CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 489Mental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Natural History of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/ DSM-IV Major Depression: The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-up

Eaton, William W.·1997·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Natural history can be characterized by incidence, recurrence, and duration of episodes. Research on the incidence of major depression is rare; studies of recurrence and duration are limited to clinical samples. METHODS: The Baltimore, Md, site of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program followed up its 1981 baseline cohort of 3481 respondents with an additional assessment in 1993 to 1996. Interviews were obtained from 1920 respondents (73% of the survivors). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the same survey procedures as in 1981 were used, augmented with a Life Chart Interview for dating the onset and duration of syndromes. RESULTS: There were 71 new cases of Diagnostic interview Schedule/DSM-IV major depression and 23,698 person-years of exposure, generating an estimated incidence of 3.0 per 1000 per year. Incidence peaked while subjects were in their 30s, with a smaller peak when they were in their 50s. Prodromal symptoms often occurred many years before the full criteria for diagnosis were met. Women were at higher risk for becoming new cases but had neither higher risk for recurrence nor longer episodes than men. Episodes of depression lasted for 12 weeks. The duration of an episode, and time to an episode-free year, was longer in the first episode than in recurrent episodes. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence estimated in this study is consistent with that found in the few other similar studies performed. The bimodality of onset suggests the value of further exploring the heterogeneity of depression via its natural history. Reported differences in prevalence between men and women seem to be due to differences in incidence, not chronicity.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 45 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 487

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Eaton, W. W.
Affiliations
Johns Hopkins University (US)
Corresponding author
Eaton, William W.
ORCID
Eaton, William W.
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
1997-11-01
Volume
54
Issue
11
Pages
993
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003
OpenAlex
W2026384865
Semantic Scholar
0bf9197f675aff2aef88a6252cab9f7f4a8b7610
Cited by
489
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 28
FWCI
29.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH047447, MH 47447)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
major depressive disorder, incidence, recurrence, episode duration, prodromal symptoms, sex differences, depression onset
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Catchment Area, Health, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Recurrence, Sex Factors, Baltimore, Incidence, Prevalence, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Age of Onset, Age Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review