Risk Markers for Poor Developmental Attainment in Young Children: Results From a Longitudinal National Survey
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate social and environmental determinants of poor developmental attainment among preschool children by means of longitudinal data from a population-based sample of Canadian children. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from cycles 1 (1994-1995) and 2 (1996-1997) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth using a cohort design with 2-year follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4987 children aged 1 to 5 years at baseline, whose biological mother completed risk factor information and who were included in both cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Poor developmental attainment (developing unusually slowly) was defined as scores more than 1 SD below the age-standardized mean for the Motor and Social Development Scale, revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, or Canadian Achievement Tests in mathematics and reading/comprehension, depending on the child's age. RESULTS: The prevalence of sustained poor developmental attainment after 2 years of follow-up was 4.6%. Factors found to be associated with poor developmental attainment included male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.70), maternal depression (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.25-2.15), low maternal education (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.19-2.08), maternal immigrant status (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.38-2.71), and household low income adequacy (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.11-1.83). CONCLUSIONS: Having a mother who has symptoms of depression, has low education, or is an immigrant, and living in a household with low income adequacy increase the risk of poor developmental attainment in children aged 1 to 5 years. The notable risks associated with these factors indicate them as possible targets for screening and interventions to prevent poor developmental attainment.
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Among risk factors, biological ones are generally more predictive in the very first years of life, whereas psychosocial risk factors become increasingly more important during development.
“Among risk factors, biological ones are generally more predictive in the very first years of life, whereas psychosocial risk factors become increasingly more important during development [73,159].”
From Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [159]
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Mkwambe, M. C., Youping, D., & Zhao, D. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4932268/v1
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- Authors
- To, T., Guttmann, A., Dick, P. T., Rosenfield, J. D., Parkin, P. C., Tassoudji, M., Vydykhan, T. N., Cao, H., & Harris, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2004-07-01
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 643
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2026094230
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- developmental delay, preschool children, risk factors, maternal depression, maternal education, household income, social determinants of health, developmental screening, National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth
- MeSH terms
- Canada, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Depression, Educational Status, Emigration and Immigration, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Tests, Learning Disabilities, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mathematics, Mothers, Poverty, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment, Odds Ratio
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