants in 151 health facilities over a period of 6 months, generating 10,088 couple-years of protection (CYP). After practicing on anatomic arm models, most CHEWs achieved competency in implant insertions after insertions with 4-5 actual clients. Clinical observations revealed that CHEWs performed implant insertion tasks correctly 90% of the time or more for nearly all checklist items. The amount of information that CHEWs provided clients increased between baseline and endline, and over 95% of surveyed clients reported being satisfied with CHEWs' services in both surveys. The study found that supervisors not only observed and corrected insertion skills, as needed, during supervisory visits but also encouraged CHEWs to conduct more community mobilization to generate client demand, thereby promoting access to quality services. CHEWs identified a lack of demand in the communities as the major barrier for providing services. CONCLUSION: With adequate training and supportive supervision, CHEWs in northern Nigeria can provide high-quality implant insertion services. If more CHEWs are trained to provide implants and greater community outreach is conducted to generate demand, uptake of LARCs in Nigeria may increase.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CHEWs have been involved in task-shifting models to address gaps in reproductive health care in primary care settings in Nigeria.
“They have been involved in task-shifting models to address gaps in reproductive health care in primary care settings in Nigeria (23) as well as for depression in primary health care settings (24).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008
Macro, I. (2009) · Cited by 2,131 · see citing works
Contraceptive failure in the United States
Trussell, J. (2011) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.021 · Cited by 1,591 · see citing works
The Contraceptive CHOICE Project: reducing barriers to long-acting reversible contraception
Secura, G. M., Allsworth, J. E., Madden, T. E., Mullersman, J. L., & Peipert, J. F. (2010) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.04.017 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy: increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception
Blumenthal, P. D., Voedisch, A. J., & Gemzell‐Danielsson, K. (2010) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq026 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Task shifting: the answer to the human resources crisis in Africa?
Lehmann, U., Damme, W. V., Barten, F., & Sanders, D. M. (2009) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/1478-4491-7-49 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Ross, J. A., & Stover, J. (2013) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-13-00010 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Provision of DMPA by community health workers: what the evidence shows
Malarcher, S., Meirik, O., Lebetkin, E., Shah, I., Spieler, J., & Stanback, J. (2010) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.08.013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Contraceptive implants: providing better choice to meet growing family planning demand
Jacobstein, R., & Stanley, H. (2013) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-12-00003 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Hoke, T., Wheeler, S. B., Lynd, K., Green, M. S., Razafindravony, B., Rasamihajamanana, E., & Blumenthal, P. D. (2011) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czr003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ross, J. A., Keesbury, J., & Hardee, K. (2015) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-14-00199 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Delivering High-Quality Family Planning Services in Crisis-Affected Settings II: Results
Curry, D. W., Rattan, J., Huang, S., & Noznesky, E. (2015) · Global Health: Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-14-00112 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Contraceptive choices of women in rural Southeastern Nigeria.
Chigbu, B., Onwere, S., Aluka, C., Kamanu, C., Okoro, O., & Feyi-Waboso, P. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Contraceptive Security: Incomplete Without Long‐Acting and Permanent Methods of Family Planning
Wickstrom, J., & Jacobstein, R. (2011) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2011.00292.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mairiga, A., Kullima, A. A., Bako, B., & Kolo, M. A. (2010) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v2i1.94 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Knowledge attitude to modern family planning methods in Abraka communities, Delta state, Nigeria.
., I. R. A., Onyesom, I., Ukuhor, H. O., Uzuegbu, U., Ofili, M., & Anyanwu, E. (2008) · East African Journal of Public Health · doi:10.4314/eajph.v5i1.38970 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
(2015) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-15-00044 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 17 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [22]Jhpiego Training skills for health care providers: reference manual. 3rd ed. Baltimore (MD): Jhpiego; 2010 Available from: http://reprolineplus.org/resources/training-skills-health-care-providers-third-edition-reference-manual
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mugwanya, K. K., Pintye, J. C., Kinuthia, J., Abuna, F., Lagat, H., Begnel, E. R., Dettinger, J. C., John-Stewart, G. C., Baeten, J. M., & Program, F. T. P. I. F. Y. W. A. A. (. (2019) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002885 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Liftoff: The Blossoming of Contraceptive Implant Use in Africa
Jacobstein, R. (2018) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-17-00396 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Task Shifting and Task Sharing Implementation in Africa: A Scoping Review on Rationale and Scope
Okoroafor, S. C., & Christmals, C. D. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11081200 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Troutman, M., Rafique, S., & Plowden, T. C. (2020) · Contraception and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s40834-020-00118-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Bowring, A. L., Ampt, F. H., Schwartz, S., Stoove, M. A., Luchters, S. M. F., Baral, S., & Hellard, M. E. (2020) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25442 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Ajisegiri, W. S., Abimbola, S., Tesema, A. G., Odusanya, O. O., Peiris, D., & Joshi, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1038062 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Feyissa, Y. M., Hanlon, C., Ferede, S. E., Cornick, R. V., Fairall, L. R., Gebremichael, D., Teka, T., Shiferaw, S., Dagnaw, W. W., Mamo, Y., et al. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001108 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ajisegiri, W. S., Abímbọ́lá, Ṣ., Tesema, A. G., Odusanya, O. O., Peiris, D., & Joshi, R. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000566 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bowring, A. L., Schwartz, S., Lyons, C. E., Rao, A., Olawore, O., Njindam, I. M., Nzau, J., Fouda, G., Fako, G. H., Turpin, G., et al. (2020) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00330 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Babalola, S. O., Loehr, C., Oyenubi, O., Akiode, A., & Mobley, A. (2019) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00066 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Awotiwon, A., Sword, C., Eastman, T., Ras, C., Ana, P., Cornick, R. V., Fairall, L. R., Bateman, E. D., Dube, A., Curran, R., et al. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001079 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gopalakrishnan, L., Diamond‐Smith, N., Avula, R., Menon, P., Fernald, L. C. H., Walker, D. M., & Patil, S. R. (2021) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-021-00689-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cooper, C. M., Wille, J., Shire, S., Makoko, S., Tsega, A., Schuster, A. L. R., Hausi, H., Gibson, H., & Tappis, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124530 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rees, H., Pillay, Y., Mullick, S., & Chersich, M. (2017) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2017.v107i11.12903 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Thanel, K., Garfinkel, D., Riley, C., Esch, K., Girma, W., Kebede, T., Kasongo, G., Afolabi, K., Kalamar, A. M., Thurston, S., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195228 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Okoroafor, S. C., & Christmals, C. D. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09848-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Shelton, J. D., & Finkle, C. (2016) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-16-00135 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lasebikan, V., Ola, B. A., & Ayinde, O. O. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00050 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“They have been involved in task-shifting models to address gaps in reproductive health care in primary care settings in Nigeria (23) as well as for depression in primary health care settings (24).”
BackgroundLois, S. (2015) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-15-00230 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Facility readiness to remove subdermal contraceptive implants in 6 sub-Saharan African countries
Senderowicz, L., Karp, C. A., Bullington, B. W., Tumlinson, K., Zimmerman, L. A., OlaOlorun, F. M., & Zakirai, M. S. (2022) · AJOG Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2022.100132 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hernandez, J., Akilimali, P. Z., Glover, A., & Bertrand, J. T. (2020) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-020-00993-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Community Health Worker programmes’ integration into national health systems: Scoping review
Mupara, L. M., Mogaka, J., Brieger, W. R., & Tsoka-Gwegweni, J. M. (2023) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v15i1.3204 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Factors Associated With Delayed Contraceptive Implant Removal in Ethiopia
Costenbader, E., Cartwright, A. F., McDowell, M., Assefa, B., Tejeji, M. Y., & Tenaw, E. (2020) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00135 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Reiss, K., Penfold, S. C., Alabi, O., Ali, M., Hopkins, K., Ngo, T. D., Odogwu, K., Douthwaite, M., Ezire, O., Udoh, U., et al. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.8721 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Omer, K., Joga, A., Dutse, U., Hasan, K., Aziz, A., Ansari, U., Gidado, Y., Baba, M. C., Gamawa, A. I., Mohammad, R., et al. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07000-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Design and evaluation of a subcutaneous contraceptive implant training simulator
Dery, S. K. K., Kaufmann, E. E., Marzano, D., Deininger, M., Asem, C. K., & Sienko, K. H. (2019) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.12896 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Okoroafor, S. C., & Christmals, C. D. (2023) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000517 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Okoroafor, S. C., & Christmals, C. D. (2023) · Journal of Global Health Reports · doi:10.29392/001c.88110 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Douthwaite, M., Alabi, O., Odogwu, K., Reiss, K., Taiwo, A., Ubah, E., Uko‐Udoh, A., Afolabi, K., Church, K., Fenty, J., et al. (2021) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.1111/sifp.12168 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Use by Rural–Urban Residence among Women in Nigeria, 2016–2018
Ujah, O. I., & Kirby, R. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Obong, D. T., & Oyibo, P. G. (2023) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-023-01693-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hackett, K. M., Nausheen, S., Yameen, S., Hussain, I., Khaneez, Z., Shah, I., & Soofi, S. B. (2021) · Journal of Global Health Science · doi:10.35500/jghs.2021.3.e12 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zaneva, M., Thatte, N., Philpott, A., Maliwa, C., Mills, R., & Gonsalves, L. (2025) · Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters · doi:10.1080/26410397.2025.2552589 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Davis, D. N., Lemani, C., Kamtuwanje, N., Phiri, B., Masepuka, P., Kuchawo, S., Bhushan, N. L., & Tang, J. H. (2018) · Contraception and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s40834-018-0077-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Global Preconception and Contraception Care
Cohen, M. A., Kumar, S., & Hathaway, M. (2022) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2022.07.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Expanding contraceptive choice
Clark, H., RamaRao, S., Unthank, C., Machiyama, K., & Thatte, N. (2018) · doi:10.31899/rh4.1003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dougherty, L., Mathur, S., Gul, X., Spielman, K. L., Tripathi, V., Wakefield, C., & Silva, M. (2023) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-22-00407 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Contraceptive implant uptake in Kenya versus South Africa: Lessons for new implantable technologies
Krogstad, E. A., Odhiambo, O. K., Ayallo, M., Bailey, V. C., Rees, H., & van der Straten, A. (2020) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2020.01.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kupoluyi, J. A. (2025) · Contraception and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s40834-025-00385-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Community Health Worker programmes’ integration into national health systems: Scoping review
Mupara, L. M., Mogaka, J., Brieger, W. R., & Tsoka-Gwegweni, J. M. (2022) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v14i1.3204 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Millogo, T., Chomi, E. N., Kouanda, S., & Ali, M. (2023) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2023/8735563 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Essendi, H., Scott, K., McAdam, L., Momanyi, H., Mutuku, R., Mwangome, P., Rothschild, C. W., Were, C., Keller, B., Gibbs, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13889 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
VanEnk, L., Shelus, V., Mugeni, C., Mukabatsinda, M., & Cachan, J. (2018) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.1111/sifp.12059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Maté, M. D. C. O., & Thiong'o, F. (2018) · Journal of Contraceptive Studies · doi:10.21767/2471-9749.100053 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Global Health: Science and Practice … 5 Years In
Salem, R. M., & Hodgins, S. (2018) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-18-00196 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Best Bets for Accelerating Family Planning in Pakistan: Invest in community health workers
Mir, A., & Khan, K. (2020) · doi:10.31899/rh14.1048 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Task shifting of cardiovascular disease risk assessment to Anganwadi Worker in Northern India
Unnas, U., Kavita, K., Thakur, J. S., Ghai, S., & Saini, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1119_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mupara, L. M., Mogaka, J., Brieger, W. R., & Tsoka-Gwegweni, J. M. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221093170 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Analysis of costs in implementing the HEARTS hypertension program in Nigerian primary care
Sambo, E. N., Husain, M. J., Basu, S., Toma, M. M., Eze, S. V., Osi, K., Ogbureke, N., Erojikwe, O., Banigbe, B., Moran, A. E., et al. (2025) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/s12962-025-00626-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ilegbusi, P. H., Tomori, M. O., & Alabi, B. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.47760/ijpsm.2021.v06i06.007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Binda, C., Livergant, R., Tersago, J., Jami, Z., Chen, L. Q., Birch, L., Blackman, C., Chin, E., Wild, H. B. H., Joos, É., et al. (2026) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-026-01056-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adetiloye, O., Danladi, A., Haws, R. A., Anoke, C. I., Odio, B. N., Ugwa, E. A., Nganje, A., Enne, J., Afolabi, K., Adebola, O. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2023.1082969 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teklu, A. M., Yimam, H., Medhin, G., & Tesfay, T. G. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.16852/v2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teklu, A. M., Yimam, H., Medhin, G., & Tesfay, T. G. (2019) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.16852/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Élargissement du choix des contraceptifs
Clark, H., RamaRao, S., Unthank, C., Machiyama, K., & Thatte, N. (2018) · doi:10.31899/rh2.1106
Hubacher, D., Byamugisha, J. K., Kakaire, O., Nalubwama, H., Iwarsson, K. E., Bratlie, M., Chen, P., & Gemzell‐Danielsson, K. (2022) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deac179
Mobilizing stakeholders for implant removals in Burkina Faso using landscape assessment data
Tiendrébeogo, J., Arnold, B., Ouédraogo, Y., Haws, R. A., Garane, L. P., Ouedraogo, V., Gouem, M., Coulibaly, A., & Bougma, M. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03121-z
Adeke, A. S., Obagha, E. C., Odili, A. N., & Neupane, D. (2025) · PubMed Central
Kabwijamu, L., Kabwama, S. N., Makumbi, F. E., Achola, R., Tusubira, A. K., Nabukeera, S., & Nalwadda, C. K. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/81627
Tiendrébeogo, J., Arnold, B., Ouédraogo, Y., Haws, R. A., Garane, L. P., Ouedraogo, V., Gouem, M., Coulibaly, A., & Bougma, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26722938
Omer, K., Joga, A., Dutse, U., Hasan, K., Aziz, A., Ansari, U., Gidado, Y., Baba, M. C., Gamawa, A. I., Mohammad, R., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16800655
Tiendrébeogo, J., Arnold, B., Ouédraogo, Y., Haws, R. A., Garane, L. P., Ouedraogo, V., Gouem, M., Coulibaly, A., & Bougma, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26722929
Omer, K., Joga, A., Dutse, U., Hasan, K., Aziz, A., Ansari, U., Gidado, Y., Baba, M. C., Gamawa, A. I., Mohammad, R., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16800652
Tiendrébeogo, J., Arnold, B., Ouédraogo, Y., Haws, R. A., Garane, L. P., Ouedraogo, V., Gouem, M., Coulibaly, A., & Bougma, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26722932
Omer, K., Joga, A., Dutse, U., Hasan, K., Aziz, A., Ansari, U., Gidado, Y., Baba, M. C., Gamawa, A. I., Mohammad, R., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16800661
Omer, K., Joga, A., Dutse, U., Hasan, K., Aziz, A., Ansari, U., Gidado, Y., Baba, M. C., Gamawa, A. I., Mohammad, R., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16800649
Omer, K., Joga, A., Dutse, U., Hasan, K., Aziz, A., Ansari, U., Gidado, Y., Baba, M. C., Gamawa, A. I., Mohammad, R., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16800658
Tiendrébeogo, J., Arnold, B., Ouédraogo, Y., Haws, R. A., Garane, L. P., Ouedraogo, V., Gouem, M., Coulibaly, A., & Bougma, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26722935
Koinda, F., Gitau, T. M., Zoungrana, W., Yegon, E. K., Mwita, N., Zongo, A., Sawadogo, L., Koimur, A., Nyabonyi, C., Omondi, R., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2026.1650177
Babatunde, Y. O., Adegbite, M. A., Abdulkarim, L., Okediji, O. E., EGWUENU, A., Chiara, F., Chikezie, N. C., Mbadiwe, E. O., & Kpokiri, E. E. (2026) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihag026
Adesina, A., Odabaş, M., Quinn, H., Ali, M., & Sully, E. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14839-x
- Authors
- Charyeva, Z., Oguntunde, O., Orobaton, N., Otolorin, E., Inuwa, F., Alalade, O., Abegunde, D., & Danladi, S.
- Affiliations
- Futures Group (United States) (US)
- United States Army (US)
- Jhpiego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Charyeva, Zulfiya
- ORCID
- Venue
- Global Health: Science and Practice
- Published
- 2015-09-10
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 382-394
- ISSN
- 2169-575X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4570013
- OpenAlex
- W2261999120
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Global Health Science and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development (620-A-00-09-00014-00)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Global Health Workforce Issues
- Keywords
- contraceptive implants, task shifting, community health extension workers, long-acting reversible contraception, family planning services, health professions education, supportive supervision, community mobilization, contraceptive uptake, rural health care, Northern Nigeria, Bauchi State, Sokoto State, client satisfaction
- MeSH terms
- Community Health Workers, Community Health Services, Contraception Behavior, Contraceptive Agents, Female, Family Planning Services, Female, Humans, Nigeria, Operations Research, Rural Population
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
