Cited by 489Mental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Natural History of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/ DSM-IV Major Depression: The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-up

Eaton, William W.·1997·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Natural history can be characterized by incidence, recurrence, and duration of episodes. Research on the incidence of major depression is rare; studies of recurrence and duration are limited to clinical samples. METHODS: The Baltimore, Md, site of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program followed up its 1981 baseline cohort of 3481 respondents with an additional assessment in 1993 to 1996. Interviews were obtained from 1920 respondents (73% of the survivors). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the same survey procedures as in 1981 were used, augmented with a Life Chart Interview for dating the onset and duration of syndromes. RESULTS: There were 71 new cases of Diagnostic interview Schedule/DSM-IV major depression and 23,698 person-years of exposure, generating an estimated incidence of 3.0 per 1000 per year. Incidence peaked while subjects were in their 30s, with a smaller peak when they were in their 50s. Prodromal symptoms often occurred many years before the full criteria for diagnosis were met. Women were at higher risk for becoming new cases but had neither higher risk for recurrence nor longer episodes than men. Episodes of depression lasted for 12 weeks. The duration of an episode, and time to an episode-free year, was longer in the first episode than in recurrent episodes. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence estimated in this study is consistent with that found in the few other similar studies performed. The bimodality of onset suggests the value of further exploring the heterogeneity of depression via its natural history. Reported differences in prevalence between men and women seem to be due to differences in incidence, not chronicity.

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Authors: Eaton, W. W.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
Corresponding author: Eaton, William W.
ORCID: Eaton, William W.
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1997-11-01
Volume: 54
Issue: 11
Pages: 993
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003
OpenAlex: W2026384865
Semantic Scholar: 0bf9197f675aff2aef88a6252cab9f7f4a8b7610
Cited by: 489
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 29.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH047447, MH 47447)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: major depressive disorder, incidence, recurrence, episode duration, prodromal symptoms, sex differences, depression onset
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Catchment Area, Health, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Recurrence, Sex Factors, Baltimore, Incidence, Prevalence, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Age of Onset, Age Distribution

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Natural History of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/ DSM-IV Major Depression: The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-up

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