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Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase 3 Extension Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Donepezil in Patients With Alzheimer Disease
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Donepezil hydrochloride is a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe Alzheimer disease (AD). Controlled clinical trials of up to 24 weeks have demonstrated that donepezil treatment (5 and 10 mg/d) significantly improves cognition and global function. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term benefits of donepezil treatment in patients with AD. DESIGN: Multicenter, open-label, 144-week extension of 2 US phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials: a 15-week study (12 weeks of treatment followed by a 3-week placebo washout) and a 30-week study (24 weeks of treatment followed by a 6-week placebo washout). INTERVENTIONS: All patients (N = 763) initially received donepezil, 5 mg/d, for 6 weeks, after which an increase to 10 mg/d was encouraged. MEASURES: Primary efficacy measures were the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale and the Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of the Boxes. RESULTS: After the shorter 3-week placebo washout, donepezil-associated benefits remained above original baseline values for an additional 24 weeks of open-label treatment. Benefits on Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale scores for patients who received 10 mg/d in the double-blind study were evident compared with the other groups for 108 weeks of open-label treatment. In contrast, donepezil-associated benefits were lost after the 6-week placebo washout, and scores decreased below original baseline values for all patient groups. Although scores improved relative to the new open-label study baseline scores after drug use was restarted, patients remained below original baseline values. The most common adverse events were associated with the nervous and digestive systems and were generally mild and transient; 17% of patient discontinuations were associated with adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Donepezil is an effective and safe drug for the long-term symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe AD for up to 144 weeks (2.8 years), and sustained treatment may confer some advantages.
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“Longer term benefits, from 2 to 4 or more years have been demonstrated in open-label extension 69,[88][89][90] and long-term prospective observational clinical cohort studies.[91][92][93][94][95]”
From The Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Spectrum (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“Discontinuation of ChEI treatment is, on aggregate, harmful.”
From The Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Spectrum (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“Patients taken off, or those inconsistently taking, anti-AD medications progress more rapidly than those who continue treatments, particularly ChEIs.”
From The Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Spectrum (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
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“In the Phase 3 extension study of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, 138 patients (18% of the subjects) were reported as having bradycardia.(14) In a 1-year randomized, placebocontrolled trial of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease, 9.”
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BackgroundEffects of long-term Donepezil therapy on rCBF of Alzheimer's patients
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Efficacy and Safety of Donepezil in Patients with Alzheimer???s??Disease
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“29,30,32 A double-blind study comparing donepezil and galan-tamine in Chinese mild to moderate AD patients observed that galantamine had fewer gastrointestinal AEs than donepezil.”
Presenile dementia syndromes: an update on taxonomy and diagnosis
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Management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and dementia
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Gauthier, S. G., Feldman, H., Hecker, J. R., Vellas, B. J., Emir, B., Subbiah, P., & on Behalf of The Donepezil MSAD Study Investigators’ Group (2002) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079902125001029 · Cited by 84
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“Tacrine has since been abandoned in favour of the second generation of ChEIs: donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Donepezil, a specific and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, was the first of the second generation ChEI to gain approval in Sweden in 1997. Multiple double-blind, placebo-controlled clinic…”
BackgroundCombination Therapy of Donepezil and Vitamin E in Alzheimer Disease
Klatte, E. T., Scharre, D. W., Nagaraja, H. N., Davis, R. A., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2003) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-200304000-00010 · Cited by 83
“Comparison with historical data with donepezil alone is not possible because the 3-year study of donepezil did not exclude patients taking vitamin E (Doody et al., 2001b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNovel Regimens and Delivery Systems in the Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimerʼs Disease
Bassil, N., & Grossberg, G. T. (2009) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200923040-00003 · Cited by 83
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treating dementia symptoms - a safety evaluation
Mohammad, D., Chan, P., Bradley, J., Lanctôt, K. L., & Herrmann, N. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1351540 · Cited by 84
“from initial short-term RCTs suggested deterioration after discontinuing the AChEI [66] and specific withdrawal symptoms have been described in case reports [67].”
BackgroundWithholding, Discontinuing and Withdrawing Medications in Dementia Patients at the End of Life
Parsons, C., Hughes, C. M., Passmore, A. P., & Lapane, K. L. (2010) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/11536760-000000000-00000 · Cited by 78
A Population‐Based Study of Cholinesterase Inhibitor Use for Dementia
Herrmann, N., Gill, S. S., Bell, C. M., Anderson, G., Bronskill, S. E., Shulman, K. I., Fischer, H. D., Sykora, K., Shi, H. S., & Rochon, P. A. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01377.x · Cited by 78
Current and Emerging Pharmacological Treatment Options for Dementia
Ringman, J. M., & Cummings, J. L. (2006) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2006/315386 · Cited by 77
Current Therapeutic Options for Alzheimers Disease
Lleó, A. (2007) · Current Genomics · doi:10.2174/138920207783769549 · Cited by 77
“Compared to the rate of decline predicted from historical untreated AD patients however, some studies have shown that the benefit may last at least four years [39-41].”
ResultCost Effectiveness of Donepezil in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimerʼs Disease
Getsios, D., Blume, S., Ishak, K. J., & Maclaine, G. D. H. (2010) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/11531870-000000000-00000 · Cited by 76
“To this end, data were analysed from the CERAD (Consortium to Establish A Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease) registry,([17]) and seven donepezil clinical trials spanning mild to severe Alzheimer’s disease,([14-16,18-21]) including data from open-label extensions of two of the studies.([22,23]) While MMSE data over time…”
Long-Term Treatment of Alzheimer Disease
Winblad, B. G., & Jelić, V. (2004) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/01.wad.0000127495.10774.a4 · Cited by 76
“In an open-label extension of 2 double-blind, placebocontrolled trials, the cognitive benefits of donepezil treatment were evaluated using the ADAS-cog.(16) There was a 3- or 6-week washout before patients entered the 144-week study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBurns, A., Gauthier, S., & Perdomo, C. (2007) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1746 · Cited by 71
“for up to 144 weeks and 254 weeks (Rogers et al., 2000; Doody et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUnderrecognition of Cognitive Impairment in Assisted Living Facilities
Magsi, H., & Malloy, T. R. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53117.x · Cited by 71
Ehret, M. J., & Chamberlin, K. W. (2015) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.05.510 · Cited by 70
Clinical Guidelines for Cognitive Disorders in Elderly and Older Patients
Bogolepova, A. N., Васенина, Е. Е., Gomzyakova, N. A., Gusev, E. I., Dudchenko, N. G., Emelin, А. Y., Zalutskaya, N. M., Isaev, R. I., Kotovskaya, Y. V., Levin, O. S., et al. (2021) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20211211036 · Cited by 72
Diniz, B. S., Reynolds, C. F., Begley, A. E., Dew, M. A., Anderson, S., Lotrich, F. E., Erickson, K. I., López, O. L., Aizenstein, H. J., Sibille, E. L., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.004 · Cited by 71
“…the present results are consistent with the evidence that donepezil and other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors mainly have effects on symptomatic, cognitive, and behavioral expression of dementia (both vascular and AD) and MCI (Doody et al., 2001; Erkinjuntti et al., 2002; Petersen et al., 2005).”
ResultPharmacological treatment of dementia
Schwarz, S. T., Froelich, L., & Burns, A. S. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328358e4f2 · Cited by 69
Ashford, J. W. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150381 · Cited by 66
Cummings, J. L., Geldmacher, D., Farlow, M. R., Sabbagh, M. N., Christensen, D. D., & Betz, P. (2013) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12076 · Cited by 64
Zhu, C. W., Livote, E. E., Scarmeas, N., Albert, M., Brandt, J., Blacker, D., Sano, M. C., & Stern, Y. (2013) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.015 · Cited by 67
“It is possible that patients in our sample had an earlier start in ChEI therapy, similar to those who participate in clinical trials, and that this may have led to the stronger mortality effects observed in our study [35–37].”
Long-Term Cholinesterase Inhibitor Treatment of Alzheimer???s Disease
Johannsen, P. (2004) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200418120-00001 · Cited by 65
Darreh‐Shori, T., Kadir, A., Almkvist, O., Grut, M., Wall, A., Blomquist, G., Eriksson, B., Långström, B., & Nordberg, A. K. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.09.020 · Cited by 63
Reliability of the MMSE Administered In-Person and by Telehealth
McEachern, W., Kirk, A., Morgan, D., Crossley, M., & Henry, C. J. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100009458 · Cited by 65
Maxwell, C. J., Stock, K. J., Seitz, D. P., & Herrmann, N. (2014) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371405901203 · Cited by 64
Amuah, J. E., Hogan, D. B., Eliasziw, M., Supina, A. L., Beck, P., Downey, W., & Maxwell, C. J. (2010) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1946 · Cited by 62
Metadata
- Authors
- Doody, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Doody, Rachelle S.
- Venue
- Archives of Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2001-03-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 427
- ISSN
- 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064649894
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 21.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- donepezil, Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, long-term treatment, cognitive function, Clinical Dementia Rating, adverse events, drug discontinuation, symptomatic treatment
- MeSH terms
- Donepezil, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Indans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Piperidines, Treatment Outcome
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