Religious Involvement and Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults: The CARDIA Study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Results of previous studies have suggested that involvement in religious activities may be associated with lower rates of smoking. We sought to determine whether frequent attendance at religious services is associated with less smoking among young adults. METHODS: This prospective cohort study of 4569 adults aged 20 to 32 years included approximately equal numbers of blacks and whites and men and women from 4 cities in the United States who attended the 1987/1988 examination of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Frequency of attendance at religious services and denominational affiliation were determined by self-report questionnaire in 1987/1988. Cigarette smoking was determined by interview at this time and again 3 years later. RESULTS: Of 4544 participants who completed the tobacco questionnaire in 1987/1988, 34% (891/2598) who attended religious services less than once per month or never and 23% (451/1946) who attended religious services at least once per month reported current smoking (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-2.0; P<.001). This association between less frequent attendance at religious services and current smoking was found in most denominations and remained significant after adjusting for potential confounding variables (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.8; P<.001). During 3-year follow-up, nonsmokers who reported little or no religious involvement had an increased risk of smoking initiation (adjusted OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.7; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Young adults who attend religious services have lower rates of current and subsequent cigarette smoking. The potential health benefits associated with religious involvement deserve further study.
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In Judeo-Christian scriptures, there is an emphasis on caring for the physical body as a Temple of the Holy Spirit.
“In the Judeo-Christian scriptures, for example, there is an emphasis on caring for the physical body as a “Temple of the Holy Spirit” (see 1 Corinthian 6:19-20) [281].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [281]
RS have been linked to lower levels of cigarette smoking and higher levels of preventive health behaviors.
“RS have been linked to lower levels of cigarette smoking (e.g., Whooley et al., 2002) and higher levels of preventive health behaviors [e.g., flu shots, cholesterol screening, breast self-exams, mammograms, pap smears, and prostate screening (Benjamins & Brown, 2004)].”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Whooley et al., 2002
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- Authors
- Whooley, M. A., Boyd, A. L., Gardin, J. M., & Williams, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2002-07-22
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1604
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976329139
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Health Services Research and Development
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc48050-59-0-1, n01hc48048-58-0-1, n01hc48047-55-0-1, n01hc48049-61-0-1, N01-HC-48050, N01-HC-48048, N01-HC-48049)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01HC48050, N01-HC48048, N01-HC-48-049, N01-HC-480-47)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- religious involvement, religious service attendance, cigarette smoking, young adults, smoking initiation, religious denominations, CARDIA cohort, tobacco use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Coronary Artery Disease, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Religion, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Smoking Cessation
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