Why medical educators may be failing at feedback.

Accuracy of Physician Self-assessment Compared With Observed Measures of Competence: A Systematic Review

Davis, D. A., Mazmanian, P. E., Fordis, M., Van Harrison, R., Thorpe, K. E., & Perrier, L. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.9.1094 · Cited by 2,375

Feedback in Clinical Medical Education

Ende, J. (1983) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03340060055026 · Cited by 1,259

DOES PERFORMANCE IMPROVE FOLLOWING MULTISOURCE FEEDBACK? A THEORETICAL MODEL, META‐ANALYSIS, AND REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

SMITHER, J. W., LONDON, M., & REILLY, R. R. (2005) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.514_1.x · Cited by 601

Feedback and Reflection

Branch, W. T., & Paranjape, A. (2002) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200212000-00005 · Cited by 506

360° feedback: Accuracy, reactions, and perceptions of usefulness.

Brett, J. F., & ATWATER, L. E. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.930 · Cited by 503

Comparing Millennial and Generation X Medical Students at One Medical School

Borges, N. J., Manuel, R. S., Elam, C. L., & Jones, B. J. (2006) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.acm.0000225222.38078.47 · Cited by 192

Attending, house officer, and medical student perceptions about teaching in the third-year medical school general surgery clerkship

De, S. K., Henke, P. K., Ailawadi, G., Dimick, J. B., & Colletti, L. M. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.08.025 · Cited by 157

A Faculty Development Program Evaluation: From Needs Assessment to Long-Term Effects, of the Teaching Skills Improvement Program

Bahar-Özvarış, Ş., Aslan, D., Sahin‐Hodoglugil, N., & Sayek, İ. (2004) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15328015tlm1604_11 · Cited by 33

Educator Feedback Skill Assessment: An Educational Survey Design Study

Moroz, A., Stone, J., Lopez, F., Racine, C., & Carmody, K. A. (2022) · International Medical Education · doi:10.3390/ime1020012

Factors Impacting OT and OTA Student Feedback Use during Level II Fieldwork Experiences

Hatkevich, B. A., Pottkotter, E. R., & Stotz, N. L. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Education · doi:10.26681/jote.2022.060409

Constructive Criticism in Medicine: Heart Function Clinicians Leading Positive Change

Mentz, R. J., & Lala, A. (2023) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2023.02.004

The GlobalSurgBox: reducing medical student barriers to surgical simulation training

Blades, C. M., Carter, B., Smith, M., Madsen, H. J., Pal, J. D., & Lin, Y. (2023) · Journal of Surgical Simulation · doi:10.1102/2051-7726.2023.0003

Resident Milestones, Assessments, and Feedback

Noronha, C. F., Catalanotti, J. S., & Marcus, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40273-9_10

Exploring the Holistic Process of How Students Use Feedback in Clinical Clerkship

Pinasthika, A., Mustika, R., & Menaldi, S. L. (2024) · Education in Medicine Journal · doi:10.21315/eimj2024.16.1.11

Learner Competence Across Cognitive Levels In Undergraduate Medical Education: An Item Response Approach.

Rahman, Z. A., & Mehmood, S. I. (2024) · JMMC · doi:10.62118/jmmc.v14i2.322

Translation and psychometric evaluation of composite feedback-seeking behavior questionnaire among Iranian medical residents

Shavoun, A. H., Mirzazadeh, A., Kashani, H., Raeeskarami, S. R., & Gandomkar, R. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05586-w

A group concept mapping approach to understanding barriers to and possible solutions for quality feedback exchange on the surgery clerkship

Althans, A. R., Hashimi, B., Rosas, S. R., Hulme, M., Rosengart, M. R., Schuchert, V. D., & Myers, S. (2024) · Global Surgical Education - Journal of the Association for Surgical Education · doi:10.1007/s44186-024-00282-1 · Cited by 1

Medication Errors as a Marker of Resident Competency

Subillaga, O., Lynch, K. A., Haas-Rodriguez, A., Harrington, D. T., & Miner, T. J. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.67829

“Well I Failed, but I Have No Idea Why”…: Experiences of Feedback After High-Stakes Summative Specialist Medical Examination in Ophthalmology

Jessup, B., Allen, P., Kirschbaum, M., Khanal, S., Baker‐Smith, V., Graham, B., & Barnett, T. (2024) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/23821205241286288

Motivation Strategies for Learning and Their Influences in Students’ Feedback Literacy During Undergraduate Medical School: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Study

Cordovani, L., Jack, S. M., Wong, A., & Monteiro, S. (2025) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-025-02310-1

Navigating the complexities of teaching rounds: balancing educational and patient-centered objectives

Li, Y., Lu, L., Yin, Y., Wang, A., Huang, D., & Yang, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1615532

Towards a Neurology-Specific Approach to Feedback: A Mixed-Method Analysis of Medical Student Feedback in Neurology Clerkships

Karp, A. M., Swan, M., Fara, M. G., & Stein, L. A. (2025) · Educational research in medical sciences · doi:10.5812/ermsj-161318

Additional file 2 of Impact of a coaching program on resident perceptions of communication confidence and feedback quality

Gold, C. A., Jensen, R. M., Sasnal, M., Day, H. S., Miller-Kuhlmann, R. K., Blankenburg, R. L., Rassbach, C. E., Morris, A. M., Korndorffer, J. R., & Nassar, A. K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710010

Additional file 1 of Reconstructing feedback in graduate medical education: development of the REFLECT scale to measure feedback delivery in medical residency training

Ilaghi, M., Shafian, S., Soltanizadeh, A., Karamoozian, A., Okhovati, M., & Aflatoonian, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22914643

Additional file 1 of Impact of a coaching program on resident perceptions of communication confidence and feedback quality

Gold, C. A., Jensen, R. M., Sasnal, M., Day, H. S., Miller-Kuhlmann, R. K., Blankenburg, R. L., Rassbach, C. E., Morris, A. M., Korndorffer, J. R., & Nassar, A. K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710007

Re-examining claims about competence by design (CBD) implementation success in Canadian postgraduate medical education

Chainey, J., Kuper, A., & Brydges, R. (2026) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2026.2628089

‘I don’t know what I don’t know’: A qualitative study of medical students’ self-assessment in a Hong Kong context

Zheng, B., He, Q., & Lin, C. (2026) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2026.2630980

Feedback as a two-way process: how relational dynamics shape learning in workplace-based training

Alkhiyami, D., Hadi, M. A., Sethi, A., & Al‐Diery, T. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-09462-7

Optimizing Surgical Performance: Evidence-Based Feedback Strategies for Trainees and Junior Staff

Heath, D., Kim, K., Pardhan, A., & Cover, J. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.111316

The Avatar Advantage: AI-Powered Faculty Development to Enhance Feedback Delivery Skills

Michalsen, K., Lockspeiser, T. M., Czaja, A. S., Carlson, C., Bilyeu, C., Kiger, M., & Gardner, A. K. (2026) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000662

How to give and receive feedback: closing the feedback gap

Nelson, R., McNaughten, B., & Bourke, T. W. (2026) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Education & Practice · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2026-330379

Beyond receiving: feedback literacy as a catalyst for resident growth, a scoping review

Freeth, A., & Carr, S. (2026) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2026.2722433

Feedback in medical education

Linzer, M. (1984) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.251.10.1277b · Cited by 5

Feedback in Clinical Medical Education: Guidelines for Learners on Receiving Feedback

Rider, E. A. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530120029020 · Cited by 5

Feedback and Performance Improvement in Clinical Medical Education

Longmaid, H. E. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530140003001 · Cited by 4

Feedback en educación médica

Fornells-Vallés, J. M., Julià, X., Arnau, J., & Carretero, J. M. M. (2008) · Educación Médica · doi:10.33588/fem.111.274 · Cited by 2

Feedback – non-existent for medical teachers?

Sharma, N. (2014) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2014.75.1.55a