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Psychiatric Diagnoses and Risk of Suicide in Veterans
Abstract
CONTEXT: Although numerous studies have documented the clear link between psychiatric conditions and suicide, few have allowed for the comparison between the strength of association between different psychiatric diagnoses and suicide. OBJECTIVE: To examine the strength of association between different types of psychiatric diagnoses and the risk of suicide in patients receiving health care services from the Department of Veterans Affairs in fiscal year (FY) 1999. DESIGN: This project examined National Death Index data and Veterans Health Administration patient treatment records. SETTING: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. PARTICIPANTS: All veterans who used Veterans Health Administration services during FY 1999 (N = 3 291 891) who were alive at the start of FY 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from patient treatment records in FY 1998 and 1999 and used to predict subsequent death by suicide during the following 7 years in sex-stratified survival analyses controlling for age. RESULTS: In the 7 years after FY 1999, 7684 veterans died by suicide. In diagnosis-specific analyses, patients with bipolar disorder had the greatest estimated risk of suicide among men (hazard ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 2.73-3.25), and patients with substance use disorders had the greatest risk among women (6.62; 4.72-9.29). CONCLUSIONS: Although all the examined psychiatric diagnoses were associated with elevated risk of suicide in veterans, results indicate that men with bipolar disorder and women with substance use disorders are at particularly elevated risk for suicide.
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“Consistent with other research, this study demonstrates that those who die by suicide are more likely than the general population to have a mental health or substance use diagnosis.36”
From Variation in patterns of health care before suicide: a population case-control study. (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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“A national study of individuals receiving Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services showed that a SUD diagnosis conferred higher risk for suicide among female veterans than any other mental disorder (Ilgen et al., 2010).”
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“5 in women (unadjusted for psychiatric comorbidities) (Ilgen et al. 2010).”
InfluentialLavigne, J., Au, A., Jiang, R., Wang, Y., Good, C. P., Glassman, P., & Cunningham, F. (2012) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1759-8893.2012.00093.x · Cited by 11
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Blais, R., Cruz, R. A., & Serang, S. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/sltb.12756 · Cited by 10
Logan, J., Bohnert, A., Spies, E., & Jannausch, M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.054 · Cited by 10
“Perpetration of interpersonal and self-direct violence has been found to be correlated among some youth and adults (Swahn et al., 2008; Ilgen et al., 2010b) making interpersonal violence a potential factor that can help screen for suicidal ideation and behavior.”
InfluentialSelf-citationOsilla, K. C., Dopp, A. R., Watkins, K. E., Ceballos, V., Hurley, B., Meredith, L. S., Leamon, I. M., Jacobsohn, V., & Komaromy, M. S. (2022) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-022-00302-9 · Cited by 11
Arrest History and Psychopathology Among Veterans at Risk for Suicide
Edwards, E. R., Gromatsky, M. A., Sissoko, D. R. G., Hazlett, E., Sullivan, S. R., Geraci, J. C., & Goodman, M. (2020) · Psychological services · doi:10.1037/ser0000454 · Cited by 9
Substance Use Disorders and Suicidal Behavior
Conner, K. R., & Ilgen, M. A. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118903223.ch6 · Cited by 11
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M-SID: An IoT-based Edge-intelligent Framework for Suicidal Ideation Detection
Sundaravadivel, P., Salvatore, P., & Indic, P. (2020) · World Forum on Internet of Things · doi:10.1109/wf-iot48130.2020.9221279 · Cited by 8
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Palliative Care and Documented Suicide: Association Among Veterans with High Mortality Risk.
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“Ilgen et al. (2010) reported that Veterans with depression have suicide rates of 81.8/100,000—a rate that is approximately 6–7 times that of the general population in the US (http://www. cdc.gov/nchs/fatats/suicide.htm) Effective interventions are needed to help patients better learn to manage…”
BackgroundInfluentialMandavia, A. D., Banducci, A. N., Simpson, T. L., Marx, B. P., Hawn, S. E., Hyde, J., Ameral, V. E., Hall, R. E. S., Roth, C. E., Sarpong, A., et al. (2025) · Women's health issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2025.02.002 · Cited by 6
Suicide by Opioid: Exploring the Intentionality of the Act
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“Most common mental health conditions have been associated with prescription and/or illicit opioid overdose [21] and suicide [22].”
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Cupler, Z. A., Daniels, C. J., Anderson, D. R., Anderson, M. T., Napuli, J. G., & Tritt, M. E. (2021) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12998-021-00372-7 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of elderly patients in adult suicide cases admitted to the emergency department
Sultanoğlu, H., & Sultanoğlu, T. E. (2020) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102103 · Cited by 8
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“Other limitations include not assessing other risk factors for suicide (e.g., bipolar disorder, Ilgen et al., 2010; worst point suicidal ideation, Rozek et al., under review) and not having information about treatment of depression and other comorbid disorders that could have also impacted the…”
BackgroundSuicide: Phenomenology and Neurobiology
Cannon, K., & Hudzik, T. (2014) · Cambridge International Law Journal · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09964-4 · Cited by 6
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“Although mental health conditions such as substance use disorders (Bohnert et al., 2017), bipolar disorder (Ilgen et al., 2010), and depression (Ilgen et al., 2010) are strongly associated with suicide among women veterans, more than one-half of women and men veterans who died by suicide had no…”
Detecting and distinguishing indicators of risk for suicide using clinical records
Ahmedani, B., Cannella, C., Yeh, H., Westphal, J., Simon, G. E., Beck, A. L., Rossom, R., Lynch, F., Lu, C. Y., Owen-Smith, A., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02051-4 · Cited by 5
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“This risk behavior may be due to mental health disorder symptoms such as severe depression that increase the risk for suicidality and predict a higher probability of suicide behaviors among people with alcohol or drug use disorders [37,38].”
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“Given that the number of veterans diagnosed with BPD is almost double that of the general population (Ilgen et al., 2010), recruiting veterans for future studies is essential.”
BackgroundDrug Attitude Inventory In Bipolar I Patients: Psychometric Properties
Shariati, B., Shabani, A., Kia, E. A., Ahmadzad-Asl, M., Alavi, K., Behbahani, Z. M., Ghasemzadeh, M. R., Hasani, S., Ghiasi, Z., Nasab, F. K., et al. (2018) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.9831 · Cited by 7
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“In addition, nonpsychiatric factors, such as unemployment and divorce, have been reported as foster factors for high case fatality rates in suicide acts committed by veterans (17).”
BackgroundBehavioral Emergencies for the Emergency Physician: List of contributors
Zun, L., Chepenik, L., & Mallory, M. N. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139088077 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Ilgen, M. A., Bohnert, A. S. B., Ignacio, R. V., McCarthy, J. F., Valenstein, M. M., Kim, H. M., & Blow, F. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-11-01
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1152
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2060307158
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 19.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- suicide risk, psychiatric diagnosis, veterans, bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, sex differences, suicide mortality, Department of Veterans Affairs, National Death Index
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Cause of Death, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Delivery of Health Care, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Suicide, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans, Age Distribution, Substance-Related Disorders
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