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High-Intensity Strength Training in Nonagenarians: Effects on Skeletal Muscle
Abstract
Muscle dysfunction and associated mobility impairment, common among the frail elderly, increase the risk of falls, fractures, and functional dependency. We sought to characterize the muscle weakness of the very old and its reversibility through strength training. Ten frail, institutionalized volunteers aged 90 +/- 1 years undertook 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance training. Initially, quadriceps strength was correlated negatively with walking time (r = -.745). Fat-free mass (r = .732) and regional muscle mass (r = .752) were correlated positively with muscle strength. Strength gains averaged 174% +/- 31% (mean +/- SEM) in the 9 subjects who completed training. Midthigh muscle area increased 9.0% +/- 4.5%. Mean tandem gait speed improved 48% after training. We conclude that high-resistance weight training leads to significant gains in muscle strength, size, and functional mobility among frail residents of nursing homes up to 96 years of age.
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In the citing paper
“With exercise, frail older people can gain muscle strength and function into their 9th and 10th decades of life, as shown in resistance-training studies.133e135”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [133]
In the citing paper
“for over three decades [17,35,36], high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) has been recognized as a safe and effective means to combat frailty”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“such individuals remain very capable of undertaking high intensity PRT, even in the tenth decade of life [35,84]”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Evidence dating back to 1990 has shown that high-intensity PRT is both feasible and effective for older adults who are severely frail [35].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“A properly designed PRT program can counteract age-related changes in contractile function, atrophy, and morphology of the aging human skeletal muscles [17,35,36].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“In 1990, Fiatarone et al. [35] showed that an 8-week high-intensity PRT program in frail institutionalized nonagenarians led to a 9% increase in mid-thigh muscle area determined by computer tomography.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Resistance training programs or multicomponent exercise interventions with robust PRT have enhanced muscle strength in older adults with frailty and sarcopenia [35,84,241,[456], [457], [458], [459]].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The major barrier to the implementation of robust exercise in this setting, as shown since 1990 [35], is the lack of financial reimbursement, trained professionals and the necessary equipment to conduct these programs with fidelity.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“For example, for over three decades [17,35,36], high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) has been recognized as a safe and effective means to combat frailty.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“However, such individuals remain very capable of undertaking high intensity PRT, even in the tenth decade of life [35,84].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Current recommendations and guidelines for PA in older adults generally advocate a multifaceted exercise regimen that includes aerobic, PRT, balance, and mobility training through structured and casual (integrated lifestyle) activities [17,35,36,114,137].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Evidence dating back to 1990 has shown that high-intensity PRT is both feasible and effective for older adults who are severely frail [35].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“A properly designed PRT program can counteract age-related changes in contractile function, atrophy, and morphology of the aging human skeletal muscles [17,35,36].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The major barrier to the implementation of robust exercise in this setting, as shown since 1990 [35], is the lack of financial reimbursement, trained professionals and the necessary equipment to conduct these programs with fidelity.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Fiatarone et al70 analyzed the benefits of strength training in institutionalized seniors in their 80s and 90s and found that strength increased >100% after several weeks, with many able to reduce their dependence on wheelchairs and walkers.”
In the citing paper
“Although not specifically evaluated in older adults during bed rest, there is clear evidence that resistance exercise is an effective means of combating the loss of muscle mass and function in a variety of populations [25-34].”
From Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest (2010) · cites this paper as [28]
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Current Concepts in Healthy Aging and Physical Activity: A Viewpoint
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KEMMLER, W. K., Hettchen, M., Kohl, M., MURPHY, M. H., Bragonzoni, L., Julin, M. V., Risto, T., & von Stengel, S. (2021) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-021-00829-0 · Cited by 15
Effective Treatments for Pain in the Older Patient
Christo, P. J., Li, S., Gibson, S. J., Fine, P. G., & Hameed, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8827-3 · Cited by 14
Palmer, T. B., Thiele, R. M., Conchola, E. C., Smith, D. B., & Thompson, B. J. (2015) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000060 · Cited by 14
Alqahtani, B. A., Sparto, P. J., Whitney, S. L., Greenspan, S. L., Perera, S., VanSwearingen, J. M., & Brach, J. S. (2019) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000221 · Cited by 14
von Stengel, S., & KEMMLER, W. K. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s185018 · Cited by 17
“Thus, the transformation of our results to female cohorts might be limited, although the majority of studies reported no corresponding gender differences.(13,35,37,38) 4) We focused solely on MIES and MIFS as assessed by a functionally meaningful closed kinetic chain systems.”
ResultCan Exercise Conditioning be Effective in Older Heart Failure Patients?
Fleg, J. L. (2002) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1023/a:1013758008044 · Cited by 14
“Studies in frail elderly nursing home patients without heart failure have demonstrated dramatic increases in strength and sizeable increases in muscle mass with high intensity resistance training [43,44].”
BackgroundKnee pain in the ACL‐deficient osteoarthritic knee and its relationship to quality of life
Hartwick, M., Meeuwisse, W. H., Vandertuin, J., & Maitland, M. E. (2003) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.275 · Cited by 14
Use of Orexigenic Medications in Geriatric Patients
Thomas, D. R. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.04.001 · Cited by 14
Physical activity and nutrition in older adults
Dontas, A. S., Moschandreas, J. A., & Kafatos, A. (1999) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980099000580 · Cited by 14
Protein Needs of Older Adults Engaged in Resistance Training: A Review
Lucas, M. R., & Heiss, C. J. (2005) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.13.2.223 · Cited by 14
“The exact cause of this age-associated sarcopenia is unclear, but hormonal changes and protein metabolism, inflammation, undernutrition, and inactivity have been identified as contributing factors (Bortz, 1982; Fiatarone et al., 1990; Morais et al., 1997; Short & Nair, 2001; Yarasheski, 2003).”
BackgroundEffects of a resistance exercise programme on the performance of inactive older adults
Kalapotharakos, V. I., Michalopoulou, M., Tokmakidis, S. P., Godolias, G., Στριμπάκος, Ν., & Karteroliotis, K. (2004) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2004.11.7.13360 · Cited by 14
Novel therapies for sarcopenia: ameliorating age-related changes in skeletal muscle
Lynch, G. S. (2002) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents · doi:10.1517/13543776.12.1.11 · Cited by 14
Resistance Training Recommendations for Older Adults
Porter, M. M. (2000) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00013614-200003000-00009 · Cited by 14
Total Quality Assurance: An Important Step in Improving Care for Older Individuals
Morley, J. E., & Miller, D. K. (1992) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01999.x · Cited by 14
Holloszy, J. O., & Kohrt, W. M. (1995) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp110124 · Cited by 14
Lessons from the FNIH-NIA-FDA sarcopenia consensus summit
Brotto, M. (2012) · IBMS BoneKEy · doi:10.1038/bonekey.2012.210 · Cited by 13
Exercise Prescription for Physical Fitness
Pollock, M. L., Feigenbaum, M. S., & Brechue, W. F. (1995) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.1995.10484161 · Cited by 20
Muscle Synergy Analysis Between Young and Elderly People in Standing-Up Motion
An, Q., Ikemoto, Y., & Asama, H. (2013) · Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics · doi:10.20965/jrm.2013.p1038 · Cited by 13
“It is known that the elderly can enhance muscle strength [5], but training a single muscle may not improve functional ability.”
BackgroundMoe, J. O., Steingrímsdóttir, Ó. A., Strand, B. H., Grøholt, E., & Næss, Ø. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-911 · Cited by 13
“Numerous prevention strategies have proven to be effective in older ages [37-48] and treatment benefits might be more marked in older than younger individuals due to their greater risk of diseases and death [46].”
BackgroundMaximal and sustained isokinetic lower‐limb muscle strength in hospitalized older people
Muller, F., Dehail, P., Bestaven, E., Petit, J., Joseph, P., Barat, M., Mazaux, J., & Bourdel‐Marchasson, I. (2007) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20759 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Fiatarone, M. A.
- Corresponding author
- Fiatarone, Maria A.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1990-06-13
- Volume
- 263
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 3029
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W3143060430
- Cited by
- 1,593
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 22.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG06443, AG 04390)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- high-intensity resistance training, resistance training, nonagenarians, frail elderly, muscle weakness, muscle strength gain, fat-free mass, muscle mass, functional mobility, walking speed, nursing home residents, muscle dysfunction
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