The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 52 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gait speed and survival in older adults.
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34,485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival rates and life expectancy. RESULTS: There were 17,528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.
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43 Own result · 15 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 7 Own method
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“Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants, so results presented are not stratified by height.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups (eTable 2).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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“Stratification by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic) suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<. 001).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The overall HR for survival per each 0.1 m/s faster gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<.001) when pooled across all studies using a random-effects meta-analytic statistical approach”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
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In the paper
“Gait speeds of 1.0 m/s or higher consistently demonstrated survival that was longer than expected by age and sex alone.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed added substantially37 to age and sex in 7 of the 9 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.734) that was not significantly different from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (0.732; (P=.95; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Three studies had sufficiently consistent data on functional status at baseline to allow pooling.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the sample size of very slow walkers was small, our data suggest that there may be a subpopulation who walk very slowly but survive for long periods.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
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In the paper
“Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with participants followed up for a mean of 12.2 and a median of 13.8 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Of the total, 59.6% were women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes (Figure 2; a PDF of enlarged graphs is available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, there was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n=1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n=1491).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,491- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this older adult population, the relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years and for women, from 10 to 30 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“There were substantial numbers of African American (n=3852) and Hispanic (n=2650) participants.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 3,852- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mortality rates appear to be related to length of follow-up (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 years from 0.22 to 0.86 (eFigure 4B).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For the 3 levels of functional status (independent, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and dependent in ADLs), the pooled HR per 0.1-m/s increase in gait speed for those who were independent was 0.92 (P= .005), for those with difficulty in instrumental activities was also 0.92 (P<.001) but was 0.94 (P=.02) among those dependent in ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,765- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were consistent associations across studies, although given the large sample sizes, Q statistics were often statistically significant (details available in eFigure 1A–M available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Age-adjusted HRs by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94 and all were significant (P<.001; Figure 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When dichotomized at a score of 100 into low and high activity, MrOS had consistent and statistically significant HRs for low (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81–0.88) and high (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84–0.90) physical”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the pooled sample, median survival in years for the age groups 65 through 74 years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women; for 75 through 84 years, 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women; and for 85 years or older, 4.6 for men and 6.4 years for women (eTable 3 available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 17 528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%–88.8%)and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95%CI, 46.5%–70.6%).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results (overall HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89–0.91; P<.001).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“The 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34 485 participants (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 34,485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were 17 528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In the Hispanic EPESE, the HR for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96) but the HR for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95–1.04).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Pooled HRs for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92 and all were significant (P<.002).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies and inferior in no studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses (Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We assessed usual vs fast gait speed in the single study with both measures (Invecciare in Chianti18 study: usual, 0.727 [95% CI, 0.678–0.776]; fast, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.630–0.739]), suggesting that fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For these studies, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.741) that was not significantly different (P=.78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P=.75; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In our data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s; faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among the older adults.14”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, effects could not be pooled.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Only a few models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; the reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66–0.8261 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch,21 it is relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.7,21”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strengths of this study are the very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders who were followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the gait speed–survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high-energy cost of walking.13,39–54”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to assess the association of physical activity with survival in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.62”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk, as done herein.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some models use self-reported information but others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has the limitations of observational research; it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research studies analyzed herein used trained staff to measure gait speed. Staffin clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.13”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.66–68”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results found herein suggest that gait speed appears to be especially informative in older persons who report either no function all imitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, mortality prediction models have been developed.3–5,57–60”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the longer distance and time to perform the test may limit feasibility in many clinical settings.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function.
“There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function, although several models have been developed from individual data sources.3–5”
The paper relies on this without support.
Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients.
“Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Edmonton Frail Scale is a multi-dimensional assessment instrument that includes the TUGT, and a test for cognitive impairment (108). It is quick to administer (less than 5 minutes) and is valid, reliable and feasible for routine use by non-geriatricians”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, gait speed was associated with survival in pooled analysis of individual data from 9 cohort studies (pooled HR per 0.1 m/s: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87–0.90, P < 0.001) (78).”
From Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“including a significant association with survival at increments of 0.1 m/s.84”
In the citing paper
“accumulating evidence from both preclinical studies and recent human clinical trials strongly suggests that Mt have a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline, marked by slower walking speed.(Hiona and Leeuwenburgh 2008;Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Inzitari, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferru”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Studenski et al. 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“SPPB, 0.738”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“95% CI, 0.690–0.735”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A). In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92”
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialQuantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialThe Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
Guralnik, J. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R. J., Berkman, L. F., Blazer, D. G., Scherr, P. A., & Wallace, R. B. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85 · Cited by 9,792 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model
Therneau, T. M., & Grambsch, P. M. (2000) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3294-8 · Cited by 8,674
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380 · cited 5×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialStatistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data
Lawless, J. F. (2002) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118033005 · Cited by 4,521
The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652
Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data
Rao, M. B., Klein, J. P., & Moeschberger, M. L. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270658 · Cited by 3,617
The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 · Cited by 3,256 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,101–3,200 of 4,515
Rygiel, K. A., Dodds, R. M., Patel, H. P., Syddall, H. E., Westbury, L. D., Granic, A., Cooper, C. C., Cliff, J., Rocha, M. C., Turnbull, D. M., et al. (2017) · JCSM Clinical Reports · doi:10.17987/jcsm-cr.v2i2.35 · Cited by 3
“These measures have graded associations with a range of ageing outcomes, the most striking being higher all‐cause mortality in those with lower performance [2,3].”
BackgroundPark, J. M., & Lee, S. K. (2017) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2017.26.4.281 · Cited by 3
“또한, 최근 연구에서는 성별과 연령에 따라 보행속도가 기대수명을 산출할 수 있다[14,28]고 보고하였으며, 보행속도(velocity), 보행가변성(gait variability), 분속수(cadence), 보폭(step length), 양발 넓 이(step width) 및 활보장(stride length)과 같은 다양한 보행기능이 노화 와 깊은 관계가 있다고 보고하였다[16].”
InfluentialSocioeconomic adversity—an important barrier to healthy aging
Cooper, R. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k1288 · Cited by 3
Kawabata, N., Iida, T., Miyaguchi, H., Kunishige, M., Ishizuki, C., Hashimoto, H., Ito, Y., & Harada, T. (2018) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2018.88023 · Cited by 3
Preventing Falls and Injuries and Healthy Ageing
Montero‐Odasso, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06200-2_12 · Cited by 3
Cary, M. P., Smith, V. A., Shepherd‐Banigan, M. E., Lindquist, J. H., Chapman, J. G., Hastings, S. N., & Houtven, C. H. V. (2019) · OBM Geriatrics · doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.1902049 · Cited by 3
Walking pace: Don’t hurry, be active
Verhoog, S., & Saner, H. E. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487319895872 · Cited by 3
Trapuzzano, A., Chizmar, S., Wilda, L., & Dawson, N. T. (2020) · OBM Geriatrics · doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.2003134 · Cited by 3
Knee Arthroplasty and Gait: Effect on Level Walking—An Overview
Prakash, A. A. (2021) · Indian Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1007/s43465-020-00342-w · Cited by 3
Preoperative screening in patients having elective shoulder surgery reveals a high rate of fall risk
Kaiser, T. J., Shanley, E., Denninger, T. R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.004 · Cited by 3
Video Analytics Gait Trend Measurement for Fall Prevention and Health Monitoring
O’Gorman, L., Liu, X., Sarker, M. I., & Milanova, M. G. (2021) · Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9413226 · Cited by 2
“The relationship is such that many studies have focused upon the measurement of gait for early prediction of health changes, [6-9].”
BackgroundStep Length Estimation Using the RSSI Method in Walking and Jogging Scenarios
Yang, Z., Tran, L. C., & Safaei, F. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22041640 · Cited by 3
“It can be converted to gait speed, which is useful in predicting life expectancy [5].”
BackgroundImpact of Time in Motion on Blood Pressure Regulation Among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Schrack, J. A., Dougherty, R. J., Corkum, A. E., Liu, F., & Wanigatunga, A. A. (2022) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-022-01202-8 · Cited by 3
Velocidade de marcha e reinternação hospitalar após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio
dos Santos, A. O., Soares, T. J. D. S., Guimarães, A. R., et al. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia do Exercício · doi:10.33233/rbfex.v21i2.5183 · Cited by 3
Validation of the six-minute walking distance measured by FeetMe® insoles
Mostovov, A., Jacobs, D., Farid, L., Dhellin, P., & Baille, G. (2023) · BMC Digital Health · doi:10.1186/s44247-023-00038-9 · Cited by 3
“Gait is now widely recognized as a reliable indicator of health status [1] and gait speed is even considered to be the “6 th vital sign” [1, 2].”
BackgroundEpidemiology of Falls and Mobility Disorders
Ritchey, K. C., & Studenski, S. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5061-6_17 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLower Extremity Biomechanics during Stair Ascent in Healthy and Total Knee Replacement Older Adults
Standifird, T. W. (2015) · Cited by 3
Nephroprevention in the Elderly
Capotondo, M. M., & Musso, C. G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18711-8_9 · Cited by 3
Neil‐Sztramko, S., Smith‐Turchyn, J., Richardson, J. A., & Dobbins, M. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/15125 · Cited by 3
“Although declines in indicators of mobility, such as slowing of walking speed (gait speed), is seen with normal aging, such changes predict both survival [7,8] and independence [9].”
BackgroundSarcopenia as a severe organ failure, its diagnosing and present therapeutic possibilities
Topinková, E. (2018) · Vnitřní lékařství · doi:10.36290/vnl.2018.149 · Cited by 3
“Rych lost chůze také velmi dobře predikuje negativní dopady sarkopenie – pády, disabilitu, institucionalizaci a morta litu [48,49].”
Mahoney, K. B. (2016) · doi:10.23860/thesis-mahoney-kayla-2016 · Cited by 3
Cortés, À. (2018) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-121026 · Cited by 3
Editorial: Active Aging and Disease Management
Canhão, H. M., Branco, J., & Liotta, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00278 · Cited by 3
McDonough, I. M., Bender, A. R., Patihis, L., Stinson, E. A., Letang, S. K., & Miller, W. S. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/512343 · Cited by 3
“Lastly, gait speed was measured by having subjects walk at a normal pace over a 10 ft distance while being timed (Studenski et al., 2011; Van Kan et al., 2009).”
MethodFreedom of Scientific Research
Spigno, I. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/law-mpeccol/e169.013.169 · Cited by 3
Daniels, K., Vonck, S., Robijns, J., Spooren, A. I. F., Hansen, D., & Bonnechère, B. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3896647/v1 · Cited by 3
Orchestrating Motion: Real-Time Sonification Tools and Methods to Support Movement Rehabilitation
Kantan, P. R. (2024) · doi:10.54337/aau696001045 · Cited by 3
Spatiotemporal gait parameters while cross-slope residential roof walking
Breloff, S. P., Carey, R. E., Wade, C., & Waddell, D. E. (2021) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103254 · Cited by 2
Matsunaga, Y., Takahashi, H., Suzuki, Y., et al. (2022) · Renal Replacement Therapy · doi:10.1186/s41100-022-00425-4 · Cited by 2
Arora, S. P., & Puts, M. T. E. (2023) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2023.101528 · Cited by 2
The Nursing Role in Orthogeriatric Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)
Brent, L., Spirgienė, L., O’Regan, N., & Diggin, B. (2023) · Perspectives in nursing management and care for older adults · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33484-9_6 · Cited by 4
Are aging stereotypes in the physical domain associated with physical capacities in older adults?
Deshayes, M., Freitas, P. D., Guérin, O., Chorin, F., & Zory, R. (2023) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2023.2291531 · Cited by 2
Shuman, V., VanSwearingen, J. M., Perera, S., Mangione, K. K., Freburger, J. K., & Brach, J. S. (2024) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.10.010 · Cited by 2
The African American Dementia and Aging Project: an Oregon-based longitudinal study
Lindauer, A., Croff, R. L., Duff, K. M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Dementia · doi:10.3389/frdem.2024.1498835 · Cited by 2
“A few studies have examined how other factors, such as social engagement (Barnes et al., 2004; Hamlin et al., 2022) and physical function (Wolinsky et al., 2014; Studenski et al., 2011) affect the African American aging process and cognitive wellbeing over time.”
Piterà, P., Bigoni, M., Prina, E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13247674 · Cited by 2
Halliwell, C., O'Brien, M. W., & Moyer, R. F. (2025) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.70046 · Cited by 2
“The 20‐m walk test was selected as a measure of gait speed, which has been linked to the ability to ambulate safely in the community (Andrews et al. 2010), and increased risk of mortality (Studenski et al. 2011).”
Ha, S.-Y., & Sung, Y.-H. (2025) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106442 · Cited by 2
Cai, P.-P., Gu, L.-L., Wang, X., et al. (2025) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/1414-431x2024e14103 · Cited by 2
Rafoul, B., Tzemah-Shahar, R., Lubetzky, A. V., Cohen‐Vaizer, M., Karawani, H., & Agmon, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319322 · Cited by 3
“Slower walking speed is associated with a decline in physical and mental functional capacity [5], falls [6], poor health, and decreased survival [5].”
Juhl, C., Byskov, K., Hvid, L. G., Dalgas, U., Pommerich, U. M., & Skjerbæk, A. G. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173251324600 · Cited by 3
“While cut-points can be utilised as a screening tool, they should be viewed and used as a supplement to existing clinical and practical assessment to achieve a nuanced understanding of each individual PwMS.”
InfluentialBatcir, S., Gimmon, Y., Kurz, I., Edelman, S., Levitsky, N., Adar, R., Rabaev, E., Debi, R., Shani, G., Shapiro, A., et al. (2025) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000545480 · Cited by 2
“This threshold is associated with signi fi cant improvements in functional mobility and overall health status and was linked to improved survival rates among older adults [53].”
Akagündüz, F., Durmuş, N. Ş., Yıldız, Y., Yılmaz, Z. B., Alkaç, Ç., Can, B., & Tufan, A. (2025) · Leukemia & lymphoma/Leukemia and lymphoma · doi:10.1080/10428194.2025.2482134 · Cited by 2
“A walking speed of ≤0.8 m/sec was classified as slow walking [14].”
InfluentialEvaluation criteria for diagnosing motoric cognitive risk syndrome: a scoping review
Sampaio, L. V. P., de Melo, G. F., Lima, Y. C. N., Sacramento, A. M., Pinheiro, H. A., & Carvalho, G. D. A. (2025) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2024-0208 · Cited by 2
“Studenski et al. 70 propose that the clinical application of GS assessment is simple and easy to perform using a Table 1.”
Sato, R., Sugiyama, H., Matsushita, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2025.05.029 · Cited by 2
Byles-Ho, T. K., Best, A. N., & Wu, A. R. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.250042 · Cited by 2
Raisi, A., Piva, T., MYERS, J. N., Zerbini, V., Menegatti, E., Lembo, M., Michelon, S., Meneghini, I., Grazzi, G., Mazzoni, G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14134583 · Cited by 2
“In support of this, it has been demonstrated that WS is inversely associated with the hospitalization and mortality rates among older adults [15,16].”
Alves, S. A., Brisson, N. M., Agres, A. N., et al. (2025) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open · doi:10.1016/j.ocarto.2025.100648 · Cited by 2
“…error [9]; Minimal Clinically Important Difference to capture functional improvements (e.g., a 0.1 m/s gait speed increase is associated with improved survival [10]); and applying clinical thresholds to identify biomechanical risk factors (e.g., knee loading predicting OA progression [11]).”
InfluentialMinimum required distance for clinically significant measurement of habitual gait speed
Park, M. W., Chung, S. G., Beom, J., Kim, K. S., Kim, J., Park, C., Lee, J., & Kim, K. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06064-8 · Cited by 2
“…between frail geriatric patients and chronologi-cally aged but functionally preserved older individuals, informs treatment decisions by assessing functional status, and guides strategies to prevent physical disability— a key objective in geriatric medicine and public health [2–4, 6, 9–11].”
InfluentialDavoudi, A., Agrawal, Y., Wang, H., Dougherty, R. J., Wanigatunga, A. A., Reed, N. S., Ehrlich, J. R., Gross, A. L., & Schrack, J. A. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06082-6 · Cited by 2
“Motor function is a well-established predictor of poor health outcomes, including, disability and death [40, 41].”
Kawai, H., Imamura, K., Gong, R., Ejiri, M., & Obuchi, S. P. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/73722 · Cited by 2
“Walking speed is a crucial indicator of various health outcomes in older adults, including instrumental activities of daily living disability [1], hospitalization [2], and mortality [3].”
Kitamura, M., Izawa, K. P., Kurihara, K., Yamamoto, S., Ozawa, S., Uchida, E., & Umeo, J. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00878-y · Cited by 2
“In addition, IADL, a measure of independent living in healthy older adults, is associated with physical function [5–7], physical activity [8, 9], cognitive function [10], nutritional status [11], falls [12], quality of life [13], cost [14, 15], and mortality [16].”
Test-retest reliability of the phase coordination index – A measure of bilateral coordination
Richmond, S. B., Swanson, C. W., Winesett, S. P., et al. (2025) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109984 · Cited by 2
Tajimi, T., Chan, L. L. Y., Okubo, Y., & Lord, S. R. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01878-1 · Cited by 3
“Recent epidemiological studies have shown that slower gait speed is associated with a higher risk of adverse health outcomes, including increased need for nursing care, fractures, hospitalization, and mortality [3, 4].”
Stéphan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Luchetti, M., Karaköse, S., Hajek, A., O’Súilleabháin, P. S., & Terracciano, A. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2562139 · Cited by 3
“Given that performance-based measures of physical function are critical markers of overall health status (Cui et al., 2021; Dommershuijsen et al., 2020; Stephan et al., 2024; et al., 2011), it is likely that they may reflect the poor health-related profile associated with loneliness.”
InfluentialZhou, S., Liu, M., Kuai, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1670016 · Cited by 2
“The system automatically recorded the following gait parameters: Gait Speed (m/s): Reflecting overall motor function and serving as a key indicator of mobility (17).”
Su, S., Liu, J.-Y., Yu, C. C.-W., Ngai, S. P. C., & Fu, S. N. (2025) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-025-00381-y · Cited by 2
“These measures reflect integrated motor skills requiring strength, balance and endurance [46], while also serving as important clinical indicators of independence [47, 48] and fall risk [49, 50].”
Instruments to Measure Frailty in Patients with Heart Failure: a Narrative Review
Vitale, C., Spoletini, I., Gianni, W., Rosano, G. M. C., & Hage, C. (2025) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-025-00716-x · Cited by 2
“Several other tests, such as the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) [21, 22], gait speed [23], or the Timed Up-and-Go Test [ 24], are available and widely used.”
Lockwood, M. D., Hovorka, C. F., Baumann, M. E., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2025.1602110 · Cited by 2
Bittencourt, R., Kulczynski, L., Marcon, C. A. M., & Baptista, R. R. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.20189 · Cited by 3
Liu, C., Zou, J., Zhang, C., Zhu, L., & Li, J. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103292 · Cited by 2
Yıldız, Y., Durmuş, N. Ş., Bütün, V. K., Inan, B. D., Numanoğlu, B. K., Çelenk, M. E., Kaya, E. D., Yılmaz, Z. B., Alkaç, Ç., Can, B., et al. (2025) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-025-01344-3 · Cited by 2
“Walking speed was determined by timing a 4-m walk at a usual pace; a speed of less than 0.8 m/s was considered slow [24].”
InfluentialSerna-Orozco, M. F., Rivera, H. R., Losada, J. J., Payán-Salcedo, H. A., & Mosquera, M. (2025) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648251394486 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, longer TUG completion times have been linked to reduced cortical thickness in motor, executive, associative, and somatosensory cortical areas (Mielke et al., 2013; Snijders et al., 2007; Studenski et al., 2011).”
The Tempo Giusto : A Call for Recalibrating Time in Human Movement Research
Ramalho, A. L. G., Duarte‐Mendes, P., Paulo, R. M., & Petrica, J. (2025) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2025.2586504 · Cited by 4
“…windows match the scale of change: the Framingham Heart Study’s multigenerational cohorts (Mahmood et al., 2014), lifespan trajectories of gait (Studenski et al., 2011), developmental motor-learning pathways (Kantak & Winstein, 2012), and age-spanning neuroplasticity (Voelcker-Rehage &…”
Halliwell, C., Budarick, A. R., O'Brien, M. W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2024-0383 · Cited by 2
Williams, J. R., Hylin, J. C., Fang, Y., & Lerner, Z. F. (2025) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.113071 · Cited by 3
Knee Health Is a Major Determinant of Mobility Across the Healthspan
Peoples, B., Harrison, K. D., Samaan, M. A., Mobley, C. B., Redden, D. T., & Roper, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10040454 · Cited by 2
“Given that a gait speed below 0.8 m/s is a recognized threshold for increased mortality risk in older adults [181,182], these findings underscore the clinical significance of gait speed as a key indicator of worsening knee health.”
InfluentialAli, J. A., McKay, J. L., Nocera, J. R., Isbaine, F., Tran, J. T., Testini, P., Triche, S. D., Esper, C. D., Aia, P., Scorr, L., et al. (2025) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.70146 · Cited by 2
Thomas, J. M., Smith, Z. H., Kent, J. A., & Boyer, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.113109 · Cited by 3
Huijgen, E., Wijnhoven, H. A. H., & Visser, M. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101266 · Cited by 2
“More studies using gait speed, an objective measure of walking performance, strongly predictive of frailty, disability, morbidity, and mortality [3,33,34], are therefore required.”
Hanby, K., Yergler, J. D., Aubin, P. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2025.12.054 · Cited by 2
Son, W. C., Seo, K. C., Kim, M., Won, C. W., & Kim, W. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06835-3 · Cited by 2
“Instead, they capture lower extremity function as well as abilities critical to fall risk in daily life, including neuromuscular control, balance, and coordination [11, 23, 24].”
Zhenyu, L., Ran, Z., Siyan, H., Zihao, Y., Xu, F., & Bao, J. (2026) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2026.134173 · Cited by 2
Goyal, M. K., Chowdhary, R., Vohra, C., Patel, M., Kalra, S., Mehta, M., McNulty, R., Goyal, K., Vuthaluru, A. R., & Goyal, O. (2026) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v18.i1.115048 · Cited by 3
Sarcopenic Obesity Evaluation and Management in Primary Care: A Narrative Review
Alanazi, W. M., Habeeb, K. A., Alahmadi, A. F., Alajaj, I. Y., Alahmari, S. M., AlHammad, A. A., Alshahrani, H. S., Shalabi, G. M., Khalefa, R. S., Alzaher, A. Z., et al. (2025) · World Journal of Environmental Biosciences · doi:10.51847/9yznkzjp81 · Cited by 5
de Lima, A. B., Merchant, R. A., Faber, M. A., & Henriques‐Neto, D. (2026) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2026.108869 · Cited by 2
Boukabache, A., Maruthainar, N., Manhas, V., & Player, D. J. (2026) · JMIR Perioperative Medicine · doi:10.2196/84011 · Cited by 3
“They are simple, reliable, and highly predictive of overall recovery, fall risk, and mortality [80].”
Trevisan, C., Tian, Q., Fishbein, K. W., Church, S., Simonsick, E. M., Egan, J. M., Volpato, S., & Ferrucci, L. (2026) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afag022 · Cited by 3
“The ageing process is widely heterogeneous, and older adults experience a vast range of changes in health and functional characteristics [1, 2].”
Gait as a vital sign: integrating wearables and AI into vestibular and balance medicine
Kalla, R., Tiller, N., Goyal, M., & Brémovà-Ertl, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1736898 · Cited by 2
Spontaneous speech enables scalable digital phenotyping of physical functional deficits in aging
Cunha, E. D., Zory, R., Chorin, F., Manera, V., & Gros, A. (2026) · npj Aging · doi:10.1038/s41514-026-00343-3 · Cited by 2
“A speci fi c physical de fi cit was de fi ned as performance falling 1 standard deviation below the age-and sex-adjusted normative mean, a cut-off commonly associated with a mild de fi cit with increased risk of adverse outcomes such as frailty, disability, and falls 8,54 .”
Jochum, D., Siegel, S. D., Plöschberger, G., Fenske, L., & Warneke, K. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-026-02156-4 · Cited by 4
Jiang, T., Hui, J., Feng, B., Tan, G., Yuan, G., & Yang, J. (2026) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2026.03.006 · Cited by 3
Multimorbidity patterns and 15-year trajectories of physical performance: a population-based study
Palmese, F., Vetrano, D. L., Gregorio, C., Calderón‐Larrañaga, A., Welmer, A., Marengoni, A., Bedogni, G., Domenicali, M., & Triolo, F. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04828-6 · Cited by 3
“Walking speed was timed as participants walked 6 m (m), or 2.4 m for those who considered themselves slow walkers [27].”
InfluentialFrüherkennung des Prostatakarzinoms – Empfehlungen der aktualisierten S3-Leitlinie 2025
Al‐Monajjed, R., Albers, P., Franiel, T., et al. (2026) · Die Urologie · doi:10.1007/s00120-026-02811-w · Cited by 2
Lei, S., Zhao, M., Zhou, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2026.104656 · Cited by 2
Kenia, J., Marschalek, J., & Dillingham, T. R. (2026) · Reports — Medical Cases Images and Videos · doi:10.3390/reports9020125 · Cited by 2
Encouraging a move toward precision geromedicine
Ferrucci, L., Donegà, S., Maier, A. B., & Kroemer, G. (2026) · Geromedicine · doi:10.70401/geromedicine.2026.0020 · Cited by 3
Gait Speed in Community‐Dwelling African‐American and Afro‐Caribbean Older Adults
Smolar, D. E., Engström, G., Diaz, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12023 · Cited by 2
Gauvin, D. V., Yoder, J. D., Tapp, R. L., & Baird, T. J. (2016) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/1091581816648905 · Cited by 2
CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS IDOSOS SUBMETIDOS AOS EXAMES PARA A CARTEIRA DE HABILITAÇÃO VEICULAR
Lenardt, M. H., Carneiro, N. H. K., Binotto, M. A., et al. (2017) · Cogitare Enfermagem · doi:10.5380/ce.v22i1.48220 · Cited by 2
Osteoporosis and Fragility Fracture
Lim, J., Beom, J., & Lee, S. Y. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-54454-2.00003-0 · Cited by 2
Application of confirmatory factor analysis to verify gait models in people with Parkinson's Disease
Arcolin, I., Godi, M., Giardini, M., et al. (2018) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.07.102 · Cited by 2
Belloni, G., Seematter‐Bagnoud, L., Krief, H., Aminian, K., & Büla, C. (2021) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.12.017 · Cited by 2
Dandis, R., Westeneng, J. M., IntHout, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.10299 · Cited by 2
Esain, I., Gil, S. M., Rodriguez‐Larrad, A., Duñabeitia, I., & Bidaurrazaga‐Letona, I. (2021) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2021.06.008 · Cited by 2
The Gender, Height and Weight Prediction Based on Gait Using MEMS Sensor
Xing, H., Ren, L., & Zhao, Y. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/cyber53097.2021.9588183 · Cited by 3
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“Slower gait speed has been shown to be a powerful predictor of mortality in older adults (Studenski et al. 2011) and is sometimes referred to as the “sixth vital sign” (Middleton, Fritz, and Lusardi 2015).”
BackgroundSanfilippo, M. J., Layshock, M. E., & Keniston, L. (2022) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.34.532 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Studenski, S.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Studenski, Stephanie
- ORCID
- Studenski, Stephanie
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC3080184
- OpenAlex
- W2159296038
- Semantic Scholar
- 25de2f67035336224c9f1e37f58c5b531d34b9ed
- Cited by
- 4,558
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 377 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 399 · 2020: 389 · 2019: 358 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 301 · 2016: 255 · 2015: 273 · 2014: 243 · 2013: 184 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 100.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (AG023641, AG 024827, K07AG023641, P30AG024827, P30AG021332)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- walking speed, survival, older adults, life expectancy, physical performance, mortality prediction, goals of care, community-dwelling older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Gait, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, United States, Cohort Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Survival Analysis
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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