The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Early identification efforts are essential for the early treatment of the symptoms of autism but can only occur if robust risk factors are found. Children with autism often engage in repetitive behaviors and anecdotally prefer to visually examine geometric repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel. The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined. OBJECTIVES: To determine if toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 14 to 42 months prefer to visually examine dynamic geometric images more than social images and to determine if visual fixation patterns can correctly classify a toddler as having an ASD. DESIGN: Toddlers were presented with a 1-minute movie depicting moving geometric patterns on 1 side of a video monitor and children in high action, such as dancing or doing yoga, on the other. Using this preferential looking paradigm, total fixation duration and the number of saccades within each movie type were examined using eye tracking technology. SETTING: University of California, San Diego Autism Center of Excellence. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ten toddlers participated in final analyses (37 with an ASD, 22 with developmental delay, and 51 typical developing toddlers). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Total fixation time within the geometric patterns or social images and the number of saccades were compared between diagnostic groups. RESULTS: Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups. If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%. CONCLUSION: A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.
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27 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 10 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up t tests revealed that the geometric responders with an ASD had a unique saccade signature and exhibited significantly fewer saccades when they were viewing their preferred geometric stimuli in comparison with all other groups (all P< .01).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the percentage of time that toddlers spent viewing DGI was significantly different between diagnostic groups (F 2,107 =11.8;P< .001).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also no differences in the visual reception (t 35 = -0.99;P = .32),fine motor (t 35 =-1.7;P=.32), receptive language (t 35 =-0.98;P = .33),expressive language (t 35 =-0.42;P=.67), or early learning composite (t 35 =-1.2;P = .22)scores.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“follow-up t tests revealed that geometric responders with an ASD spent significantly more time fixating on DGI than other groups during all 3 periods.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, with 2 exceptions, none of the toddlers with DD showed a preference for DGI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of saccades while viewing DGI (F 3,106 =4.6; P = .005)and DSI (F 3,106 =8.9; P< .001) was significantly different between geometric responders with an ASD, social responders with an ASD, and the DD and TD groups.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the relationship of age on preference revealed no significant correlation between percentage of time viewing DGI (or DSI) and age, for any diagnostic group (ASD: r=0.06;P=.74;DD:r=0.05;P=.80;TD: r=0.11;P = .43).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“As a group, toddlers with an ASD spent significantly more fixation time on DGI than TD toddlers (t 86 =4.5; P<.001) and toddlers with DD (t 57 =2.7; P= .009).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“when 68.6% geometric pattern viewing time was used as a cutoff, the positive predictive value for an ASD was 100%”
- Also stated in: § COMMENT · plain
“When the percentage of time a toddler spent fixating on geometric patterns was 69% or greater, the positive predictive validity for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A paired-sample t test revealed no significant difference between percentage of fixation on DGI between test 1 and test 2 (t 40 = 1.7;P>.05).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a considerable portion of the ASD sample, namely 40%, were geometric responders, in that they preferred to visually examine DGI, the remaining 60% of participants with an ASD performed similar to the TD and DD contrast groups in that they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excluding 1 TD toddler who preferred geometric patterns, 50% of viewing time on DSI marks the end of the range for TD toddlers, who all preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each toddler's preference for a particular movie type was relatively stable.The mean change in percentage of preference within our sample was 15.62% (range, 1%-36%; SD, 9.2).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 15 toddlers with an ASD who preferred DGI, more than half spent more than 70% of their time visually examining DGI, with several toddlers exceeding 90% DGI viewing time, a pattern not found in any other group”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty percent of the ASD group spent greater than 50% of viewing time fixated on DGI in contrast to only 1.9% of TD toddlers and 9% of toddlers with DD.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, when the geometric responders with an ASD viewed their nonpreferred stimuli, namely the social stimuli, they exhibited a significantly greater number of saccades in contrast to TD toddlers and toddlers with DD.The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was a small, significant increase in DGI fixation across time in all groups (F 2,212 = 12.7; P<.001), there was no group X time interaction (F 6,212 = 0.667; P>.05)”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A preference for geometric patterns was not associated with general cognitive delay in that there was no relationship between IQ and fixation time within the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results revealed that it was only the geometric responders, not the group as a whole, who displayed a reduced number of saccades.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more than half of the toddlers with an ASD in the study behaved just like those who were TD or DD: they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability was calculated as the percentage of preference difference between test time 1 and test time 2.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a preference for geometric patterns alone may be an intriguing novel identifier of early autism, results also illustrated a distinct pattern of saccades within the”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any subject with total fixation time less than 30 seconds (ie, 50% of the experiment) was excluded from analyses.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is thought that enhanced visuospatial abilities in autism may stem from a local processing bias.30 , 31”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [31]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for preference that may be mediated by spatial location, the side of presentation of DGI and DSI scenes was randomized across subject and diagnosis so that 50% of toddlers saw a movie containing DSI on the left.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > APPARATUS, STIMULI, AND EYE TRACKING PROCEDURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T), newly validated for use with infants as young as 12 months, 43”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-seven TD toddlers were matched on a 1-1 basis to toddlers with an ASD based on age (±3 months) and sex.The remaining 14 TD toddlers were matched based on the chronological age range of the ASD group.Subjects with DD served as a contrast group and were matched to the ASD group based on chronological age, verbal and nonverbal developmental quotient as assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Le”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“because individuals with autism have deficits in shifting visual attention 32 -37 and have been known to exhibit longer disengagement latencies, 20 , 38”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
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boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While several of the toddlers with an ASD were only a year old at the time of testing, all but 1 have been tracked and diagnosed using the ADOS-T until at least age 24 months, an age shown to be reliable for the diagnosis of autism.20 , 43 , 46 -49”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
- Not checked yetcites [48]
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a preference for DGI may be a risk factor for autism in that this preference was observed in a toddler at risk for an ASD as young as 14 months.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bonferroni correction was used with a significance level set at P < .0125for all post hoc comparisons.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the TD group had a significantly higher verbal developmental quotient, nonverbal developmental quotient, and adaptive behavior score and significantly lower ADOS-T scores than the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-eight (10 with an ASD, 11 with TD, 7 with DD) were excluded from final analyses because of noncompliance during testing, which almost always resulted in less than 50% valid trials.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on research documenting deficits in shifting 32 -37 and disengaging attention 20 in autism”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
- Not checked yetcites [35]
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- Not checked yetcites [20]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Final diagnoses for participants with an ASD older than 30 months were confirmed with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.50”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is undeniable that eye movements guide learning.58”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All standardized assessments were administered by 2 highly experienced PhD-level psychologists with more than 10 years' combined experience in autism.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“1 minute has been previously demonstrated to be the average attention span of a 1-year-old, 62”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for this particular subgroup, the profile appears to be increased saccades during the viewing of nonpreferred stimuli and decreased saccades while viewing preferred stimuli.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that the question of whether a preference for geometric repetition is an early autism risk factor has not yet been examined.
“The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined.”
“The early developmental profile of unusual preferences for visual repetition in autism is largely unknown and unexplored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes, on anecdotal grounds, that children with autism often prefer to attend to visual repetition.
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that a prior study found that eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict later diagnostic outcome.
“examined the clinical outcome of these subjects and found that, contrary to their expectations, eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict diagnostic outcome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The geometric preference seen in a subgroup of ASD toddlers at 14-42 months is present earlier in life and is not caused by the ASD diagnosis.
“some infants at risk for an ASD begin life with an unusual preference for geometric repetition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The exclusion of about 20% of the sample due to poor compliance did not substantially bias the results.
“approximately 20% of the overall sample was dropped from analyses because of poor compliance during testing, with the impact of such exclusion unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The one-third of the sample that completed test-retest reliability is representative of the whole sample.
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“preference for non-social patterns in toddlers has recently been identified as a robust predictor of ASD [58]”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [58]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“There was a significant difference in total viewing time between groups (F 3,106 =3.2; P=.02; mean viewing time: ASD, 49.4 seconds; TD, 53.7 seconds; and DD, 48.1 seconds).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“To compare percentage of fixation time within DGI between the 3 diagnostic groups, a 1-way analysis of variance was performed (diagnostic group [3 levels] × percentage of DGI fixation time [1 level]).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
“The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125(Figure 5).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
“When viewing social images, geometric responders with an ASD had significantly more saccades than all other groups.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“TD (n=51) ASD vs TD ASD vs DD Sex, M/F, No. 30/7 16/6 35/17”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
Reported 51 · recomputed 52
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The social motivation theory of autism
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Self-citationEEG Analytics for Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A data-driven approach
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“Toddlers were presented with a movie consisting of two rectangular areas of interest that contained DGI and DSI placed side by side in which scenes changed in a simultaneous, time-linked fashion identical to our previous experiment (20).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEditorial Perspective: Neurodiversity – a revolutionary concept for autism and psychiatry
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The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype
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“…circuits are sculpted by experience, future designs could examine whether atypical reduced social visual engagements from very early in life in ASD 174-176 , are the product of some atypical prenatal-postnatal neural pathophysiology that causes an individual to engage in behavioral and cognitive…”
Self-citationDevelopmental Trajectories in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders: The First 3 Years
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“Similar studies in toddlers have shown that 2-year-olds with ASD preferentially attend to videos of geometric shapes over videos of children playing(12) and look less at the faces of actresses attempting to engage their attention using direct eye-contact and infant-directed speech(13; 14).”
What Affects Social Attention? Social Presence, Eye Contact and Autistic Traits
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“In addition, toddlers with ASD generally preferred to look towards dynamic geometric patterns than videos of other children [33], and young children with autism (mean age 4 yrs 8mnths) looked significantly less at faces than did typically developing children when viewing video-taped conversations [34].”
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BackgroundInfluentialToward Neurosubtypes in Autism
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“Autism Spectrum Disorder, for instance, is both heritable [22–24] and associated with altered looking patterns beginning in infancy and persisting well into adulthood [2, 9, 10, 14, 25].”
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“reported eye tracking data from a preferential looking task showing that preference for viewing geometric rather than social stimuli is a risk factor for an autism diagnosis in toddlers [38].”
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“Moreover, the amount of interest shown in non-social versus social stimuli has been found to be a predictor of ASD in infancy [39–41].”
BackgroundComputer vision analysis captures atypical attention in toddlers with autism
Campbell, K. M., Carpenter, K. L. H., Hashemi, J., Espinosa, S., Marsan, S., Borg, J. S., Chang, Z., Qiu, Q., Vermeer, S., Adler, E. M., et al. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318766247 · Cited by 102
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Self-citationCardiac autonomic regulation in autism and Fragile X syndrome: A review.
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The level and nature of autistic intelligence III: inspection time
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“9 % of TD toddlers showed a preference for geometry, while 40 % of ASD toddlers did [24].”
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“In another study, eye-tracking was used to identify children diagnosed with ASD based on the duration of fixations and the number of saccades [19].”
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“…Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 40 Temple St, Suite 7D, New Haven, CT 06510, USA e-mail: Katarzyna.Chawarska@yale.edu et al. 2002; Norbury et al. 2009) as well as in infants and toddlers (Chawarska et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2008; Pierce et al. 2011; Shic et al. 2010; Young et al. 2009).”
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“Studies on infants have shown that eye movement can be used as an early diagnostic tool for autism diagnosis; with children on the autistic spectrum favoring focusing on images of geometric design rather than those of human faces.(75) Measuring fixation stability and saccadic movements (rapid movements of the eyes tha…”
BackgroundVargas-Cuentas, N. I., Roman–Gonzalez, A., Gilman, R. H., Barrientos, F., Ting, J., Hidalgo, D., Jensen, K., & Zimic, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188826 · Cited by 89
Autism Biomarkers: Challenges, Pitfalls and Possibilities
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“2012) and eye-tracking measures (Jones and Klin 2013; Pierce et al. 2011).”
Abstract Spatial Reasoning as an Autistic Strength
Stevenson, J. L., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059329 · Cited by 88
“In a recent study, autistic toddlers split their time evenly examining abstract spatial stimuli (on one side of a computer monitor) and videos of unknown children (on the other side of the monitor) [45].”
BackgroundShi, L., Zhou, Y., Ou, J., Gong, J., Wang, S., Cui, X., Lyu, H., Zhao, J., & Luo, X. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122280 · Cited by 92
“These stimuli comprised a movie consisting of DGIs (recordings of animated screen saver programs) on one half of the screen and DSIs (a series of short sequences of children doing yoga) on the other half [9].”
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“Differences begin to emerge at a young age (Chawarska et al., 2013; Jones and Klin, 2013; Pierce et al., 2011, 2016), and socially complex stimuli elicit the clearest differences from neurotypical patterns of attention (Hanley et al., 2013; Klin et al., 2002).”
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Self-citationLarge scale validation of an early-age eye-tracking biomarker of an autism spectrum disorder subtype
Wen, T. H., Cheng, A., Andreason, C., Zahiri, J., Xiao, Y., Xu, R., Bao, B., Courchesne, E., Barnes, C. C., Arias, S. J., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08102-6 · Cited by 83
Self-citationFunctional Connectivity of the Caudal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Is Decreased in Autism
Zhou, Y., Shi, L., Cui, X., Wang, S., & Luo, X. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151879 · Cited by 86
“, playing children) compared to the typical developing control[39, 40].”
BackgroundDetecting Gaze Towards Eyes in Natural Social Interactions and Its Use in Child Assessment
Chong, E., Chanda, K., Ye, Z., Southerland, A., Ruiz, N., Jones, R., Rozga, A., & Rehg, J. M. (2017) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3131902 · Cited by 77
“For example, toddlers with ASD spend more time looking at geometric shapes than human biological motion [41], children with ASD devote less attention to (a) GazeCapture [30] (b) Columbia Gaze [50] (c) MPIIGaze [60] Fig.”
BackgroundBradshaw, J. L., Shic, F., Holden, A. N., Horowitz, E. J., Barrett, A. C., German, T. C., & Vernon, T. W. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2093 · Cited by 74
“The social preference paradigm is a forced-choice measure of attentional preference for social versus geometric stimuli and has been studied as an early diagnostic biomarker for ASD [Pierce et al., 2011, 2016].”
BackgroundMethodMottron, L., Belleville, S., Rouleau, G. A., & Collignon, O. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.012 · Cited by 85
Children with Autism show Atypical Preference for Non-social Stimuli
Gale, C. M., Eikeseth, S., & Klintwall, L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46705-8 · Cited by 73
Parish‐Morris, J., Chevallier, C., Tonge, N., Letzen, J. E., Pandey, J., & Schultz, R. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00185 · Cited by 76
“, geometric shapes) in toddlers is a robust risk factor for developing the disorder (Pierce et al., 2011), and differential electrophysiological responses to shifts in eye gaze at 6 months predict ASD group membership nearly 3 years later (Elsabbagh et al.”
BackgroundComputer-aided autism diagnosis based on visual attention models using eye tracking
Oliveira, J. S., Franco, F. O., Revers, M. C., Silva, A., Portolese, J., Brentani, H., Machado‐Lima, A., & Nunes, F. L. S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89023-8 · Cited by 74
“Although there are papers that describe the classification of ASD based on eye tracking data 6,8,9,26 , the current proposal achieved this classification with AUC higher than most of the projects cited (Table 3), also using a heterogeneous dataset in terms of age, gender and CARS.”
MethodDevelopmental changes in social attention and oxytocin levels in infants and children
Nishizato, M., Fujisawa, T. X., Kosaka, H., & Tomoda, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02368-x · Cited by 73
Social orienting and joint attention in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders
Franchini, M., Glaser, B., de Wilde, H. W., Gentaz, É., D, S. E. M., & Schaer, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178859 · Cited by 71
Social cognition and the superior temporal sulcus: Implications in autism
Saitovitch, A., Bargiacchi, A., Chabane, N., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y., Boddaert, N., & Zilbovicius, M. (2012) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2012.07.017 · Cited by 76
Endocannabinoid Signaling in Autism
Chakrabarti, B., Persico, A. M., Battista, N., & Maccarrone, M. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0371-9 · Cited by 75
“esis is supported by studies that report a lack of social motivation in children with autism [76, 77].”
BackgroundEye Tracking as a Measure of Receptive Vocabulary in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Brady, N. C., Anderson, C. J., Hahn, L. J., Obermeier, S. M., & Kapa, L. L. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.904923 · Cited by 68
Early Adaptive Functioning Trajectories in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Franchini, M., Zöller, D., Gentaz, É., Glaser, B., de Wilde, H. W., Kojovic, N., D, S. E. M., & Schaer, M. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsy024 · Cited by 68
Unruh, K. E., Sasson, N. J., Shafer, R. L., Whitten, A., Miller, S., Turner‐Brown, L., & Bodfish, J. W. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00586 · Cited by 64
Mastergeorge, A. M., Kahathuduwa, C. N., & Blume, J. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04731-w · Cited by 64
Crawford, H., Moss, J. F., Oliver, C., Elliott, N. A., Anderson, G. M., & McCleery, J. P. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0084-x · Cited by 64
“Although visual attention to social versus non-social information has been explored extensively in individuals with ASD, to date, studies using preferential looking paradigms to examine looking patterns to directly competing, dynamic, social, and non-social stimuli, such as those reported by Pierce and colleagues and…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCourchesne, V., Girard, D., Jacques, C., & Soulières, I. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3786-4 · Cited by 66
Autism, autistic traits and creativity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Pennisi, P., Giallongo, L., Milintenda, G., & Cannarozzo, M. (2020) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-020-00992-6 · Cited by 77
Kwon, M., Moore, A., Barnes, C. C., Cha, D., & Pierce, K. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.12.011 · Cited by 61
Self-citationSocial orienting and social seeking behaviors in ASD. A meta analytic investigation
Hedger, N., Dubey, I., & Chakrabarti, B. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.003 · Cited by 65
Early and Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) in Autism
Klintwall, L., & Eikeseth, S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_129 · Cited by 61
“Research shows that children with autism prefer to look at nonsocial sensory stimuli rather than social stimuli, whereas the opposite is the case for typically developing children (Pierce et al. 2011).”
BackgroundNeurodevelopmental Hypothesis about the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Inui, T., Kumagaya, S., & Myowa‐Yamakoshi, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00354 · Cited by 61
Kou, J., Le, J., Fu, M., Lan, C., Chen, Z., Li, Q., Zhao, W., Xu, L., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2174 · Cited by 59
Fujisawa, T. X., Tanaka, S., Saito, D. N., Kosaka, H., & Tomoda, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00295 · Cited by 59
Weisberg, J., Milleville, S. C., Kenworthy, L. E., Wallace, G. L., Gotts, S. J., Beauchamp, M. S., & Martin, A. D. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs276 · Cited by 58
Autism, attachment, and social learning: Three challenges and a way forward
Vivanti, G., & Nuske, H. J. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.025 · Cited by 67
“geometric patterns, non-human noises), with diminished social attention manifesting as early as in the first six months of life [53], and interest in non-social stimuli in toddlerhood predicting the developmental of ASD symptoms [85], 2) diminished engagement in social and cooperative activities throughout the lifespa…”
Vernetti, A., Senju, A., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., & Gliga, T. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.004 · Cited by 57
Visualization and Analysis of Eye Movement Data from Children with Typical and Atypical Development
Falck‐Ytter, T., von Hofsten, C., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1776-0 · Cited by 58
“Given the classification performance observed in this study, the present results are in line with the idea that eye tracking methodology could be used as a complement to traditional diagnostic instruments in the future (Pierce et al. 2011).”
ResultReinforcement Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Schuetze, M., Rohr, C. S., Dewey, D., McCrimmon, A. W., & Bray, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02035 · Cited by 60
“This finding is supported by studies showing lower subjective ratings (Sasson et al., 2012) and reduced attention to social stimuli (Pierce et al., 2011), all of which could indicate that individuals with ASD are less likely to learn when social or socially mediated rewards are used.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAge trends in visual exploration of social and nonsocial information in children with autism
Elison, J. T., Sasson, N. J., Turner‐Brown, L., Dichter, G. S., & Bodfish, J. W. (2012) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.11.005 · Cited by 56
“Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) preferentially orient to certain nonsocial information (Sasson et al., 2008; Pierce et al., 2011) relative to social information (see also Klin et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDiagnóstico de autismo no século XXI: evolução dos domínios nas categorizações nosológicas
Fernandes, C. S., Tomazelli, J. G., & Girianelli, V. R. (2020) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-6564e200027 · Cited by 104
Autism-Specific Covariation in Perceptual Performances: “g” or “p” Factor?
Meilleur, A. S., Berthiaume, C., Bertone, A., & Mottron, L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103781 · Cited by 54
“These include hypersensitivity to noise [2], prolonged visual exploration of objects [3], early preference for geometric figures over social information [4], and early detection of cross-modal synchrony [5].”
BackgroundFujioka, T., Tsuchiya, K. J., Saito, M., Hirano, Y., Matsuo, M., Kikuchi, M., Maegaki, Y., Choi, D., Kato, S., Yoshida, T., et al. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00321-w · Cited by 53
“, the preference paradigm, which was created under the hypothesis that individuals with ASD prefer to pay attention to highly repetitive images than to social images [26], the ASD group observed people for shorter periods of time than did the TD group.”
BackgroundVisualization of Eye-Tracking Patterns in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Method and Dataset
Carette, R., Elbattah, M., Dequen, G., Guérin, J.-L., & Cilia, F. (2018) · International Conference on Digital Information Management · doi:10.1109/icdim.2018.8846967 · Cited by 54
“In another study, eye-tracking was used to identify ASD-diagnosed toddlers based on the fixation duration and the number of saccades [7].”
MethodIdentifying prognostic markers in autism spectrum disorder using eye tracking
Bacon, E. C., Moore, A., Lee, Q. N., Barnes, C. C., Courchesne, E., & Pierce, K. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319878578 · Cited by 58
Self-citationRiddiford, J. A., Enticott, P. G., Lavale, A., & Gurvich, C. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2729 · Cited by 65
Deficits in volitional oculomotor control align with language status in autism spectrum disorders
Kelly, D. J., Walker, R., & Norbury, C. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01188.x · Cited by 58
“, 2009) and infants and toddlers with ASD (Chawarska et al., 2010; Pierce et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe influence of visual saliency on fixation patterns in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Freeth, M., Foulsham, T., & Chapman, P. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.012 · Cited by 52
Falck‐Ytter, T., Thorup, E., & Bölte, S. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2278-4 · Cited by 53
“To achieve compatibility with earlier studies of the same population (Pierce et al. 2011), a fixation filter (Tobii Fixation Filter) with a velocity threshold of 35 pixels/window and a distance threshold of 35 pixels was applied.”
MethodAutism: Oxytocin, serotonin, and social reward
Dölen, G. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1087875 · Cited by 57
Müller, N., Baumeister, S., Dziobek, I., Banaschewski, T., & Poustka, L. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2828-z · Cited by 60
Experience-independent sex differences in newborn macaques: Females are more social than males
Simpson, E. A., Nicolini, Y., Shetler, M., Suomi, S. J., Ferrari, P. F., & Paukner, A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep19669 · Cited by 53
Rethinking the idea of late autism spectrum disorder onset.
Bacon, E. C., Courchesne, E., Barnes, C. C., Cha, D., Pence, S., Schreibman, L., Stahmer, A. C., & Pierce, K. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001067 · Cited by 52
Self-citationIncreased Sensitivity to Mirror Symmetry in Autism
Perreault, A., Gurnsey, R., Dawson, M., Mottron, L., & Bertone, A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019519 · Cited by 51
“In addition, recent findings have demonstrated an autistic preference for dynamic visual regularities at a young age [31].”
BackgroundFranchini, M., de Wilde, H. W., Glaser, B., Gentaz, É., Eliez, S., & Schaer, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00143 · Cited by 48
“Subsequently, according to previous work [Pierce and colleagues (10, 16) and see text footnote 1], we split our group of children with ASD into two sub-groups: Social Responders (SR-ASD, who spent more than 50% of their total time on BIO-M) and Geometric Responders (GR-ASD, who spent more than 50% of their total time…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Stoner, R., & Desmond, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Pierce, Karen
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-03
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4894313
- OpenAlex
- W2122623425
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 11.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH080134, P50MH081755)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, early risk factors, toddlers, preferential looking, visual fixation, saccades, social image, early detection, developmental delay
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, California, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Infant, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Risk Factors, Saccades, Early Diagnosis
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