The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Early identification efforts are essential for the early treatment of the symptoms of autism but can only occur if robust risk factors are found. Children with autism often engage in repetitive behaviors and anecdotally prefer to visually examine geometric repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel. The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined. OBJECTIVES: To determine if toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 14 to 42 months prefer to visually examine dynamic geometric images more than social images and to determine if visual fixation patterns can correctly classify a toddler as having an ASD. DESIGN: Toddlers were presented with a 1-minute movie depicting moving geometric patterns on 1 side of a video monitor and children in high action, such as dancing or doing yoga, on the other. Using this preferential looking paradigm, total fixation duration and the number of saccades within each movie type were examined using eye tracking technology. SETTING: University of California, San Diego Autism Center of Excellence. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ten toddlers participated in final analyses (37 with an ASD, 22 with developmental delay, and 51 typical developing toddlers). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Total fixation time within the geometric patterns or social images and the number of saccades were compared between diagnostic groups. RESULTS: Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups. If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%. CONCLUSION: A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.
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27 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 10 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up t tests revealed that the geometric responders with an ASD had a unique saccade signature and exhibited significantly fewer saccades when they were viewing their preferred geometric stimuli in comparison with all other groups (all P< .01).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overall, the percentage of time that toddlers spent viewing DGI was significantly different between diagnostic groups (F 2,107 =11.8;P< .001).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also no differences in the visual reception (t 35 = -0.99;P = .32),fine motor (t 35 =-1.7;P=.32), receptive language (t 35 =-0.98;P = .33),expressive language (t 35 =-0.42;P=.67), or early learning composite (t 35 =-1.2;P = .22)scores.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“follow-up t tests revealed that geometric responders with an ASD spent significantly more time fixating on DGI than other groups during all 3 periods.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, with 2 exceptions, none of the toddlers with DD showed a preference for DGI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of saccades while viewing DGI (F 3,106 =4.6; P = .005)and DSI (F 3,106 =8.9; P< .001) was significantly different between geometric responders with an ASD, social responders with an ASD, and the DD and TD groups.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the relationship of age on preference revealed no significant correlation between percentage of time viewing DGI (or DSI) and age, for any diagnostic group (ASD: r=0.06;P=.74;DD:r=0.05;P=.80;TD: r=0.11;P = .43).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“As a group, toddlers with an ASD spent significantly more fixation time on DGI than TD toddlers (t 86 =4.5; P<.001) and toddlers with DD (t 57 =2.7; P= .009).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“when 68.6% geometric pattern viewing time was used as a cutoff, the positive predictive value for an ASD was 100%”
- Also stated in: § COMMENT · plain
“When the percentage of time a toddler spent fixating on geometric patterns was 69% or greater, the positive predictive validity for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A paired-sample t test revealed no significant difference between percentage of fixation on DGI between test 1 and test 2 (t 40 = 1.7;P>.05).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a preference for geometric patterns was found in several subjects with an ASD younger than 18 months, with the youngest age being 14 months.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independent-sample t tests revealed no difference between geometric and social responders with an ASD on the social affect (t 35 = 1.6;P = .10),restricted and repetitive (t 35 =-1.2;P = .23),or overall (t 35 = 0.91;P = .36)ADOS-T scores.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there were no age effects in that there was no relationship between the quantity of looking time at DGI or DSI and age”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this reduction in saccades was evident only when geometric responders with an ASD were viewing their preferred geometric patterns.”
- Also stated in: § 59 -61 · plain
“When viewing geometric images, geometric responders with an ASD had significantly fewer saccades.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 59 -61 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when geometric responders with an ASD viewed their non-preferred stimuli, namely DSI, they exhibited a significantly greater number of saccades (almost twice as many) in comparison with other diagnostic groups.”
- Also stated in: § 59 -61 · plain
“When viewing social images, geometric responders with an ASD had significantly more saccades than all other groups.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 59 -61 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Percentage of fixation on DGI was significantly different between periods 1 and 2.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“each toddler's preference, be it DGI or DSI, was relatively stable across time.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The one-third of the sample that completed test-retest reliability is representative of the whole sample.
In the paper
“Using a preferential looking paradigm wherein 2 images are placed side by side, Klin and colleagues 17 found a statistically reduced preference for biological motion in 2-year-olds with autism.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Instead, the findings illustrate a definable subgroup of toddlers with an ASD who may be linked to perceptual variables not examined in this study, such as superior visual acuity, 51 weak central coherence, 30 or enhanced perceptual processing in general.52”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51]
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [52]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, adults with autism are better at remembering geometric patterns they have seen in the past than typical adults.29”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant difference in total viewing time between groups (F 3,106 =3.2; P=.02; mean viewing time: ASD, 49.4 seconds; TD, 53.7 seconds; and DD, 48.1 seconds).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, high-functioning adults 27 and children 28 with autism are reported to be faster at finding a hidden object in an embedded figure task than TD individuals.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, in the first prospective study of infants at risk for an ASD, social behavior was not different from normal during the first 6 months of life.20 , 21”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that there was also no relationship with the social affect or overall algorithm scores on the ADOS-T, it was thus not the case that toddlers with an ASD who preferred DGI had more severe symptoms in general.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At 12 months of age, however, deviances in social behavior were evident in the at-risk group, suggesting that the 1-year period marks an age where social defects and possibly social preference behaviors may become clearly observable, a finding consistent with retrospective studies.23”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When given the direct choice, TD infants and toddlers prefer to look at social images, such as faces, over nonsocial images.18 , 19”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the current paradigm is suitable for use across at least the first 3 or 4 years of development.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we demonstrated that using highly compelling social images, such as images of mothers' or children's faces, resulted in much more normal brain activity in ASD than the use of less compelling stimuli, such as the faces of strangers.39 , 54”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
- Not checked yetcites [54]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present study provides strong evidence that some infants at risk for an ASD begin life with an unusual preference for geometric repetition.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The geometric preference seen in a subgroup of ASD toddlers at 14-42 months is present earlier in life and is not caused by the ASD diagnosis.
- Rests on an assumption: The exclusion of about 20% of the sample due to poor compliance did not substantially bias the results.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present study is the first to empirically demonstrate that this preference in a subgroup of toddlers with an ASD may begin as early as 14 months, and quite possibly even earlier.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The geometric preference seen in a subgroup of ASD toddlers at 14-42 months is present earlier in life and is not caused by the ASD diagnosis.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the combination of a preference for geometry combined with saccade quantity might be a particularly strong early identifier of autism.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“approximately 20% of the overall sample was dropped from analyses because of poor compliance during testing”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“geometric patterns alone may be an intriguing novel identifier of early autism”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a considerable portion of the ASD sample, namely 40%, were geometric responders, in that they preferred to visually examine DGI, the remaining 60% of participants with an ASD performed similar to the TD and DD contrast groups in that they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excluding 1 TD toddler who preferred geometric patterns, 50% of viewing time on DSI marks the end of the range for TD toddlers, who all preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each toddler's preference for a particular movie type was relatively stable.The mean change in percentage of preference within our sample was 15.62% (range, 1%-36%; SD, 9.2).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 15 toddlers with an ASD who preferred DGI, more than half spent more than 70% of their time visually examining DGI, with several toddlers exceeding 90% DGI viewing time, a pattern not found in any other group”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty percent of the ASD group spent greater than 50% of viewing time fixated on DGI in contrast to only 1.9% of TD toddlers and 9% of toddlers with DD.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, when the geometric responders with an ASD viewed their nonpreferred stimuli, namely the social stimuli, they exhibited a significantly greater number of saccades in contrast to TD toddlers and toddlers with DD.The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was a small, significant increase in DGI fixation across time in all groups (F 2,212 = 12.7; P<.001), there was no group X time interaction (F 6,212 = 0.667; P>.05)”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A preference for geometric patterns was not associated with general cognitive delay in that there was no relationship between IQ and fixation time within the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results revealed that it was only the geometric responders, not the group as a whole, who displayed a reduced number of saccades.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more than half of the toddlers with an ASD in the study behaved just like those who were TD or DD: they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability was calculated as the percentage of preference difference between test time 1 and test time 2.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a preference for geometric patterns alone may be an intriguing novel identifier of early autism, results also illustrated a distinct pattern of saccades within the”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any subject with total fixation time less than 30 seconds (ie, 50% of the experiment) was excluded from analyses.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is thought that enhanced visuospatial abilities in autism may stem from a local processing bias.30 , 31”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [31]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for preference that may be mediated by spatial location, the side of presentation of DGI and DSI scenes was randomized across subject and diagnosis so that 50% of toddlers saw a movie containing DSI on the left.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > APPARATUS, STIMULI, AND EYE TRACKING PROCEDURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T), newly validated for use with infants as young as 12 months, 43”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-seven TD toddlers were matched on a 1-1 basis to toddlers with an ASD based on age (±3 months) and sex.The remaining 14 TD toddlers were matched based on the chronological age range of the ASD group.Subjects with DD served as a contrast group and were matched to the ASD group based on chronological age, verbal and nonverbal developmental quotient as assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Le”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“because individuals with autism have deficits in shifting visual attention 32 -37 and have been known to exhibit longer disengagement latencies, 20 , 38”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
- Not checked yetcites [35]
- Not checked yetcites [36]
- Not checked yetcites [37]
- Not checked yetcites [20]
- Not checked yetcites [38]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While several of the toddlers with an ASD were only a year old at the time of testing, all but 1 have been tracked and diagnosed using the ADOS-T until at least age 24 months, an age shown to be reliable for the diagnosis of autism.20 , 43 , 46 -49”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
- Not checked yetcites [48]
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a preference for DGI may be a risk factor for autism in that this preference was observed in a toddler at risk for an ASD as young as 14 months.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bonferroni correction was used with a significance level set at P < .0125for all post hoc comparisons.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the TD group had a significantly higher verbal developmental quotient, nonverbal developmental quotient, and adaptive behavior score and significantly lower ADOS-T scores than the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-eight (10 with an ASD, 11 with TD, 7 with DD) were excluded from final analyses because of noncompliance during testing, which almost always resulted in less than 50% valid trials.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on research documenting deficits in shifting 32 -37 and disengaging attention 20 in autism”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
- Not checked yetcites [35]
- Not checked yetcites [36]
- Not checked yetcites [37]
- Not checked yetcites [20]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Final diagnoses for participants with an ASD older than 30 months were confirmed with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.50”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is undeniable that eye movements guide learning.58”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All standardized assessments were administered by 2 highly experienced PhD-level psychologists with more than 10 years' combined experience in autism.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“1 minute has been previously demonstrated to be the average attention span of a 1-year-old, 62”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for this particular subgroup, the profile appears to be increased saccades during the viewing of nonpreferred stimuli and decreased saccades while viewing preferred stimuli.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that the question of whether a preference for geometric repetition is an early autism risk factor has not yet been examined.
“The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined.”
“The early developmental profile of unusual preferences for visual repetition in autism is largely unknown and unexplored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes, on anecdotal grounds, that children with autism often prefer to attend to visual repetition.
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that a prior study found that eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict later diagnostic outcome.
“examined the clinical outcome of these subjects and found that, contrary to their expectations, eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict diagnostic outcome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The geometric preference seen in a subgroup of ASD toddlers at 14-42 months is present earlier in life and is not caused by the ASD diagnosis.
“some infants at risk for an ASD begin life with an unusual preference for geometric repetition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The exclusion of about 20% of the sample due to poor compliance did not substantially bias the results.
“approximately 20% of the overall sample was dropped from analyses because of poor compliance during testing, with the impact of such exclusion unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The one-third of the sample that completed test-retest reliability is representative of the whole sample.
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“preference for non-social patterns in toddlers has recently been identified as a robust predictor of ASD [58]”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [58]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“There was a significant difference in total viewing time between groups (F 3,106 =3.2; P=.02; mean viewing time: ASD, 49.4 seconds; TD, 53.7 seconds; and DD, 48.1 seconds).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“To compare percentage of fixation time within DGI between the 3 diagnostic groups, a 1-way analysis of variance was performed (diagnostic group [3 levels] × percentage of DGI fixation time [1 level]).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
“The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125(Figure 5).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
“When viewing social images, geometric responders with an ASD had significantly more saccades than all other groups.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“TD (n=51) ASD vs TD ASD vs DD Sex, M/F, No. 30/7 16/6 35/17”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
Reported 51 · recomputed 52
Citations
Cites
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children.
Lovaas, O. I. (1987) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.55.1.3 · Cited by 3,288
The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders
Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0 · Cited by 2,884
Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., & Varley, J. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0958 · Cited by 2,835
(1989) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2,724
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
Bradley‐Johnson, S. (1997) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199710)34:4 · Cited by 2,329
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809 · Cited by 2,120
Enhanced Perceptual Functioning in Autism: An Update, and Eight Principles of Autistic Perception
Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Hubert, B., & Burack, J. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7 · Cited by 1,957
The Social Brain: Neural Basis of Social Knowledge
Adolphs, R. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514 · Cited by 1,827
Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex
Corbetta, M., Kincade, J. M., Ollinger, J. M., McAvoy, M. P., & Shulman, G. L. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/73009 · Cited by 1,816 · cited 1×
“Likewise, it may be that the neural profile of geometric responders when looking at geometric images may be stronger than social responders in brain regions classically involved in basic visual perception and attention, such as the extrastriate visual cortex and parietal lobes.(56,57) While functional magnetic resonan…”
Research works printed but not linked: 7
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- Bryson SE, Zwaigenbaum L, Brian J, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Rombough V, McDermott C. A prospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007; 37(1):12-24. [PubMed: 17211728]
- Morgan B, Maybery M, Durkin K. Weak central coherence, poor joint attention, and low verbal ability. Dev Psychol. 2003; 39(4):646-656. [PubMed: 12859119]
- Elsabbagh M, Volein A, Holmboe K, Tucker L, Csibra G, Baron-Cohen S, Bolton P, Charman T, Baird G, Johnson MH. Visual orienting in the early broader autism phenotype. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009; 50(5):637-642. [PubMed: 19298466]
- Luyster R, Gotham K, Guthrie W, Coffing M, Petrak R, Pierce K, Bishop S, Esler A, Hus V, Oti R, Richler J, Risi S, Lord C. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-toddler module. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009; 39(9):1305-1320. [PubMed: 19415479]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The social motivation theory of autism
Chevallier, C., Kohls, G., Troiani, V., Brodkin, E. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.007 · Cited by 2,072
Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from eye tracking studies
Guillon, Q., Hadjikhani, N. K., Baduel, S., & Rogé, B. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.013 · Cited by 549
Social attention in ASD: A review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking studies
Chita-Tegmark, M. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.011 · Cited by 530
Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Recommendations for Practice and Research
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bauman, M. L., Stone, W. L., Yirmiya, N., Estes, A. M., Hansen, R. L., McPartland, J. C., Natowicz, M. R., Choueiri, R., FEIN, D. A., et al. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3667c · Cited by 555
Self-citationEEG Analytics for Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A data-driven approach
Bosl, W. J., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Nelson, C. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24318-x · Cited by 406
Metadata
- Authors
- Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Stoner, R., & Desmond, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Pierce, Karen
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-03
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4894313
- OpenAlex
- W2122623425
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 11.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH080134, P50MH081755)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, early risk factors, toddlers, preferential looking, visual fixation, saccades, social image, early detection, developmental delay
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, California, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Infant, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Risk Factors, Saccades, Early Diagnosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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