The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychiatric Diagnoses and Risk of Suicide in Veterans
Abstract
CONTEXT: Although numerous studies have documented the clear link between psychiatric conditions and suicide, few have allowed for the comparison between the strength of association between different psychiatric diagnoses and suicide. OBJECTIVE: To examine the strength of association between different types of psychiatric diagnoses and the risk of suicide in patients receiving health care services from the Department of Veterans Affairs in fiscal year (FY) 1999. DESIGN: This project examined National Death Index data and Veterans Health Administration patient treatment records. SETTING: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. PARTICIPANTS: All veterans who used Veterans Health Administration services during FY 1999 (N = 3 291 891) who were alive at the start of FY 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from patient treatment records in FY 1998 and 1999 and used to predict subsequent death by suicide during the following 7 years in sex-stratified survival analyses controlling for age. RESULTS: In the 7 years after FY 1999, 7684 veterans died by suicide. In diagnosis-specific analyses, patients with bipolar disorder had the greatest estimated risk of suicide among men (hazard ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 2.73-3.25), and patients with substance use disorders had the greatest risk among women (6.62; 4.72-9.29). CONCLUSIONS: Although all the examined psychiatric diagnoses were associated with elevated risk of suicide in veterans, results indicate that men with bipolar disorder and women with substance use disorders are at particularly elevated risk for suicide.
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“Consistent with other research, this study demonstrates that those who die by suicide are more likely than the general population to have a mental health or substance use diagnosis.36”
From Variation in patterns of health care before suicide: a population case-control study. (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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Sex-differential cognitive performance on MCCB of youth with BD-II depression
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“Among all mental disorders, BD has the highest rate of completed suicides [2, 3].”
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Drop-in suicide prevention group decreases suicidal ideation among Veterans
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“depression and/or PTSD have higher likelihood of committing suicide (Ilgen et al., 2010; Zivin et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEffectiveness of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy in the Veterans Health Administration
Duffy, S., Ignacio, R., Kim, H., Geraci, M. C., Essenmacher, C., Hall, S., Chow, A., Pfeiffer, P. N., Sherman, S., Bohnert, K. M., et al. (2018) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054473 · Cited by 4
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“Mental health and substance use disorder diagnoses put veterans at an increased risk for suicide (5), along with other societal issues such as housing insecurity and legal system involvement (6, 7).”
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“On average, 543 veterans die by suicide each month [9], and MDD is the second most important predictor of veteran suicide among all recorded mental health diagnoses [10].”
BackgroundBowersox, N. W., Smith, C. M., Austin, K., Bradford, D. W., Browne, J., Nelson, S. M., Szymanski, B. R., & Glynn, S. M. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.01.007 · Cited by 3
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War Myths and the Normalization of PTSD and Military Suicide: The Military Suicide Equation
Mackenzie, M., & Wegner, N. (2022) · International Political Sociology · doi:10.1093/ips/olab033 · Cited by 3
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Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior Depend on Age for Veterans in the Pacific Islands
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“Having a diagnosed mental health disorder such as a mood disorder (Ilgen et al., 2010), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Pompili et al., 2013), borderline personality disorder (Black et al., 2006), or an alcohol or drug use disorder (Ilgen et al., 2010) is also associated with suicidal behavior…”
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“Behavioral health diagnoses, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, are strongly associated with suicide, including firearm suicide (Sivaraman et al. 2022; Ilgen et al. 2010; Bohnert et al. 2017; Olfson et al. 2021; Too et al. 2019).”
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BackgroundCulture, militarism, and America’s heroic future
Zimbardo, P. G., Breckenridge, J. N., & Moghaddam, F. M. (2015) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x15615811 · Cited by 2
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BackgroundThe Role of Social Workers in Suicide Prevention Among Military Veterans
Levine, J., & Sher, L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41319-4_77-1 · Cited by 1
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“(46%) of veteran suicide decedents had a history of one or more behavioral health disorders.(10) Although the study was excellent, it likely underestimated the prevalence of behavioral disorders because the diagnoses were made months or years before the eventual suicides.”
BackgroundAlcohol and Alcohol Use Disorder
Meeks, T. W., Bekman, N. M., Lanouette, N. M., Yung, K., & Vienna, R. P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05384-0_9 · Cited by 2
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“15 6 – 8,10, This discrepancy may reflect differences in study design, including the use of population-based data and within-decedent comparisons, as well as variation in measurement approaches.”
Community Organizations Need Support to Provide Veteran-Centric Suicide Prevention Programming
Russell, P. D. (2026) · Federal Practitioner · doi:10.12788/fp.0724
State Gun Policies Affect Veteran and Civilian Suicide Rates Differently
Hiraldo, L., Wolansky, R., Sujka, J., Luchette, F., Kuo, P. C., & Kendall, M. (2026) · Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000005111
Saulnier, K., Brabbs, S., Dent, K. R., & McCarthy, J. F. (2026) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-026-01510-0
“For example, VA suicide analytics include assessments regarding Veteran risk factors, including demographic and clinical diagnostic indicators (Ilgen et al., 2010; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2024), contextual factors (e.g., rurality; McCarthy et al., 2012) and risk periods (e.g.,…”
Self-citationPearson, R., Mignogna, J., Metts, A., Beevers, C. G., Post, E. P., & Creech, S. K. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117176
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“In addition to psychopathology (e.g., depression) (Ilgen et al., 2010), a myriad of individual (e.g., trauma), interpersonal (e.g., loneliness), and socioenvironmental factors (e.g., access to care), and their interactions, contribute to suicide risk, including in veterans (Blosnich et al., 2020,…”
Pearson, R., Harris, E. P., Metts, A., Beevers, C. G., Pfeiffer, P. N., & Creech, S. K. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/86899
“The absence of safety concerns is particularly important given that veterans are considered a higher-risk population for adverse outcomes, including suicidal ideation, especially in the context of depression [37].”
Leveraging Community Asset Mapping to Improve Suicide Prevention for Veterans.
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“Among women veterans, mental health diagnoses incur greater risk of suicide death (Ilgen et al., 2010), thus suggesting a transdiagnostic approach to suicide prevention.”
Decker, S. E., Kroll-Desrosiers, A., Mattocks, K., Aunon, F. M., Galliford, E., Doran, N., Baird, S., Rielage, J. K., Ridley, J., Bannister, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1495102
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Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
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“[12] to examine the effect of paroxetine exposure on suicide in the early months of medication.”
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Hummel, K. L., Sottile, J. E., Spangler, D. A., & Bongar, B. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119173489.ch23
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Lehmann, J. K., & Jiménez, X. F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74391-2_7
Suicidal Behavior in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Focus on Combat Exposure
Dobry, Y., & Sher, L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_8 · Cited by 1
Die Einschätzung des Suizidrisikos
Jandl, M., Steyer, J., Hodgkinson, S., & Kaschka, W. P. (2017) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1627007
“In diagnosen- und geschlechtsspezifischen Analysen erwiesen sich Männer mit bipolaren Störungen und Frauen mit Suchterkrankungen als die Personengruppen mit den höchsten relativen Suizidrisiken (31).”
BackgroundImportance of Comorbid Disorders to Suicide Risk in PTSD
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ilgen, M. A., Bohnert, A. S. B., Ignacio, R. V., McCarthy, J. F., Valenstein, M. M., Kim, H. M., & Blow, F. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-11-01
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1152
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2060307158
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 19.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- suicide risk, psychiatric diagnosis, veterans, bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, sex differences, suicide mortality, Department of Veterans Affairs, National Death Index
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Cause of Death, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Delivery of Health Care, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Suicide, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans, Age Distribution, Substance-Related Disorders
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