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Cited by 477Nutrition and Health in AgingMuscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and Disorders

Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest

Open access
English, Kirk L, Paddon-Jones, Douglas·2010·Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
DOI 10.1097/mco.0b013e328333aa66PMC PMC3276215
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Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight the losses in muscle mass, strength, power, and functional capacity incurred in older adults during bed rest-mediated inactivity and to provide practical recommendations for both the prevention and rehabilitation of these losses. RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to sarcopenic muscle loss, older adults lose lean tissue more rapidly than the young during prolonged periods of physical inactivity. Amino acid or protein supplementation has the potential to maintain muscle protein synthesis and may reduce inactivity-induced muscle loss, but should ideally be part of an integrated countermeasure regimen consisting of nutrition, exercise, and, when appropriate, pharmacologic interventions. SUMMARY: In accordance with recent mechanistic advances, we recommend an applied, broad-based two-phase approach to limit inactivity-mediated losses of muscle mass and function in older adults: (i) Lifestyle: consume a moderate amount (25-30 g) of high-quality protein with each meal and incorporate habitual exercise in close temporal proximity to protein-containing meals; (ii) Crises: react aggressively to combat the accelerated loss of muscle mass and function during acute catabolic crises and periods of reduced physical activity. As a base strategy, this should include nutritional support such as targeted protein or amino acid supplementation and integrated physical therapy.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that bed rest causes accelerated loss of muscle mass, strength, power, and functional capacity in older adults, compounded by pre-existing sarcopenia. It recommends a broad two-phase strategy of moderate high-quality protein at each meal, exercise timed near protein intake, and aggressive nutritional/physical therapy during acute catabolic crises.

Key findings

  • Older adults lose lean tissue much faster than young adults during bed rest: Kortebein et al. observed a 0.95 kg loss of lean leg mass (0.63 kg·wk⁻¹) after just 10 days of bed rest in healthy older adults, an approximate 3- to 6-fold greater rate than in younger cohorts.
  • Strength and function decline rapidly: older adults lost knee extensor peak torque and 1-RM at approximately 11–12% per week after 10 days of bed rest, with stair-climbing power reduced by 14±4.1% in 10 days; young adults typically show 5–6% per week for the first several weeks.
  • Essential amino acid supplementation (15 g EAA 3·d⁻¹ between meals) maintained muscle protein synthesis during 10 days of bed rest, whereas controls decreased 30%; EAA also protected floor transfer time and showed a trend for protecting stair ascent power and standing plantar flexion.
  • The authors recommend consuming 25–30 g of high-quality protein with each meal (for a 75 kg individual, 1.0–1.2 g·kg·d⁻¹) and incorporating habitual exercise in close temporal proximity to protein-containing meals, with aggressive nutritional support and integrated physical therapy during acute catabolic crises.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review with practical recommendations, not a primary study.
  • Data/sample: synthesizes controlled bed rest studies, immobilization studies, and exercise/nutrition intervention studies in young adults, older adults, and clinical populations; no new sample is reported.
  • Main analysis: narrative synthesis of cited literature on sarcopenia, inactivity-mediated muscle loss, exercise countermeasures, and nutritional support.

Limitations

  • The paper states that no studies to date have directly compared young and older adults during bed rest, and that corresponding data on muscle protein breakdown in older populations are lacking.
  • The paper states that the successful translation or application of EAA supplementation to a less controlled, real-world population is uncertain and should be treated with skepticism.
  • The paper states that the volume or intensity threshold of resistance training needed to protect skeletal muscle mass and function during bed rest is still unclear; evident from the text, this is a narrative review without a described systematic search or quality appraisal.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/mco.0b013e328333aa66

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 74 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Assuming linear muscle loss during the initial days or weeks of bed rest, the rate of muscle loss in bed-ridden older adults is approximately 3 to 6-fold greater than in younger adults.

    “Assuming the rate of muscle loss is somewhat linear during the initial days/weeks of bed rest, this represents an approximate 3 to 6-fold greater rate of muscle loss in bed-ridden older adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The rate of muscle loss is somewhat linear during the initial days or weeks of bed rest.
  • Premisecitation

    In young healthy adults subjected to bed rest, the loss of lower body lean mass is on the order of 100-200 g per week.

    “In young, healthy adults subjected to bed rest, the loss of lower body lean mass appears to be on the order of 100-200 g·wk-1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] LeBlanc AD Schneider VS Evans HJ Regional changes in muscle mass following 17 weeks of bed rest. J Appl Physiol 1992 73 2172 2178 1474100 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Paddon-Jones D Sheffield-Moore M Urban RJ Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 89 4351 4358 15356032 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationnone given

    In the absence of a robust countermeasure, lean tissue loss is largely inevitable during prolonged bed rest.

    “In the absence of a robust countermeasure (nutritional, exercise, or pharmacologic), lean tissue loss is largely inevitable during prolonged bed rest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Muscle protein breakdown is largely unaltered by bed rest in young adults.

    “However, while it appears that muscle protein breakdown is largely unaltered by bed rest in young adults [9,15], we are lacking corresponding data in older populations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Ferrando AA Lane HW Stuart CA Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis. Am J Physiol 1996 270 E627 633 8928769

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Symons TB Sheffield-Moore M Chinkes DL Artificial gravity maintains skeletal muscle protein synthesis during 21 days of simulated microgravity. J Appl Physiol 2009 107 34 38 19390002 PMC2711793 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationcitation

    Data from the only study to examine older adults suggests that the loss of lean tissue in healthy older adults during bed rest far exceeds the losses experienced by their younger counterparts.

    “Nevertheless, data from the only study to examine older adults suggests that the loss of lean tissue in healthy older adults during bed rest far exceeds the losses experienced by their younger counterparts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Kortebein P Ferrando A Lombeida J Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. Jama 2007 297 1772 1774 17456818 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
  • May combine two claims. 19

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    For a reference 75 kg individual, an intake of 25-30 g of protein for each of three daily meals represents a daily protein consumption of 1.0-1.2 g/kg/day.

    “For a reference 75 kg individual, an intake of 25-30 g of protein for each of three daily meals represents a daily protein consumption of 1.0-1.2 g·kg·d-1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In young and older adults following a simulated protein/carbohydrate mixed meal, muscle protein breakdown did not change in either age group, but muscle protein synthesis increased only in the young.

    “Consistent with the anabolic resistance hypothesis, muscle protein breakdown did not change in either age-group, however, muscle protein synthesis increased only in the young.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Volpi E Mittendorfer B Rasmussen BB Wolfe RR The response of muscle protein anabolism to combined hyperaminoacidemia and glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia is impaired in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 85 4481 4490 11134097 PMC3192447 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    LeBlanc et al. reported a total body lean mass loss of 2.6 kg following 119 days of bed rest in healthy young males, of which 2.4 kg was from the legs (0.14 kg per week).

    “LeBlanc et al. reported a total body lean mass loss of 2.6 kg following 119 days of bed rest in healthy young males; of this, 2.4 kg was from the legs (0.14 kg·wk-1) [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] LeBlanc AD Schneider VS Evans HJ Regional changes in muscle mass following 17 weeks of bed rest. J Appl Physiol 1992 73 2172 2178 1474100 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The decrease in post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis coupled with an anabolic resistance to feeding causes much of the muscle loss that occurs during immobilization.

    “The authors conclude that the decrease in post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis coupled with an anabolic resistance to feeding causes much of the muscle loss that occurs during immobilization [19].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Trappe et al. reported a 21% decrease in quadriceps and a 29% decrease in triceps surae muscle volume after 60 days of bed rest in young females.

    “More recently, Trappe et al. reported a 21% (quadriceps) and 29% (triceps surae) decrease in muscle volume after 60 days of bed rest in young females [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Trappe TA Burd NA Louis ES Influence of concurrent exercise or nutrition countermeasures on thigh and calf muscle size and function during 60 days of bed rest in women. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2007 191 147 159 17655736 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a 14-day unilateral knee immobilization protocol in young healthy subjects, post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis in the vastus lateralis of the immobilized leg fell by 27%, and the non-immobilized leg had up to a 68% greater increase in muscle protein synthesis than the immobilized leg in response to increased amino acid availability.

    “In a cohort of young healthy subjects, post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis in the vastus lateralis of the immobilized leg fell by 27%. Further, after 14 days the non-immobilized leg had up to a 68% greater increase in muscle protein synthesis than the immobilized leg in response to increased amino acid availability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass predominantly affects the lower body musculature and is most rapid during the initial days or weeks of inactivity.

    “Inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass predominantly affects the lower body musculature and is most rapid during the initials days/weeks of inactivity [9-11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [9] Ferrando AA Lane HW Stuart CA Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis. Am J Physiol 1996 270 E627 633 8928769

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] LeBlanc AD Schneider VS Evans HJ Regional changes in muscle mass following 17 weeks of bed rest. J Appl Physiol 1992 73 2172 2178 1474100 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Paddon-Jones D Sheffield-Moore M Urban RJ Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 89 4351 4358 15356032 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    With advancing age, even a brief clinically mandated period of bed rest could initiate a serious decline in muscle strength and functional capacity, a tipping point from which some may not fully recover.

    “Thus, with advancing age, it becomes increasingly likely that even a brief, clinically mandated period of bed rest could initiate a serious decline in muscle strength and functional capacity, i.e., a “tipping point” from which some may not fully recover [4,7,8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Covinsky KE Palmer RM Fortinsky RH Loss of independence in activities of daily living in older adults hospitalized with medical illnesses: increased vulnerability with age. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 51 451 458 12657063 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Hirsch CH Sommers L Olsen A The natural history of functional morbidity in hospitalized older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990 38 1296 1303 2123911 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Visser M Harris TB Fox KM Change in muscle mass and muscle strength after a hip fracture: relationship to mobility recovery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000 55 M434 440 10952365 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In older adults, physical inactivity during hospitalization contributes to negative outcomes including a reduction in the ability to perform activities of daily living, increased incidence of readmission and institutionalization.

    “In older adults, physical inactivity during hospitalization is almost an accepted part of the inpatient experience, yet clearly contributes to a host of negative outcomes, including a reduction in the ability to perform activities of daily living, increased incidence of readmission and institutionalization [4].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Covinsky KE Palmer RM Fortinsky RH Loss of independence in activities of daily living in older adults hospitalized with medical illnesses: increased vulnerability with age. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 51 451 458 12657063 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    No studies to date have directly compared young and older adults during bed rest.

    “No studies to date have directly compared young and older adults during bed rest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the only study to date to examine the effects of essential amino acid supplementation in healthy elderly during bed rest, after 10 days of bed rest, muscle protein synthesis was decreased 30% in controls but maintained in the supplementation group.

    “In the only study to date to examine the effects of EAA supplementation in healthy elderly during bed rest, subjects consumed 15 g EAA 3·d-1 between meals that provided the RDA for protein (0.8 g·kg·d-1). After 10 days of bed rest, muscle protein synthesis was decreased 30% in controls but maintained in the supplementation group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Older adults start out with less lean muscle mass and strength than younger counterparts and experience an accelerated rate of loss once subjected to bed rest.

    “Not only do they start out with less lean muscle mass and strength than their younger counterparts, but they also experience an accelerated rate of loss once subjected to bed rest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In acutely ill patient populations, high intensity exercise interventions may be medically contraindicated or simply not feasible.

    “However, in acutely ill patient populations, high intensity exercise interventions may be medically contraindicated or simply not feasible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exercise in the post-absorptive state increases muscle protein synthesis, but net balance (synthesis minus breakdown) remains negative.

    “Exercise in the post-absorptive state increases muscle protein synthesis, but net balance (synthesis – breakdown) remains negative [35,36].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] Phillips SM Tipton KD Aarsland A Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 1997 273 E99 107 9252485 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Phillips SM Tipton KD Ferrando AA Wolfe RR Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover. Am J Physiol 1999 276 E118 124 9886957 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A recent NASA-supported bed rest study demonstrated that 1 h/day on a specially designed human centrifuge (producing 2.5x gravity at the feet) maintained muscle protein synthesis and attenuated muscle performance decrements in the knee extensors and plantar flexors.

    “Specifically, a recent NASA-supported bed rest study demonstrated that 1 h·d-1 on a specially designed human centrifuge (producing 2.5x gravity at the feet) maintained muscle protein synthesis [15] and attenuated muscle performance decrements in the knee extensors and plantar flexors [39].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Symons TB Sheffield-Moore M Chinkes DL Artificial gravity maintains skeletal muscle protein synthesis during 21 days of simulated microgravity. J Appl Physiol 2009 107 34 38 19390002 PMC2711793 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Caiozzo VJ Haddad F Lee S Artificial gravity as a countermeasure to microgravity: a pilot study examining the effects on knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle groups. J Appl Physiol 2009 107 39 46 19286573 PMC2711791 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A low-protein (≤15 g protein per meal) and/or hypocaloric diet is likely to provide only a minor improvement to a catabolic environment and offer only limited potential for the maintenance of muscle mass or functional capacity.

    “Correspondingly, a low-protein (≤15 g protein·meal-1) and/or a hypocaloric diet is likely to provide only a minor improvement to a catabolic environment and offer only limited potential for the maintenance of muscle mass or functional capacity [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Twelve weeks of high intensity (80% 1-RM) resistance exercise in extremely old (85-97 y) individuals produced significant increases in quadriceps cross-sectional area (10%), Type II muscle fiber hypertrophy (22%), percentage of Type IIa fiber area (6%), and isokinetic knee extensor strength (47%).

    “Another investigation examined the effects of 12 weeks of high intensity (80% 1-RM) resistance exercise in the extremely old (85-97 y). The authors reported significant increases in quadriceps cross-sectional area (10%), Type II muscle fiber hypertrophy (22%), percentage of Type IIa fiber area (6%), and isokinetic knee extensor strength (47%) [32].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Kryger AI Andersen JL Resistance training in the oldest old: consequences for muscle strength, fiber types, fiber size, and MHC isoforms. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007 17 422 430 17490465 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The adequacy of the recommended dietary allowance for protein (0.8 g protein/kg/day) continues to be questioned, with many suggesting that it should be increased.

    “The adequacy of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein (0.8 g protein·kg·d-1) continues to be questioned, with many suggesting that it should be increased [45-48].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [45] Houston DK Nicklas BJ Ding J Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87 150 155 18175749 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Pepersack T Corretge M Beyer I Examining the effect of intervention to nutritional problems of hospitalised elderly: a pilot project. J Nutr Health Aging 2002 6 306 310 12474019

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Wolfe RR Miller SL The recommended dietary allowance of protein: a misunderstood concept. Jama 2008 299 2891 2893 18577734 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Wolfe RR Miller SL Miller KB Optimal protein intake in the elderly. Clin Nutr 2008 27 675 684 18819733 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Essential amino acid supplementation protected functional abilities such as floor transfer time and exhibited a trend for the protection of stair ascent power and standing plantar flexion.

    “EAA also protected functional abilities such as floor transfer time and exhibited a trend for the protection of stair ascent power and standing plantar flexion [54].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a cohort of chronic heart failure patients, improvements in strength, VO2peak, work capacity, and economy were identified following a resistance and endurance exercise program.

    “Specifically, in a cohort of chronic heart failure patients, improvements in strength, VO2peak, work capacity, and economy were identified following a resistance and endurance exercise program [25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Beckers PJ Denollet J Possemiers NM Combined endurance-resistance training vs. endurance training in patients with chronic heart failure: a prospective randomized study. Eur Heart J 2008 29 1858 1866 18515805 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Isokinetic knee extensor strength less than 1.13 Nm/kg in males and less than 1.01 Nm/kg in females is associated with a 7-fold increased risk of developing a severe mobility limitation; strength less than 1.72 and 1.35 Nm/kg, respectively, doubles the risk.

    “They found that isokinetic knee extensor strength (Nm·kg-1) less than 1.13 (males) and 1.01 (females) was associated with a 7-fold increased risk of developing a severe mobility limitation; males and females with strength less than 1.72 and 1.35 Nm·kg-1, respectively, saw their risk doubled [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Manini TM Visser M Won-Park S Knee extension strength cutpoints for maintaining mobility. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007 55 451 457 17341251 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In older adults, bed rest facilitates a reduction in protein synthesis and an accelerated loss of muscle mass, strength, power, and functional capacity.

    “In older adults, bed rest facilitates a reduction in protein synthesis and an accelerated loss of muscle mass, strength, power, and functional capacity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
22 of 22

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The rate of muscle loss is somewhat linear during the initial days or weeks of bed rest.

    “Assuming the rate of muscle loss is somewhat linear during the initial days/weeks of bed rest, this represents an approximate 3 to 6-fold greater rate of muscle loss in bed-ridden older adults.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Hospitalization is commonly associated with hormonal dysregulation and an inflammatory response that contributes to an accelerated loss of lean tissue.

    “ii) hospitalization is commonly associated with hormonal dysregulation and an inflammatory response that contributes to an accelerated loss of lean tissue.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Evidence supports the combination of exercise and protein/amino acid supplementation for prevention and treatment of muscle loss in certain debilitating clinical conditions, including bed rest for acute critical illness or injury and chronic diseases such as COPD and congestive heart failure.

    “Evidence supports the combination of exercise and protein/amino acid supplementation for prevention and treatment of muscle loss in certain debilitating clinical conditions, including bed rest for acute critical illness or injury 153e160 and also for chronic diseases, such as COPD 161e165 and congestive heart failure (CHF).99,163,166”

    From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [155]

    The Summary recommends protein or amino acid supplementation together with physical therapy during acute catabolic crises and reduced activity, supporting the bed-rest portion of the claim. But the Nutritional support during bed rest section says the cited supplementation evidence comes from healthy older adults and cautions that its application to real-world patients is uncertain; it does not establish the combination as a treatment for bed rest caused by acute critical illness or injury. The separate COPD and heart-failure clauses carry other citations and are not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass predominantly affects the lower body musculature and is most rapid during the first days/weeks.

    “as inactivity‐induced loss of muscle mass predominantly affects the lower body musculature and is most rapid during the first days/weeks. 37”

    From A Phase 1 study for safety and pharmacokinetics of BIO101 (20‐hydroxyecdysone) in healthy young and older adults (2023) · cites this paper as [37]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Wolfson, 1995, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 50, 64
  2. Ferrando, 1996, Am J Physiol, 270, E627
  3. Volpi, 2000, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 4481
  4. Phillips, 1997, Am J Physiol, 273, E99
  5. Phillips, 1999, Am J Physiol, 276, E118
  6. Rasmussen, 2000, Ugeskr Laeger, 162, 3855
  7. Pepersack, 2002, J Nutr Health Aging, 6, 306

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
English, K. L., & Paddon-Jones, D.
Affiliations
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
ORCID
English, Kirk L
Venue
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2010-01
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
34-39
ISSN
1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/mco.0b013e328333aa66
PMC
PMC3276215
OpenAlex
W2001441616
Semantic Scholar
d465d85d84f0481bf7a7c7994744e8f106391f21
Cited by
477
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
FWCI
0.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (P30AG024832)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords
sarcopenia, muscle mass loss, older adults, bed rest, physical inactivity, muscle strength, functional capacity, protein supplementation, amino acid supplementation, muscle protein synthesis, countermeasures, physical activity, nutritional support, physiotherapy
MeSH terms
Aged, Aging, Amino Acids, Bed Rest, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Proteins, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

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