The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Using the Coronary Artery Calcium Score to Predict Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Primary prevention of coronary heart disease is most appropriate for patients at relatively high risk. Measurement of coronary artery calcium has been proposed as a way to improve risk assessment, but it is unknown whether it adds predictive information to standard risk factor assessment. METHODS: We systematically searched electronic databases for relevant articles published between January 1, 1980, and March 19, 2003, and hand searched bibliographies. We included studies that reported measuring the coronary artery calcium score by electron beam computed tomography in asymptomatic subjects and subsequent follow-up of those patients for coronary events and that presented score-specific relative risks, adjusted for established risk factors. Two abstractors verified inclusion criteria and abstracted data from each study. We estimated adjusted relative risks associated with 3 standard categories of coronary artery calcium scores (1-100, 101-400, and >400), compared with a score of 0, and used a random-effects model for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Meta-analysis of the 4 studies meeting inclusion criteria yielded a summary adjusted relative risk of 2.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-2.9) for a coronary artery calcium score of 1 to 100. Relative risk estimates for higher calcium scores were higher, ranging from 3.0 to 17.0 but varied significantly among studies. Subgroup analyses suggested that differences among studies in outcome adjudication (blinded or not), measurement of other risk factors (direct or by patient history), tomographic slice thickness (3 or 6 mm), and/or proportion of female study subjects may account for this heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: The coronary artery calcium score is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease events.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,947
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., Belanger, A. M., Silbershatz, H., & Kannel, W. B. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 · Cited by 9,581
Cardia: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects
Friedman, G. D., Cutter, G. R., Donahue, R. P., Hughes, G. H., Hulley, S. B., Jacobs, D. R., Liu, K., & Savage, P. J. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(88)90080-7 · Cited by 1,687
Raggi, P., Callister, T. Q., Cooil, B., He, Z.-X., Lippolis, N. J., Russo, D. J., Zelinger, A., & Mahmarian, J. J. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.8.850 · Cited by 835
Rumberger, J. A., Brundage, B. H., Rader, D. J., & Kondos, G. (1999) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/74.3.243 · Cited by 796
O’Rourke, R. A., Brundage, B. H., Froelicher, V. F., Greenland, P., Grundy, S. M., Hachamovitch, R., Pohost, G. M., Shaw, L. J., Weintraub, W. S., Winters, W. L., et al. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00831-7 · Cited by 791
Prediction of coronary events with electron beam computed tomography
Arad, Y., Spadaro, L. A., Goodman, K., Newstein, D., & Guerci, A. D. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00872-x · Cited by 744 · cited 1×
“Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) comparing risk of a coronary heart disease event in persons with low (1-100), medium (101-400), and high ( 400) coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores to persons without calcification.”
BackgroundHayden, M., Pignone, M., Phillips, C., & Mulrow, C. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00016 · Cited by 627
Self-citationEndovascular Stent Design Dictates Experimental Restenosis and Thrombosis
Rogers, C., & Edelman, E. R. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.91.12.2995 · Cited by 543
Cited by
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Falk, E. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.068 · Cited by 1,447
Bolland, M. J., Avenell, A., Baron, J. A., Grey, A., MacLennan, G. S., Gamble, G. D., & Reid, I. R. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c3691 · Cited by 1,099
Greenland, P., Bonow, R. O., Brundage, B. H., Budoff, M. J., Eisenberg, M. J., Grundy, S. M., Lauer, M. S., Post, W. S., Raggi, P., Redberg, R. F., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.001 · Cited by 962
Jacobson, T. A., Ito, M. K., Maki, K. C., Orringer, C. E., Bays, H. E., Jones, P. H., McKenney, J. M., Grundy, S. M., Gill, E. A., Wild, R. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.02.003 · Cited by 773
Vascular calcifications as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk: A meta-analysis
Rennenberg, R., Kessels, Schurgers, Engelshoven, V., de Leeuw, P., & Kroon (2009) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s4822 · Cited by 469
Metadata
- Authors
- Pletcher, M. J., Tice, J. A., Pignone, M., & Browner, W. S.
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2004-06-28
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1285
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2137366606
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 26.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Using the Coronary Artery Calcium Score to Predict Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1001/archinte.164.12.1285
- The paper
- Pletcher, M. J., Tice, J. A., Pignone, M., & Browner, W. S. (2004). Using the Coronary Artery Calcium Score to Predict Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.12.1285
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
