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Risk Factors for Congestive Heart Failure in US Men and Women: NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) has been increasing steadily in the United States during the past 2 decades. We studied risk factors for CHF and their corresponding attributable risk in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A total of 13 643 men and women without a history of CHF at baseline examination were included in this prospective cohort study. Risk factors were measured using standard methods between 1971 and 1975. Incidence of CHF was assessed using medical records and death certificates obtained between 1982 and 1984 and in 1986, 1987, and 1992. RESULTS: During average follow-up of 19 years, 1382 CHF cases were documented. Incidence of CHF was positively and significantly associated with male sex (relative risk [RR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.39; P<.001; population attributable risk [PAR], 8.9%), less than a high school education (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.42; P =.01; PAR, 8.9%), low physical activity (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09-1.38; P<.001; PAR, 9.2%), cigarette smoking (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.39-1.83; P<.001; PAR, 17.1%), overweight (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12-1.52; P =.001; PAR, 8.0%), hypertension (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.24-1.59; P<.001; PAR, 10.1%), diabetes (RR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.51-2.28; P<.001; PAR, 3.1%), valvular heart disease (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.17-1.82; P =.001; PAR, 2.2%), and coronary heart disease (RR, 8.11; 95% CI, 6.95-9.46; P<.001; PAR, 61.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Male sex, less education, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, overweight, diabetes, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and coronary heart disease are all independent risk factors for CHF. More than 60% of the CHF that occurs in the US general population might be attributable to coronary heart disease.
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“Similarly, in observational studies (NHANES 64 and ARIC 65 ), the incidence of HF in patients with T2DM was higher than in those without T2DM, with the corresponding hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.85 and 3.54.”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (2018) · cites this paper as [64]
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“However, in human studies, we mainly have to rely on cross-sectional data at this time, and the conclusions are not firm regarding the direct role of obesity in the development of heart failure (14, 46, 132, 376).”
From Cardiac remodeling in obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [132]
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Background
Metadata
- Authors
- He, J., Ogden, L. G., Bazzano, L. A., Vupputuri, S., Loria, C., & Whelton, P. K.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- He, Jiang
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2001-04-09
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 996
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025266397
- Cited by
- 1,172
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 17.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r03hl061954-02, 5r01hl060300-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R03 HL-61954, R01HL60300)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- congestive heart failure, risk factors, attributable risk, incidence, sex differences, educational attainment, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, overweight, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, coronary revascularization, coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting, coronary angiography
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Coronary Disease, Death Certificates, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Failure, Heart Valve Diseases, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Exercise, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models, Sex Distribution, Diabetes Complications
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