The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 52 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gait speed and survival in older adults.
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34,485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival rates and life expectancy. RESULTS: There were 17,528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.
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43 Own result · 15 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 7 Own method
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“Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants, so results presented are not stratified by height.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups (eTable 2).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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“Stratification by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic) suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<. 001).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The overall HR for survival per each 0.1 m/s faster gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<.001) when pooled across all studies using a random-effects meta-analytic statistical approach”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
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In the paper
“Gait speeds of 1.0 m/s or higher consistently demonstrated survival that was longer than expected by age and sex alone.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed added substantially37 to age and sex in 7 of the 9 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.734) that was not significantly different from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (0.732; (P=.95; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Three studies had sufficiently consistent data on functional status at baseline to allow pooling.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the sample size of very slow walkers was small, our data suggest that there may be a subpopulation who walk very slowly but survive for long periods.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
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In the paper
“Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with participants followed up for a mean of 12.2 and a median of 13.8 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Of the total, 59.6% were women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes (Figure 2; a PDF of enlarged graphs is available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, there was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n=1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n=1491).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,491- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this older adult population, the relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years and for women, from 10 to 30 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“There were substantial numbers of African American (n=3852) and Hispanic (n=2650) participants.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 3,852- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mortality rates appear to be related to length of follow-up (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 years from 0.22 to 0.86 (eFigure 4B).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For the 3 levels of functional status (independent, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and dependent in ADLs), the pooled HR per 0.1-m/s increase in gait speed for those who were independent was 0.92 (P= .005), for those with difficulty in instrumental activities was also 0.92 (P<.001) but was 0.94 (P=.02) among those dependent in ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,765- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were consistent associations across studies, although given the large sample sizes, Q statistics were often statistically significant (details available in eFigure 1A–M available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Age-adjusted HRs by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94 and all were significant (P<.001; Figure 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When dichotomized at a score of 100 into low and high activity, MrOS had consistent and statistically significant HRs for low (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81–0.88) and high (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84–0.90) physical”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the pooled sample, median survival in years for the age groups 65 through 74 years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women; for 75 through 84 years, 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women; and for 85 years or older, 4.6 for men and 6.4 years for women (eTable 3 available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 17 528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%–88.8%)and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95%CI, 46.5%–70.6%).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results (overall HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89–0.91; P<.001).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“The 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34 485 participants (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 34,485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were 17 528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In the Hispanic EPESE, the HR for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96) but the HR for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95–1.04).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Pooled HRs for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92 and all were significant (P<.002).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies and inferior in no studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses (Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We assessed usual vs fast gait speed in the single study with both measures (Invecciare in Chianti18 study: usual, 0.727 [95% CI, 0.678–0.776]; fast, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.630–0.739]), suggesting that fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For these studies, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.741) that was not significantly different (P=.78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P=.75; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In our data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s; faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among the older adults.14”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, effects could not be pooled.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Only a few models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; the reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66–0.8261 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch,21 it is relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.7,21”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strengths of this study are the very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders who were followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the gait speed–survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high-energy cost of walking.13,39–54”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to assess the association of physical activity with survival in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.62”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk, as done herein.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some models use self-reported information but others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has the limitations of observational research; it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research studies analyzed herein used trained staff to measure gait speed. Staffin clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.13”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.66–68”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results found herein suggest that gait speed appears to be especially informative in older persons who report either no function all imitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, mortality prediction models have been developed.3–5,57–60”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the longer distance and time to perform the test may limit feasibility in many clinical settings.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function.
“There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function, although several models have been developed from individual data sources.3–5”
The paper relies on this without support.
Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients.
“Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Edmonton Frail Scale is a multi-dimensional assessment instrument that includes the TUGT, and a test for cognitive impairment (108). It is quick to administer (less than 5 minutes) and is valid, reliable and feasible for routine use by non-geriatricians”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, gait speed was associated with survival in pooled analysis of individual data from 9 cohort studies (pooled HR per 0.1 m/s: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87–0.90, P < 0.001) (78).”
From Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“including a significant association with survival at increments of 0.1 m/s.84”
In the citing paper
“accumulating evidence from both preclinical studies and recent human clinical trials strongly suggests that Mt have a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline, marked by slower walking speed.(Hiona and Leeuwenburgh 2008;Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Inzitari, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferru”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Studenski et al. 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“SPPB, 0.738”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“95% CI, 0.690–0.735”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A). In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92”
Citations
Cites
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DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialQuantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
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“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialThe Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
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“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model
Therneau, T. M., & Grambsch, P. M. (2000) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3294-8 · Cited by 8,674
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380 · cited 5×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialStatistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data
Lawless, J. F. (2002) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118033005 · Cited by 4,521
The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652
Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data
Rao, M. B., Klein, J. P., & Moeschberger, M. L. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270658 · Cited by 3,617
The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 · Cited by 3,256 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,601–2,700 of 4,515
Albishi, A. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312431 · Cited by 8
“For instance, improving physical activity has been associated with enhancing gait speed, agility, balance performance, and survival [10–14].”
Xue, Q., Laskow, T. C., Alzahrani, M. K., et al. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaf032 · Cited by 6
The Role of Enablement Theory in Rehabilitation Practice, Education, and Research
Pinto, S. M., Whyte, J., Packel, A. T., et al. (2025) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.04.003 · Cited by 6
Martel‐Duguech, L., Bascuñana, H., Archs, J. C., et al. (2025) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-025-01539-8 · Cited by 6
Gait kinetics before and after total hip arthroplasty in people with unilateral hip osteoarthritis
Zhong, L., Kwong, P. W.-H., Zhang, J., Sidarta, A., & Yu, C. C.-W. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0326502 · Cited by 9
Muscle spindle afferent neurons preferentially degenerate with aging
Kawai‐Takaishi, M., & Hosoyama, T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08270-1 · Cited by 6
Zeng, X., Guan, H., Wang, Y., & Shen, S. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06289-7 · Cited by 6
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Sarcopenia in Aging: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapeutic Frontiers
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The Use of Technology in Vestibular Rehabilitation and Balance Assessment
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A Wearable Sensor for AAL-Based Continuous Monitoring
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Technologies for Therapy and Assistance of Lower Limb Disabilities: Sit to Stand and Walking
Carrera, I. G., Moreno, H. A., M., S. D. S., Campos, A., Múnera, M., & Cifuentes, C. A. (2020) · SpringerBriefs in applied sciences and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4732-4_4 · Cited by 6
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Effects of the Otago Exercise Program in older hypertensive patients with pre-frailty
Qin, X., Mao, Y., Wang, H., Wu, H., Xu, Y. D., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.34.509 · Cited by 6
Kashima, A., Kamiya, K., Hamazaki, N., Ueno, K., Nozaki, K., Ichikawa, T., Yamashita, M., Uchida, S., Noda, T., Hotta, K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195956 · Cited by 6
“In addition to body weight, grip strength [30,31], QIS [32,33], gait speed [34,35], and 6 MWD [36] are prognostic factors.”
BackgroundOgawa, S., Himuro, N., Koyama, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315769 · Cited by 6
Álvarez-Millán, L., Castillo-Castillo, D., Quispe-Siccha, R. M., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20115995 · Cited by 6
“89 m/s [47], which corresponds to a distance of 160.”
Rice, J., LI, L. C., Davis, J. C., Pahor, M., Madden, K. M., Wei, N., Wong, H., Skelton, D. A., McCormick, S., Falck, R. S., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07798-9 · Cited by 6
“Decreased physical mobility, like slower walking or taking longer to rise from and sit down in a chair, consistently predict both morbidity and mortality in older adults [1, 2].”
BackgroundMethodMuscle Mass Adjusted by Body Height is not Correlated with Mobility of Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Hsu, K.-J., Chen, S., Chien, K., & Chen, C. (2024) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104412 · Cited by 6
“Impaired mobility decreases functional independence and increases the risk of falls, frailty, disability, hospitalization, and mortality in the elderly [4,5].”
BackgroundWhite Matter Hyperintensities Are Associated with Slower Gait Speed in Older Adults without Dementia
Vazquez, J., Verghese, J., Barzilai, N., Milman, S., & Blumen, H. M. (2024) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000538944 · Cited by 6
“Gait speed, in particular, is as accurate a predictor of survival and life expectancy in older adults as the use of mobility aids and self-reported function [2].”
Mazurek, K. A., Barnard, L. R., Botha, H., Christianson, T. J. H., Graff‐Radford, J., Petersen, R. C., Vemuri, P., Windham, B. G., Jones, D. T., & Ali, F. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-68402-x · Cited by 6
“Gait speed has been shown to have a strong correlation with survival amongst older adults, where a 0.1 m/s change has been associated with increased mortality 11 .”
BackgroundInfluentialFeng, M., Song, Z., Zhou, Z., Wu, Z., Ma, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Dai, H. (2024) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-024-00941-3 · Cited by 6
dos Santos, A. P., Cordeiro, J. F. C., Abdalla, P. P., Bohn, L., Sebastião, É., da Silva, L. S. L., Júnior, M. F. T., Venturini, A. C. R., Andaki, A. C. R., Mendes, E. L., et al. (2024) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-024-01340-2 · Cited by 11
“We classified the gait speed performance of the participants in normal > 0.8 m/s, and low ≤ 0.8 m/s [28].”
MethodInfluentialSoria-Comes, T., Climent-Gregori, M., Maestu, I., Inchaurraga, I., Cuenca‐Martínez, F., Cauli, O., & Martínez‐Arnau, F. M. (2024) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.3390/clinpract14050173 · Cited by 6
“Gait speed has been shown to be a prognostic factor clearly related to survival and mortality in older people [49], including individuals with haematological malignancies [50] or solid tumours [51].”
BackgroundCardio-Oncology Challenges in Elderly Patients
Topa, E., Rosa, E. D., Cuomo, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14093257 · Cited by 6
“In particular, ageing is associated with an increased risk of cachexia and muscular wasting [69].”
Sun, W., Li, L., Zhang, Z., Duan, X., Wei, J., & Soh, K. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1619729 · Cited by 6
Hollman, J. H., Conner, M. N., Goodman, K. A., Kremer, K. H., Petkus, M. T., & Lanzino, D. J. (2013) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.12.014 · Cited by 6
Vallen, een systematische benadering bij het zoeken naar de oorzaak
Schoon, Y. (2013) · Bijblijven · doi:10.1007/s12414-013-0057-3 · Cited by 6
Quality of Life Among of Menopausal Women in Saudi Arabia
Elazim, H. A., Lamadah, S. M., & Zamil, L. A. (2014) · Jordan Medical Journal · Cited by 6
What Van Halen Can Teach Us About the Care of Older Patients
Schwartz, A. W. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.8276 · Cited by 6
Adachi, T., Kamiya, K., Kono, Y., Iwatsu, K., Shimizu, Y., Honda, I., & Yamada, S. (2018) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-018-0938-5 · Cited by 6
Zuo, X., Luciano, A., Pieper, C. F., Bain, J. R., Kraus, V. B., Kraus, W. E., Morey, M. C., & Cohen, H. J. (2018) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15393 · Cited by 7
The Association between Glucose Control and Functional Indices in Older People with Diabetes
Azmon, M., Gayus, N., Michal, H., Olmer, L., & Cukierman‐Yaffe, T. (2018) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2018/1053815 · Cited by 6
“Studies have a shown that better gait speed is associated with a lower risk for functional decline, hospitalization, and mortality [18, 19].”
BackgroundFrailty syndrome in patients with coronary artery disease
Евгеньевна, К. К., Wegner, E. A., Terentyeva, N. A., Masenko, V. L., Grigoryeva, I. I., Коков, А. Н., Bazdyrev, E. D., Raskina, T. A., & Барбараш, О. Л. (2020) · Medical alphabet · doi:10.33667/2078-5631-2020-19-6-10 · Cited by 7
Development, Validity, and Reliability of a Novel Walking Speed Measurement Device: the GaitBox
Jarvis, L. M., Peterson, M. J., & Caves, K. M. (2020) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.11.009 · Cited by 6
“age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization) [10].”
BackgroundRelationship between gait speed and trunk muscles in frail elderly individuals
Noguchi, S., Jiroumaru, T., Wachi, M., Suzuki, M., Bunki, H., Ikeya, M., Fujitani, R., Kida, N., & Nomura, T. (2021) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.33.384 · Cited by 6
Uesugi, Y., Maruyama, K., Saito, I., Tomooka, K., Takata, Y., Kawamura, R., Osawa, H., Tanigawa, T., & Naito, Y. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9080933 · Cited by 6
Vestibular Physical Therapy and Fall Risk Assessment
Carender, W. J., Grzesiak, M., & Telian, S. A. (2021) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2021.05.018 · Cited by 8
The patient‐driven payment model: A missed opportunity for patient‐centered cancer care
Singh, S., Lum, H. D., Kutner, J. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.17458 · Cited by 6
“This article reviews the new PDPM, highlights existing policy gaps, and provides recommendations for creating policy that effectively incentivizes the implementation of geriatric palliative care delivery models in SNFs.”
BackgroundInfluentialLongitudinal analysis of aging in place at TigerPlace: Resident function and well-being
Popejoy, L., Zaniletti, I., Lane, K. R., Anderson, L. K., Miller, S. J., & Rantz, M. (2022) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.02.030 · Cited by 7
Physical function trends and their association with mortality in postmenopausal women
Laddu, D., Saquib, N., Manson, J. E., Arena, R. A., Shadyab, A. H., Weitlauf, J. C., Hovey, K. M., Andrews, C., Banack, H., Stefanick, M. L., et al. (2022) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001982 · Cited by 8
Sinha, D. B., & Pincus, Z. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257591 · Cited by 6
“cognition [1, 2]), and decreased mobility predicts future mortality in both humans [3, 4] and model organisms [5, 6].”
BackgroundEstablishing Accelerometer Cut-Points to Classify Walking Speed in People Post Stroke
Conradsson, D. M., & Bezuidenhout, L. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22114080 · Cited by 6
Silva, N. C. B. S., Dao, E. A., Hsu, C. L., Tam, R. C., Stein, R. G., Alkeridy, W. A., Laule, C., Vavasour, I. M., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.020 · Cited by 6
Mindfulness stress-buffering model of health: implications for successful aging
MacAulay, R. K., Brown, L. F., & Moore, L. (2022) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2107175 · Cited by 9
Abolhassani, N., Fustinoni, S., & Henchoz, Y. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2022.07.016 · Cited by 6
Self-Organizing Maps to Multidimensionally Characterize Physical Profiles in Older Adults
Parra‐Rodríguez, L., Reyes-Ramírez, E. D., Jiménez-Andrade, J. L., Carrillo-Calvet, H., & García‐Peña, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912412 · Cited by 9
Muanjai, P., Namsawang, J., Satkunskienė, D., & Kamandulis, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316099 · Cited by 6
“have shown that walking speed declines with age, most likely because of the decline in force production ability [37], changes in gait mechanics required for stability [38], or a combination of cognitive impairment and a history of falling [39].”
BackgroundCustodero, C., Pahor, M., Mazzoccoli, C., Manini, T. M., Anton, S. D., Mazzocca, A., Lozupone, M., Panza, F., Sabbà, C., & Solfrizzi, V. (2022) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2022.111763 · Cited by 6
de Villarreal, E. S., Byrne, P. J., & Ramírez‐Campillo, R. (2022) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2022-0110 · Cited by 6
Laurent, L. C., Koskas, P., Estrada, J., Sebbagh, M., Lacaille, S., Raynaud-Simon, A., & Lilamand, M. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-03776-7 · Cited by 6
“Therefore, this measure may have a limited predictive value for mortality in our population, although it was established in the general population [42].”
BackgroundMackey, D. C., Ekegren, C. L., Baldwin, C. E., Young, P. J., Gray, S. M., Ciok, A., & Wong, A. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01431-3 · Cited by 6
“For example, given strong associations with all-cause mortality [8] as well increased dependence in activities of daily living, hospitalization, and entry into nursing homes [9, 10], slow gait speed has been called a vital sign for older adults, and leading scholars and geriatricians have proposed that a gait speed of…”
BackgroundLipat, A. L., Peterson, J. A., Murillo, B. C., Clark, D. J., & Cruz‐Almeida, Y. (2023) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.05.011 · Cited by 7
Núñez-Trull, A., Medina, J. Á., Jaén‐Carrillo, D., Rubio-Peirotén, A., Roche-Seruendo, L. E., & Gómez-Trullén, E. M. (2023) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104002 · Cited by 6
Reserved gait capacity and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis
Yoshikoshi, S., Yamamoto, S., Suzuki, Y., et al. (2023) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfad109 · Cited by 6
Optimizing the Design of Clinical Trials to Evaluate the Efficacy of Function-Promoting Therapies
Bhasin, S., Cawthon, P. M., Correa‐de‐Araujo, R., Storer, T. W., Volpi, E., Newman, A. B., Dioh, W., Tourette, C., Evans, W. J., & Fielding, R. A. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad024 · Cited by 6
Zanker, J., Scott, D. S., Szoeke, C. E. I., Vogrin, S., Patel, S., BLACKWELL, T. L., Bird, S., Kirk, B., Alajlouni, D. A., Gill, T. K., et al. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad165 · Cited by 6
“First, walking speed has been recognized as the “6th vital sign” (39) and is an established predictor of adverse outcomes across adulthood (18,34).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWalz, I., Waibel, S. M., Kuhner, A., Gollhofer, A., & Maurer, C. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04150-3 · Cited by 6
“Our individual subjects’ performance during the fast TUG condition revealed their capacity to voluntarily increase movement speed, which is considered an indication of overall vitality [4, 5, 18, 68, 69].”
BackgroundKoivunen, K., Portegijs, E., Karavirta, L., & Rantanen, T. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00925-z · Cited by 6
“Walking speed integrates information of functioning of multiple physiological subsystems, including musculoskeletal but also e.g., cardiovascular and nervous systems underlying ability to move [6].”
BackgroundGulde, P., Vojta, H., Schmidle, S., Rieckmann, P., & Hermsdörfer, J. (2023) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01247-z · Cited by 6
“Gait is frequently called the “sixth vital sign” [11] and is, as in our case, often a strong, but unspecific symptom [29, 35].”
BackgroundPaulsson, M., Ekholm, C., Rolfson, O., Geijer, M., & Tranberg, R. (2023) · Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/21514593231184945 · Cited by 7
“13,14 In the elderly patient, recovery is slower and less complete than in younger age groups 15 when assessed as the ability to perform physical activities of daily life and usually reaches a steady plateau at 1 year after a hip fracture.”
BackgroundPlantinga, L., Bowling, C. B., Hoge, C. E., Dunlop-Thomas, C. M., Pearce, B. D., Lim, S. S., & Drenkard, C. (2023) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.25266 · Cited by 6
“Because gait speed predicts mortality and disability among older adults, 29,30 we also examined gait speed alone as an outcome.”
BackgroundMethodTreating Hypercholesterolemia in Older Adults for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events
Al-Ani, A., Jamil, Y., & Orkaby, A. R. (2024) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-024-01139-4 · Cited by 6
“A pooled analysis from nine cohort studies conducted from 1986 to 2000, involving 34,485 adults aged 65 years and older, demonstrated a strong association between slow gait speed and decreased survival [27].”
Behavioral Factors of Longevity
Martin, P., Poon, L. W., & Hagberg, B. (2011) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2011/197590 · Cited by 6
Pronóstico vital en cuidados paliativos: ¿una realidad esquiva o un paradigma erróneo?
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Cano, L. R. (2012) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2012.09.010 · Cited by 6
Sánchez-Martínez, M., Castell, M. V., González-Montalvo, J. I., la Cruz, J. J. D., Banegas, J. R., & Otero, Á. (2016) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2016.01.006 · Cited by 6
“Nevertheless, the sensitivity and greater simplicity of GS make it, as a specific indicator by itself, an appropriate measure to assess and monitor FS and overall health in a wide range of populations [27,28].”
BackgroundStretching—An Important Strategy to Prevent Musculoskeletal Aging
Zotz, T. G. G., Loureiro, A. P. C., Valderramas, S., & Gomes, A. R. S. (2014) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0000000000000032 · Cited by 7
Manini, T. M., & Clark, B. C. (2013) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2013.9 · Cited by 6
Feasibility of nurses measuring gait speed in older community-dwelling Emergency Department patients
Tucker, P. W., Evans, D. D., Clevenger, C. K., et al. (2016) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.06.015 · Cited by 6
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Increased whole cerebellar serotonin in aged C57BL/6 mice
DeKorver, N. W., Lichty, D., van der Hart, M., Rassoulpour, A., & Bonasera, S. J. (2017) · Matters · doi:10.19185/matters.201702000011 · Cited by 6
“Gait speed is a sensitive biomarker of overall functional status [5], as well as a powerful predictor of overall mortality [6] [7].”
Chen, S., Lee, M., Huang, J., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175363 · Cited by 6
Fragilité de la personne âgée : un aperçu du rôle de la nutrition
Féart, C. (2018) · Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique · doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2018.06.001 · Cited by 6
Palmgren, A., Ståhle, A., Roaldsen, K. S., Dohrn, I., & Halvarsson, A. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1535631 · Cited by 6
“Low walking speed has been shown to be associated with increased fall risk [23] and also with poor health and survival [24].”
BackgroundCataldi, M., Luca, V. D., Tramontano, G., Giudice, C. D., Grimaldi, I., Cuccaro, P., Speranza, P., Iadicicco, G., Iadicicco, V., Carotenuto, F., et al. (2019) · Translational medicine @ UniSa · doi:10.14273/unisa-2725 · Cited by 5
“limited mobility have a shorter life expectancy than people of similar age but with a better preserved muscle mass [4].”
BackgroundKotsani, M., Aromatario, O., Labat, C., Vançon, G., Freminet, A., Mejri, M., Lantieri, O., Fantino, B., Perret‐Guillaume, C., Epstein, J., et al. (2020) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1420-6 · Cited by 6
Toward Kinecting cognition by behaviour recognition-based deep learning and big data
Soufian, M., Nefti-Mezian, S., & Drake, J. (2020) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-020-00744-5 · Cited by 6
Choi, J., Sunwoo, L., Kim, S., Kim, K., & Kim, C.-H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75256-6 · Cited by 8
Zeyfang, A., Zeeh, J., Bahrmann, A., Kugler, J. N., & Heppner, H. J. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-020-01815-1 · Cited by 6
Abdo, M., Coyle, R. P., Seifert, S. M., et al. (2020) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa577 · Cited by 6
“Gait speed incorporates endurance, motor coordination, balance, sensation, motivation, and cognitive status, and it is strongly associated with future health status, including mortality [35].”
BackgroundRoper, J. A., Stone, A. E., Raffegeau, T. E., Terza, M. J., Altmann, L. J. P., & Hass, C. J. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111192 · Cited by 6
Saraiva, N. A. D. O., Ferreira, A. D. S., Papathanasiou, J. V., Guimarães, F. S., & Lopes, A. J. (2021) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.01.005 · Cited by 7
Changes to gait speed when romantic partners walk together: Effect of age and obstructed pathway
Cho, H., Förster, A., Christ, S. L., Franks, M. M., Richards, E. A., & Rietdyk, S. (2021) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.02.017 · Cited by 6
Łukaszyk, E., Bień‐Barkowska, K., & Bień, B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041098 · Cited by 7
“Other strong predictors of mortality, such as comorbidity [53] and reduced mobility [54], have long been known and evident.”
BackgroundConsiderations for carotid artery disease management in a frail population
Rane, M. A., & Orkaby, A. R. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111426 · Cited by 6
Bari, M. D., Giordano, A., Tonarelli, F., Carreras, G., Grifoni, S., Benvenuti, E., Ruggiano, G., Lazzari, B., Ungar, A., & Balzi, D. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.05.024 · Cited by 6
Sato, A., Kamiya, K., Hamazaki, N., Nozaki, K., Ichikawa, T., Yamashita, M., Uchida, S., Maekawa, E., Yamaoka‐Tojo, M., Matsunaga, A., et al. (2021) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.09.002 · Cited by 8
Sattar, S., Haase, K. R., Milisen, K., Campbell, D., Kim, S. J., Chalchal, H. I., & Kenis, C. (2021) · Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal · doi:10.5737/23688076314367375 · Cited by 6
Real-Time Foot Tracking and Gait Evaluation with Geometric Modeling
Foo, M. J., Chang, J.-S., & Ang, W. T. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22041661 · Cited by 6
“Nonetheless, it is assumed that the algorithm is still relevant to the intended application of rehabilitation and assistive technologies, in which the users walk slowly [29–32].”
BackgroundInfluentialSubak, E., Kaya, K., VİGA, Ş. O., et al. (2022) · Physical Education of Students · doi:10.15561/20755279.2022.0403 · Cited by 6
Li, J., Chen, X., Lin, H., et al. (2022) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.13429 · Cited by 6
“This is consistent with previous research indicating that gait speed appears to be particularly informative in older people who report no functional limitations [16].”
ResultReal-Time Step Length Estimation in Indoor and Outdoor Scenarios
Yang, Z., Tran, L. C., Safaei, F., Le, A. T., & Taparugssanagorn, A. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22218472 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, step length and walking speed reflect the mortality and predict the living years of senior citizens to some extent [6,7].”
BackgroundHaeri, N. S., Kotlarczyk, M. P., Perera, S., & Greenspan, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1155/2022/2522014 · Cited by 6
“6m/s, has been proven to be a strong predictor for frailty and poor health outcomes [15, 16].”
BackgroundPaiva, C. E., Preto, D. D., de Lima, C., & Paiva, B. S. R. (2023) · Cancer Control · doi:10.1177/10732748231176639 · Cited by 6
“Previous studies in the general population, have suggested an association between measures of physical performance and all-cause mortality.(27,28) As in the general population, physical functioning is associated with the prognosis of patients with advanced cancer.”
Kim, M. (2015) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2015.24.4.373 · Cited by 6
Reeves, G. R., & Forman, D. E. (2016) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.02.002 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Studenski, S.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Studenski, Stephanie
- ORCID
- Studenski, Stephanie
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC3080184
- OpenAlex
- W2159296038
- Semantic Scholar
- 25de2f67035336224c9f1e37f58c5b531d34b9ed
- Cited by
- 4,558
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 377 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 399 · 2020: 389 · 2019: 358 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 301 · 2016: 255 · 2015: 273 · 2014: 243 · 2013: 184 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 100.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (AG023641, AG 024827, K07AG023641, P30AG024827, P30AG021332)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- walking speed, survival, older adults, life expectancy, physical performance, mortality prediction, goals of care, community-dwelling older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Gait, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, United States, Cohort Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Survival Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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