Medical and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids Among High School Seniors in the United States
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids among high school seniors in the United States and to assess substance use behaviors based on medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids. DESIGN Nationally representative samples of high school seniors (modal age 18 years) were surveyed during the spring of their senior year via self-administered questionnaires. SETTING Data were collected in public and private high schools. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 7374 students from 3 independent cohorts (2007, 2008, and 2009). OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reports of medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids and other substance use. RESULTS An estimated 17.6% of high school seniors reported lifetime medical use of prescription opioids, while 12.9% reported nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Sex differences in the medical and nonmedical use were minimal, while racial/ethnic differences were extensive. More than 37% of nonmedical users reported intranasal administration of prescription opioids. An estimated 80% of nonmedical users with an earlier history of medical use had obtained prescription opioids from a prescription they had previously. The odds of substance use behaviors were greater among individuals who reported any history of nonmedical use of prescription opioids relative to those who reported medical use only. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 1 in every 4 high school seniors in the United States has ever had some exposure to prescription opioids either medically or nonmedically. The quantity of prescription opioids and number of refills prescribed to adolescents should be carefully considered and closely monitored to reduce subsequent nonmedical use of leftover medication.
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Among high school students reporting opioid misuse, 80% reported they were initially prescribed opioids by a physician.
“Of high school students reporting opioid misuse, 80% reported they were initially prescribed to them by a physician, and persistent opioid prescriptions and substance use disorders are high 4 years after traumatic injury [51, 52].”
From Adolescent Suicide—Understanding Unique Risks and Opportunities for Trauma Centers to Recognize, Intervene, and Prevent a Leading Cause of Death (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
The Results section (page not available in our copy) reports that 79.5% of students who had medical use before nonmedical use later misused opioids from their own prior prescription. The citing sentence broadens that figure to all high school students reporting opioid misuse; the paper limits it to those with an earlier prescription. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPersistent opioid prescriptions and substance use disorders are high 4 years after traumatic injury.
“Of high school students reporting opioid misuse, 80% reported they were initially prescribed to them by a physician, and persistent opioid prescriptions and substance use disorders are high 4 years after traumatic injury [51, 52].”
From Adolescent Suicide—Understanding Unique Risks and Opportunities for Trauma Centers to Recognize, Intervene, and Prevent a Leading Cause of Death (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
The Results section reports substance-use behaviors among high school seniors with different histories of prescription-opioid use. Neither it nor the other passages found by searching for traumatic injury and four-year follow-up addresses persistent prescriptions or substance use disorders four years after injury. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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- Authors
- McCabe, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCabe, Sean Esteban
- ORCID
- McCabe, Sean Esteban
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-09-01
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 797
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3416923
- OpenAlex
- W1971337351
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 13.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-01411, R01DA024678, R01DA031160, R01DA001411)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- prescription opioids, nonmedical opioid use, high school seniors, adolescents, intranasal administration, leftover medication, racial and ethnic disparities, sex differences, substance use, opioid refills, prescription drug monitoring
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