Cited by 313Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyAging, Health, and Disability

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Reduced Disability and Mortality Among Aging Runners: A 21-Year Longitudinal Study

Open access

Chakravarty, Eliza F.·2008·Archives of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1638PMC PMC3175643

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Exercise has been shown to improve many health outcomes and well-being of people of all ages. Long-term studies in older adults are needed to confirm disability and survival benefits of exercise. METHODS: Annual self-administered questionnaires were sent to 538 members of a nationwide running club and 423 healthy controls from northern California who were 50 years and older beginning in 1984. Data included running and exercise frequency, body mass index, and disability assessed by the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI; scored from 0 [no difficulty] to 3 [unable to perform]) through 2005. A total of 284 runners and 156 controls completed the 21-year follow-up. Causes of death through 2003 were ascertained using the National Death Index. Multivariate regression techniques compared groups on disability and mortality. RESULTS: At baseline, runners were younger, leaner, and less likely to smoke compared with controls. The mean (SD) HAQ-DI score was higher for controls than for runners at all time points and increased with age in both groups, but to a lesser degree in runners (0.17 [0.34]) than in controls (0.36 [0.55]) (P < .001). Multivariate analyses showed that runners had a significantly lower risk of an HAQ-DI score of 0.5 (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.84). At 19 years, 15% of runners had died compared with 34% of controls. After adjustment for covariates, runners demonstrated a survival benefit (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.82). Disability and survival curves continued to diverge between groups after the 21-year follow-up as participants approached their ninth decade of life. CONCLUSION: Vigorous exercise (running) at middle and older ages is associated with reduced disability in later life and a notable survival advantage.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1638

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity
Fries, J. F. (1980) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198007173030304 · Cited by 3,356
The Association of Changes in Physical-Activity Level and Other Lifestyle Characteristics with Mortality among Men
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., Lee, I.-M., Jung, D. L., & Kampert, J. B. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199302253280804 · Cited by 1,972
Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models for Repeated Measures Data
Lindstrom, M. J., & Bates, D. M. (1990) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532087 · Cited by 1,793
Exercise Is Associated with Reduced Risk for Incident Dementia among Persons 65 Years of Age and Older
Larson, E. B., Wang, L., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Teri, L., Crane, P., & Kukull, W. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004 · Cited by 1,463
The dimensions of health outcomes: the health assessment questionnaire, disability and pain scales.
Fries, J. F., Spitz, P. W., & Young, D. Y. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 1,312
Human Metapneumovirus and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants and Children
Williams, J. V., Harris, P. A., Tollefson, S. J., Halburnt, L. L., Pingsterhaus, J. M., Edwards, K. M., Wright, P. F., & Crowe, J. E. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa025472 · Cited by 987
Association of Long-Distance Corridor Walk Performance With Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, Mobility Limitation, and Disability
Newman, A. B., Simonsick, E. M., Naydeck, B. L., Boudreau, R. M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nevitt, M. C., Pahor, M., Satterfield, S., Brach, J. S., Studenski, S. A., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.17.2018 · Cited by 934
Health assessment questionnaire (HAQ)
Rovenský, J., & Payer, J. (2009) · Dictionary of Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-79280-3_429 · Cited by 696
Associations of Light, Moderate, and Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity with Longevity: The Harvard Alumni Health Study
Lee, I.-M. M., & Paffenbarger, R. S. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010205 · Cited by 647
Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Young and Elderly Adults
Falsey, A. R., Erdman, D. D., Anderson, L. J., & Walsh, E. E. (2003) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/367901 · Cited by 594
Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals
Dustman, R. E., Ruhling, R. O., Russell, E. M., Shearer, D. E., Bonekat, H. W., Shigeoka, J. W., Wood, J. S., & Bradford, D. C. (1984) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(84)90083-6 · Cited by 552
A Primer and Comparative Review of Major U.S. Mortality Databases
Cowper, D. C., Kubal, J. D., Maynard, C. C., & Hynes, D. M. (2002) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00285-x · Cited by 486
Physical Activity, Exercise, and Inflammatory Markers in Older Adults: Findings from The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Colbert, L. H., Visser, M., Simonsick, E. M., Tracy, R. P., Newman, A. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Pahor, M., Taaffe, D. R., Brach, J. S., Rubin, S., et al. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52307.x · Cited by 479
Prevalence and Clinical Symptoms of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Hospitalized Patients
van den Hoogen, B. G., van Doornum, G. J. J., Fockens, J. C., Cornelissen, J. J., BEYER, W. E. P., de Groot, R., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., & Fouchier, R. A. M. (2003) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/379200 · Cited by 446
Dual Infection of Infants by Human Metapneumovirus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is Strongly Associated with Severe Bronchiolitis
Semple, M. G., Cowell, A., Dove, W., Greensill, J., McNamara, P. S., Halfhide, C., Shears, P., Smyth, R. L., & Hart, C. A. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/426457 · Cited by 426
Children with Respiratory Disease Associated with Metapneumovirus in Hong Kong
Peiris, M. J. S., Tang, W.-H., Chan, K., Khong, P., Guan, Y., Lau, Y., & Chiu, S. S. S. (2003) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0906.030009 · Cited by 422
Characterization of human metapneumoviruses isolated from patients in North America
Peret, T. C. T., Boivin, G., Li, Y., Couillard, M., Humphrey, C., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Erdman, D. D., & Anderson, L. J. (2002) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/340518 · Cited by 392
Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee.
(1979) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.60.2.427 · Cited by 383
A meta‐analysis of the association of physical activity with reduced risk of colorectal cancer
Samad, A., Taylor, R. S., Marshall, T. P., & Chapman, M. (2005) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00747.x · Cited by 344
Brief Communication: Fatal Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Stem-Cell Transplant Recipients
Englund, J. A., Boeckh, M., Kuypers, J. M., Nichols, W. G., Hackman, R. C., Morrow, R. A., Fredricks, D. N., & Corey, L. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00010 · Cited by 256
Aerobic Exercise Training Can Reverse Age-Related Peripheral Circulatory Changes in Healthy Older Men
Beere, P. A., Russell, S. D., Morey, M. C., Kitzman, D. W., & Higginbotham, M. B. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1085 · Cited by 240
Presence of the new human metapneumovirus in French children with bronchiolitis
Freymuth, F., Vabret, A., Legrand, L. J., Eterradossi, N., Lafay‐Delaire, F., Brouard, J., & Guillois, B. (2003) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200301000-00024 · Cited by 237
Human Metapneumovirus Associated with Respiratory Tract Infections in a 3-Year Study of Nasal Swabs from Infants in Italy
Maggi, F., Pifferi, M., Vatteroni, M., Fornai, C., Tempestini, E., Anzilotti, S., Lanini, L., Andreoli, E., Ragazzo, V., Pistello, M., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.41.7.2987-2991.2003 · Cited by 235
An Outbreak of Severe Respiratory Tract Infection Due to Human Metapneumovirus in a Long-Term Care Facility
Boivin, G., Serres, G. D., Hamelin, M., Cote, S., Argouin, M., Tremblay, G., Maranda‐Aubut, R., Sauvageau, C., Ouakki, M., Boulianne, N., et al. (2007) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/513204 · Cited by 224
Factors Associated with Healthy Aging: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Burke, G. L., Arnold, A. M., Bild, D. E., Cushman, M., Fried, L. P., Newman, A. B., Nunn, C., & Robbins, J. A. (2001) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4930254.x · Cited by 185
Moderate exercise improves antibody response to influenza immunization in older adults
Kohut, M. L., Arntson, B. A., Lee, W.-L., Rozeboom, K., Yoon, K. J., Cunnick, J. E., & McElhaney, J. E. (2003) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.023 · Cited by 184
Leisure-time physical activity and lung cancer: a meta-analysis
Tardón, A., Lee, W. J., Delgado‐Rodríguez, M., Dosemeci, M., Albanes, D., Hoover, R. N., & Blair, A. E. (2005) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-004-5026-9 · Cited by 170
National and State Medical Expenditures and Lost Earnings Attributable to Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Conditions—United States, 2003
(2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.15.1649 · Cited by 170
Incidence and risk factors of disability in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study
Taş, Ü., Verhagen, A. P., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Albert Hofman, D., Odding, E., Pols, H. A. P., & Koes, B. W. (2006) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.11.007 · Cited by 164
Impact of human metapneumovirus in childhood: Comparison with respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses
Bosis, S., Esposito, S., Niesters, H. G. M., Crovari, P., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., & Principi, N. (2004) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.20243 · Cited by 155
Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Conditioning in Older Coronary Patients
Ades, P. A., Waldmann, M. L., Meyer, W. L., Brown, K. A., Poehlman, É. T., Pendlebury, W. W., Leslie, K. O., Gray, P. R., Lew, R. R., & LeWinter, M. M. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.3.323 · Cited by 138
Beyond Health Promotion: Reducing Need And Demand For Medical Care
Fries, J. F., Koop, C. E., Sokolov, J. J., Beadle, C. E., & Wright, D. (1998) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.17.2.70 · Cited by 132
Running and the Development of Disability with Age
Fries, J. F., Singh, G., Morfeld, D., Hubert, H. B., Lane, N. E., & Brown, B. W. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-121-7-199410010-00005 · Cited by 132
Physical activity in leisure-time and risk of cancer: 14-year follow-up of 28,000 Danish men and women
Schnohr, P., Grønbæk, M., Petersen, L. V., Hein, H. O., & Sørensen, T. I. A. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1080/14034940510005752 · Cited by 130
Detection of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in adults with and without respiratory illness
Falsey, A. R., Criddle, M. C., & WALSH, E. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2005.04.004 · Cited by 127
Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older
Larson, E. B., Wang, L., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Teri, L. L., Crane, P. K., & Kukull, W. A. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00572.x · Cited by 122
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalized infants in Spain
García‐García, M. L., Calvo, C., Pérez‐Breña, P., De, J. M., Acosta, B., & Casas, I. (2006) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.20456 · Cited by 118
Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Hamelin, M., Cotu, S., LaForge, J., Lampron, N., Bourbeau, J., Weiss, K., Gilca, R., Serres, G. D., & Boivin, G. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/431981 · Cited by 117
Baseline and Previous Physical Activity in Relation to Mortality in Elderly Men: The Zutphen Elderly Study
Bijnen, F. C. H., Feskens, E. J. M., Caspersen, C. J., Nagelkerke, N. J. D., Mosterd, W. L., & Kromhout, D. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009960 · Cited by 117
Postponed Development of Disability in Elderly Runners
Wang, B. W. E., Ramey, D. R., Schettler, J., Hubert, H. B., & Fries, J. F. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.20.2285 · Cited by 115
comparison of cardiorespiratory fitness versus leisure time physical activity as predictors of coronary events in men aged ≤65 years and >65 years
Talbot, L. A., Morrell, C. H., Metter, E. J., & Fleg, J. L. (2002) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02302-0 · Cited by 106
Aging, long-distance running, and the development of musculoskeletal disability
Lane, N. E., Bloch, D. A., Wood, P. D., & Fries, J. F. (1987) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(87)90014-3 · Cited by 101
A Summer Outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in a Long‐Term‐Care Facility
Louie, J. K., Schnurr, D. P., Pan, C., Kiang, D., Carter, C., Tougaw, S., Ventura, J., Norman, A., Belmusto, V., Rosenberg, J. B., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/519846 · Cited by 98
Persistent Symptomless Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
Debiaggi, M., Canducci, F., Sampaolo, M., Marinozzi, M. C., Parea, M., Terulla, C., Colombo, A. A., Alessandrino, E. P., Bragotti, L. Z., Arghittu, M., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/505881 · Cited by 92
Human Metapneumovirus, Australia, 2001–2004
Sloots, T. P., Mackay, I. M., Bialasiewicz, S., Jacob, K. C., McQueen, E., Harnett, G. B., Siebert, D. J., Masters, I. B., Young, P. R., & Nissen, M. D. (2006) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1708.051239 · Cited by 90
Changes in Health Assessment Questionnaire disability scores over five years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with the general population
Sokka, T., Kautiainen, H., Hannonen, P., & Pincus, T. (2006) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.22130 · Cited by 90
Comparability of national death index plus and standard procedures for determining causes of death in epidemiologic studies.
Doody, M. M., Hayes, H. M., & Bilgrad, R. (2001) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(00)00177-0 · Cited by 79
National and state medical expenditures and lost earnings attributable to arthritis and other rheumatic conditions--United States, 2003.
(2007) · PubMed · Cited by 75
Seasonality, Incidence, and Repeat Human Metapneumovirus Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in an Area With a High Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection
Madhi, S. A., Ludewick, H. P., Kuwanda, L., van Niekerk, N., Cutland, C., & Klugman, K. P. (2007) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3180621192 · Cited by 66
Successful aging—an emerging paradigm of gerontology
Fries, J. F. (2002) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(02)00021-6 · Cited by 61
Percentile benchmarks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Health Assessment Questionnaire as a quality indicator (QI)
Krishnan, E., Tugwell, P., & Fries, J. F. (2004) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar1220 · Cited by 57
Longitudinal comparison of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)
Bruce, B., & Fries, J. F. (2004) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.20695 · Cited by 57
Predictors of physical disability after age 50
Hubert, H. B., & Fries, J. F. (1994) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(94)90084-1 · Cited by 46
Reliability and Validity of Questions About Exercise in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging
Davis, H. S., MacPherson, K. M., Merry, H. R., Wentzel, C., & Rockwood, K. J. (2001) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610202008128 · Cited by 42
Moderate exercise improves antibody response to influenza immunization in older adults
Kohut, M. L. (2004) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00818-1 · Cited by 17
Physical Disability in Older Runners: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Progression With Age
Ward, M. M., Hubert, H. B., Shi, H., & Bloch, D. A. (1995) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/50a.2.m70 · Cited by 15
Running and the Development of Disability with Age
Fries, J. F., Singh, G., & Hubert, H. B. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-6-199503150-00017 · Cited by 6

Sorted by citations

Leisure Time Physical Activity and Mortality: A Detailed Pooled Analysis of the Dose-Response Relationship
Arem, H., Moore, S. C., Patel, A., Hartge, P., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Visvanathan, K., Campbell, P. T., Freedman, M., Weiderpass, E., Adami, H. O., et al. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533 · Cited by 1,498
The mitochondrial basis of aging
Sun, N., Youle, R. J., & Finkel, T. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.01.028 · Cited by 1,441
From discoveries in ageing research to therapeutics for healthy ageing
Campisi, J., Kapahi, P., Lithgow, G. J., Melov, S., Newman, J. C., & Verdin, E. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1365-2 · Cited by 1,389
Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines
Paterson, D. H., & Warburton, D. E. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-38 · Cited by 953
Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease
Sartori, R., Romanello, V., & Sandri, M. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20123-1 · Cited by 940

See all 313

Authors: Chakravarty, E. F.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Chakravarty, Eliza F.
Venue: Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2008-08-11
Volume: 168
Issue: 15
Pages: 1638
ISSN: 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1638
PMC: PMC3175643
OpenAlex: W2034439760
Cited by: 313
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 10.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR-43584, P01AR043584)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Keywords: running, older adults, disability, mortality, physical activity, HAQ-DI, long-term follow-up, aging, survival
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Running, Sex Factors, Smoking, United States, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Case-Control Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Reduced Disability and Mortality Among Aging Runners: A 21-Year Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks