Cited by 285Regulation of Appetite and ObesityMuscle metabolism and nutritionDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

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Effect of Dietary Protein Content on Weight Gain, Energy Expenditure, and Body Composition During Overeating: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Bray, George A., Smith, Steven R., de Jonge, Lilian, Xie, Hui, Rood, Jennifer, Martin, Corby K., Most, Marlene, Brock, Courtney, Mancuso, Susan, Redman, Leanne M.·2012·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.2011.1918PMC PMC3777747

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Abstract

CONTEXT: The role of diet composition in response to overeating and energy dissipation in humans is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of overconsumption of low, normal, and high protein diets on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A single-blind, randomized controlled trial of 25 US healthy, weight-stable male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years with a body mass index between 19 and 30. The first participant was admitted to the inpatient metabolic unit in June 2005 and the last in October 2007. INTERVENTION: After consuming a weight-stabilizing diet for 13 to 25 days, participants were randomized to diets containing 5% of energy from protein (low protein), 15% (normal protein), or 25% (high protein), which they were overfed during the last 8 weeks of their 10- to 12-week stay in the inpatient metabolic unit. Compared with energy intake during the weight stabilization period, the protein diets provided approximately 40% more energy intake, which corresponds to 954 kcal/d (95% CI, 884-1022 kcal/d). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry biweekly, resting energy expenditure was measured weekly by ventilated hood, and total energy expenditure by doubly labeled water prior to the overeating and weight stabilization periods and at weeks 7 to 8. RESULTS: Overeating produced significantly less weight gain in the low protein diet group (3.16 kg; 95% CI, 1.88-4.44 kg) compared with the normal protein diet group (6.05 kg; 95% CI, 4.84-7.26 kg) or the high protein diet group (6.51 kg; 95% CI, 5.23-7.79 kg) (P = .002). Body fat increased similarly in all 3 protein diet groups and represented 50% to more than 90% of the excess stored calories. Resting energy expenditure, total energy expenditure, and body protein did not increase during overfeeding with the low protein diet. In contrast, resting energy expenditure (normal protein diet: 160 kcal/d [95% CI, 102-218 kcal/d]; high protein diet: 227 kcal/d [95% CI, 165-289 kcal/d]) and body protein (lean body mass) (normal protein diet: 2.87 kg [95% CI, 2.11-3.62 kg]; high protein diet: 3.18 kg [95% CI, 2.37-3.98 kg]) increased significantly with the normal and high protein diets. CONCLUSIONS: Among persons living in a controlled setting, calories alone account for the increase in fat; protein affected energy expenditure and storage of lean body mass, but not body fat storage. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00565149.

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Protein Intake to Maximize Whole-Body Anabolism during Postexercise Recovery in Resistance-Trained Men with High Habitual Intakes is Severalfold Greater than the Current Recommended Dietary Allowance
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“5-4 kg greater gain in lean body mass in eight wk [69].”
Background
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Johannsen, D. L., Marlatt, K. L., Conley, K. E., Smith, S. R., & Ravussin, É. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz108 · Cited by 30
“All meals were prepared by the metabolic kitchen using a validated 5-d rotating menu (26) composed of 41% carbohydrate, 44% fat, and 15% protein.”
MethodSelf-citation
Low Protein Intakes and Poor Diet Quality Associate with Functional Limitations in US Adults with Diabetes: A 2005–2016 NHANES Analysis
Fanelli, S. M., Kelly, O. J., Krok-Schoen, J. L., & Taylor, C. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082582 · Cited by 29
“Poorer diet quality, and lower intakes of key nutrients, are also likely to negatively impact physical functioning [45] and loss of lean body mass [46].”
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Effects of weight gain induced by controlled overfeeding on physical activity
Apolzan, J. W., Bray, G. A., Smith, S. R., de Jonge, L., Rood, J., Han, H., Redman, L. M., & Martin, C. K. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2014 · Cited by 28
“Since we previously observed differences in adaptive thermogenesis between the low-protein (5%) diet group and the normal- (15%) and high-protein (25%) groups (5), we hypothesized that changes in physical activity would also differ among the dietary protein treatment groups, with the lowprotein diet having smaller inc…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Body fat percentage in adolescents with phenylketonuria and associated factors
Camatta, G. C., Kanufre, V. D. C., Alves, M. R. A., Soares, R. D. L., Norton, R. D. C., de Aguiar, M. J. B., & Starling, A. L. P. (2020) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100595 · Cited by 28
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Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance
Arciero, P. J., Miller, V. J., & Ward, E. G. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2015/715859 · Cited by 33
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Background
Experimental immunology The influence of vitamin B12 supplementation on the level of white blood cells and lymphocytes phenotype in rats fed a low-protein diet
Lewicki, S., Lewicka, A., Kalicki, B., Kłos, A., Bertrandt, J., & Zdanowski, R. (2014) · Central European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.5114/ceji.2014.47723 · Cited by 27
“Protein malnutrition reduces body mass in both humans and animals and decreases antioxidant levels [16, 17].”
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Association of Protein Intake in Three Meals with Muscle Mass in Healthy Young Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study
Yasuda, J., Asako, M., Arimitsu, T., & Fujita, S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030612 · Cited by 27
“Until now, total protein intake has been well discussed as the main contributor to muscle mass in healthy adults [8,9,11,12,43].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Casein Protein Supplementation in Trained Men and Women: Morning versus Evening
Antonio, J. (2017) · International Journal of Exercise Science · doi:10.70252/qwha8703 · Cited by 25
“This is in agreement with previous work (2, 3, 6).”
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Antonio, J., Ellerbroek, A., Evans, C., Silver, T., & Peacock, C. A. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0210-6 · Cited by 26
Prolonged continuous intravenous infusion of the dipeptide L-alanine- L-glutamine significantly increases plasma glutamine and alanine without elevating brain glutamate in patients with severe traumatic brain injury
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“In line with amino acid-induced ammoniagenesis and ureagenesis [45-48] the presently investigated patients showed increased ammonia and urea levels during Lalanine-L-glutamine infusion compared to baseline values, as they received an average total nitrogen load of 19.”
Result
A high-protein total diet replacement increases energy expenditure and leads to negative fat balance in healthy, normal-weight adults
Oliveira, C. L. P., Boulé, N. G., Sharma, A. M., Elliott, S. A., Siervo, M., Ghosh, S., Berg, A., & Prado, C. M. M. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa283 · Cited by 24
“Other 6 (14) 3 (16) 3 (13) Physical activity level2 0.”
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“Previous experimental studies have indicated that the effect of dietary protein on body weight regulation may depend on the energy balance [47].”
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Dietary energy requirements in relatively healthy maintenance hemodialysis patients estimated from long-term metabolic studies
Shah, A. P., Bross, R., Shapiro, B. B., Morrison, G., & Kopple, J. D. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.112995 · Cited by 24
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Background
Prolonged Adaptation to a Low or High Protein Diet Does Not Modulate Basal Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates – A Substudy
Hursel, R., Martens, E. A. P., Gonnissen, H. K. J., Hamer, H. M., Senden, J. M., van Loon, L. J. C., & Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137183 · Cited by 24
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Behrendt, I., Faßhauer, M., & Eichner, G. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02351-9 · Cited by 21
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Toledo, F. G. S., Johannsen, D. L., Covington, J. D., Bajpeyi, S., Goodpaster, B. H., Conley, K. E., & Ravussin, É. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4496-8 · Cited by 23
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Method
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Li, H. H., Huang, S., Liu, X., & Zou, D. J. (2019) · PubMed · doi:10.3967/bes2019.014 · Cited by 21
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Guo, C. Y., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Deng, X., & Yuan, G. (2020) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.29879 · Cited by 21
“Laeger et al. (2014) also showed that FGF21 increased during a low protein (5% dietary protein) diet in mice and humans, even when the total energy is fixed (Bray et al., 2012).”
Background
No evidence for metabolic adaptation in thermic effect of food by dietary protein
Sutton, E. F., Bray, G. A., Burton, J. H., Smith, S. R., & Redman, L. M. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21541 · Cited by 20
“Methods Design This is a planned analysis of the PROOF (Protein Overfeeding) Study, a previously described single-blind, randomized controlled trial (6).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
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Ahn, M. W. (2020) · International Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.18240/ijo.2020.05.15 · Cited by 20
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Pei, Z., Flexeder, C., Fuertes, E., Standl, M., Buyken, A. E., Berdel, D., Berg, A. V., Lehmann, I., Schaaf, B., Heinrich, J., et al. (2014) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000362694 · Cited by 20
Pitfalls in using BMI as a selection criterion for bariatric surgery
Livingston, E. H. (2012) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e328357f0b8 · Cited by 19
“Studies of over nutrition of healthy volunteers showed that low protein diets result in less overall weight gain for equivalent amounts of fat gained and a loss of muscle mass [22].”
Background
Effect of Three Levels of Dietary Protein on Metabolic Phenotype of Healthy Individuals With 8 Weeks of Overfeeding
Bray, G. A., Redman, L. M., de Jonge, L., Rood, J. C., & Smith, S. R. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1313 · Cited by 19
“The timing of the two hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps and final dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography (CT) scan are indicated.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Quality protein intake is inversely related with abdominal fat
Loenneke, J. P., Wilson, J. M., Manninen, A. H., Wray, M. E., Barnes, J., & Pujol, T. J. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-5 · Cited by 19
“Researchers have postulated [11] and recently shown that a small difference in the quantity of lean mass has a significant effect on resting energy expenditure [12].”
Background
Short-term effects of high-protein, lower-carbohydrate ultra-processed foods on human energy balance
Hägele, F. A., Herpich, C., Koop, J., Grübbel, J., Dörner, R., Fedde, S., Götze, O., Boirie‌, Y., Müller, M. J., Norman, K., et al. (2025) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-025-01247-4 · Cited by 20
“%) predicted the increase in lean body mass but not the change in fat storage 41 .”
High-protein diets in trained individuals
Antonio, J. (2019) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1523167 · Cited by 17
“High-protein studies – ≥ 2.2 g/kg/d – sedentary individuals There is a dearth of investigations in which subjects consume a high amount of protein (Antonio, Ellerbroek, Peacock, & Silver, 2017; Antonio et al., 2015, 2016; Antonio, Peacock, Ellerbroek, Fromhoff, & Silver, 2014; Bray et al., 2012; Campbell et al., 2018;…”
BackgroundInfluential
Mechanisms of autophagic responses to altered nutritional status
Tao, Z., Aslam, H., Parke, J., Sanchez, M., & Cheng, Z. (2022) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108955 · Cited by 19
Interaction between Genetic Predisposition to Adiposity and Dietary Protein in Relation to Subsequent Change in Body Weight and Waist Circumference
Ankarfeldt, M. Z., Larsen, S. C., Ängquist, L. H., Husemoen, L. L. N., Roswall, N., Overvad, K., Jakobsen, M. U., Halkjær, J., Tjønneland, A. M., Linneberg, A. R., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110890 · Cited by 18
“Previous experimental studies have indicated that the effect of dietary protein on body weight regulation may depend on the energy balance [47].”
Background
The long-term effect of a protein-deficient-diet enriched with vitamin B6 on the blood parameters in unexercised and exercised rats
Lewicki, S., Leśniak, M., Bertrandt, J., Kalicki, B., Kubiak, J. Z., & Lewicka, A. (2018) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540105.2018.1439900 · Cited by 18
“These results are in alignment with other studies showing that protein malnutrition reduces body mass in both humans and animals (Bray et al., 2012; Lewicki et al., 2014).”
Result
Skipping breakfast is associated with lower fat-free mass in healthy young subjects: a cross-sectional study
Yasuda, J., Asako, M., Arimitsu, T., & Fujita, S. (2018) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2018.09.006 · Cited by 20
Progress in Obesity Research
Livingston, E. H., & Zylke, J. W. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/2012.jama.12203 · Cited by 18
High protein diet leads to prediabetes remission and positive changes in incretins and cardiovascular risk factors
Stentz, F. B., Mikhael, A., Kineish, O., Christman, J. V., & Sands, C. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.027 · Cited by 21
Konsumsi Fast Food, Soft Drink, Aktivitas Fisik, dan Kejadian Overweight Siswa Sekolah Dasar di Jakarta
Putri, V. R., Angkasa, D., & Nuzrina, R. (2017) · Indonesian Journal of Human Nutrition · doi:10.21776/ub.ijhn.2017.004.01.5 · Cited by 17
“Sebaliknya kelebihan protein juga dapat meningkatkan massa tubuh tetapi bukan lemak [27, 28].”
Protein-Restricted Diets and Their Impact on Metabolic Health and Aging
Kim, S. Q., Spann, R. A., Hill, C. M., Berryman, C. E., Berthoud, H., McDougal, D. H., He, Y., Münzberg, H., Yu, S., & Morrison, C. D. (2025) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-121624-114918 · Cited by 17
Depression score mediate the association between a body shape index and infertility in overweight and obesity females, NHANES 2013–2018
Pan, Q., Shen, X., Li, H., Zhu, B., Chen, D., & Pan, J. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02622-7 · Cited by 16
“Body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) is limited in its ability to distinguish between muscle and fat accumulation, so doubt has been raised to its validity as an indicator of dangerous index [12, 13].”
Background
Obesity and energy balance: What is the role of physical activity?
Shook, R. P. (2016) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2016.1243465 · Cited by 18
INTERVENSI SUSU TINGGI PROTEIN TERHADAP TINGKAT KONSUMSI ZAT GIZI MAKRO DAN STATUS GIZI PADA KELOMPOK USIA DEWASA
Harna, H., Kusharto, C. M., & Roosita, K. (2017) · Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia · doi:10.30597/mkmi.v13i4.3157 · Cited by 20
Protein-Rich Diets for Weight Loss Maintenance
Magkos, F. (2020) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-020-00391-0 · Cited by 17
The moderate essential amino acid restriction entailed by low-protein vegan diets may promote vascular health by stimulating FGF21 secretion
McCarty, M. F. (2016) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2015-0056 · Cited by 16
Small changes in meal patterns lead to significant changes in total caloric intake. Effects of diet and social status on food intake in female rhesus monkeys
Moore, C. J., Lowe, J., Michopoulos, V., Ulam, P., Toufexis, D. J., Wilson, M. E., & Johnson, Z. P. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.011 · Cited by 16
“…M anuscript Introduction While the ultimate determinant of body weight and fat accumulation is excess caloric intake relative to energy expenditure (Bray et al., 2012; Sacks et al., 2009), the emergence of an obese phenotype is influenced by the complex interaction of genetic, metabolic, and…”
Cross Sectional Study among Intraocular Pressure, Mean Arterial Blood Pressure, and Serum Testosterone according to the Anthropometric Obesity Indices in Korean Men
Lee, J. S., Lee, M. H., Kim, J. H., Jo, Y. J., Shin, J., & Park, H. J. (2020) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.200066 · Cited by 15
“Regarding obesity, many domestic and foreign studies have shown the significant relationship between anthropometric obesity indices and IOP [1-10].”
Background
Effects of Dietary Protein and Fat Content on Intrahepatocellular and Intramyocellular Lipids during a 6-Day Hypercaloric, High Sucrose Diet: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Normal Weight Healthy Subjects
Surowska, A., Jegatheesan, P., Campos, V. C., Marques, A.-S., Egli, L., Cros, J., Rosset, R., Lecoultre, V., Kreis, R., Boesch, C., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010209 · Cited by 17
Very low calorie ketogenic weight reduction diet in patients with cirrhosis: a case series
Temmerman, J. C., & Friedman, A. N. (2013) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2013.36 · Cited by 14
A cross-sectional analysis of dietary protein intake and body composition among Chinese Americans
Popp, C. J., Beasley, J. M., Yi, S. S., Hu, L., & Wylie‐Rosett, J. (2019) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2018.31 · Cited by 14
“Under abnormal conditions, as with hyperenergetic feeding, protein intake (20–25 %EI) on the higher end of the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) leads to minimal increases in FM among sedentary individuals((38,39)).”
Background
JAMA Obesity Theme Issue
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Overeating and Overweight
Li, Z., & Heber, D. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1959 · Cited by 14
Peas, natural resources for a sustainable future: a multifaceted review of nutritional, health, environmental, and market perspectives
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Rats Fed Diets with Different Energy Contribution from Fat Do Not Differ in Adiposity
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Structured variable selection with q-values
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Establishing energy requirements for body weight maintenance: validation of an intake-balance method
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“Predicted energy expenditure Those using the energy-intake weight balance method in the future may not have access to the extensive energy expenditure evaluation technologies used in the Proof Study [15].”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Growth in early life and physical and intellectual development at school age: a cohort study
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Magnitude and Composition of the Energy Surplus for Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: Implications for Bodybuilding and Physique Athletes
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An in vitro model for hypertrophic adipocytes: Time‐dependent adipocyte proteome and secretome changes under high glucose and high insulin conditions
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Interaction between the amount of dietary protein and the environmental temperature on the expression of browning markers in adipose tissue of rats
Alemán, G., Castro, A. L., Vigil‐Martínez, A., Torre-Villalvazo, I., Díaz‐Villaseñor, A., Noriega, L. G., Vera, I., Ordáz, G., Torres, N., & Tovar, A. R. (2019) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12263-019-0642-x · Cited by 12
Nutrient Patterns and Body Composition Parameters of Black South African Women
Makura-Kankwende, C. B. T., Gradidge, P. J.-L., Crowther, N. J., Norris, S. A., & Chikowore, T. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010006 · Cited by 14
“Although it has been demonstrated that a plant-based protein diet, through its anabolic properties, could be an effective strategy to enhance lean mass index, when eaten in excess, these foods may result in increasing SAT, hip, and waist circumference [39].”
Mechanisms of sodium‐mediated injury in cardiovascular disease: old play, new scripts
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“Studies indicate that the amount of initial weight loss often is not affected by the macronutrient content of the dietary plan, but a higher protein diet may limit weight regain [7, 8, 11, 34, 35].”
Background
Usefulness of Urinary Creatinine/Urea Nitrogen Ratio as Indicator of Body Protein Catabolism in Dogs Fed Low Protein Diets
Yamamoto, S., Ohta, Y., Hasegawa, E., Hashida, S., Kaneko, Y., MIZUTANI, S., Ong, B. H. E., Naganobu, K., & Torisu, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00449 · Cited by 12
Overfeeding of Polyunsaturated Versus Saturated Fatty Acids Reduces Ectopic Fat
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“The question of whether obesity or ectopic fat accumulation during ingestion of excess calories is influenced differentially by diet has been an intriguing question for more than 100 years (3,4).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Physical Activity Modifies the Association between Dietary Protein and Lean Mass of Postmenopausal Women
Martinez, J. A., Wertheim, B. C., Thomson, C. A., Bea, J. W., Wallace, R. B., Allison, M., Snetselaar, L. G., Chen, Z., Nassir, R., & Thompson, P. A. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.10.009 · Cited by 11
Reduced adaptive thermogenesis during acute protein-imbalanced overfeeding is a metabolic hallmark of the human thrifty phenotype
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Metformin-Sustained Weight Loss and Reduced Android Fat Tissue At 12 Months In Empowir (Enhance The Metabolic Profile Of Women With Insulin Resistance): A Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial of Normoglycemic Women with Midlife Weight Gain
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Carbohydrate Modified Diet & Insulin Sensitizers Reduce Body Weight & Modulate Metabolic Syndrome Measures in EMPOWIR (Enhance the Metabolic Profile of Women with Insulin Resistance): A Randomized Trial of Normoglycemic Women with Midlife Weight Gain
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“Reported benefits in ad libitum trials have included reduction in fat mass, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in healthy overweight and obese subjects [43]; increased weight loss in severely obese adolescents [44]; reduction in body weight and diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese adults [45]; and enhance…”
Background
Plasma Amino Acids During 8 Weeks of Overfeeding: Relation to Diet Body Composition and Fat Cell Size in the PROOF Study
Bray, G. A., Redman, L. M., de Jonge, L., Rood, J. C., Sutton, E. F., & Smith, S. R. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22087 · Cited by 10
“This strategy increases body weight, (9,10), body fat (10,11), fat cell size (FCS) (11,12)), fat-free body mass (10), and energy expenditure (8,11) and has a variety of effects on other metabolic phenotypes (6-14).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Effects of high-protein diet containing isolated whey protein in rats submitted to resistance training of aquatic jumps
Ávila, E. T. P., Lima, T. D. R., Tibana, R. A., de Almeida, P. C., Fraga, G. A., Sena, M. D. S., Corona, L. F. P., Navalta, J. W., Rezaei, S., Ghayomzadeh, M., et al. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.01.018 · Cited by 10
Weight Gain Recommendations for Athletes and Military Personnel: a Critical Review of the Evidence
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The Association Between Diet and Obesity in Specific European Cohorts: DiOGenes and EPIC-PANACEA
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Gender- and Age-Specific REE and REE/FFM Distributions in Healthy Chinese Adults
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Plasma fatty acyl-carnitines during 8 weeks of overfeeding: relation to diet energy expenditure and body composition: the PROOF study
Bray, G. A., Redman, L. M., de Jonge, L., Rood, J. C., Sutton, E. F., & Smith, S. R. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.019 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Predicting Adaptations to Resistance Training Plus Overfeeding Using Bayesian Regression: A Preliminary Investigation
SMITH, R. W., Harty, P. S., Stratton, M. T., Rafi, Z., Rodriguez, C., Dellinger, J. R., Benavides, M. L., Johnson, B. A., White, S. J., Williams, A. D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk6020036 · Cited by 11
“, training status, age, sex, level of effort) [50], and the anabolic stimulus provided by an energy surplus [1,51].”
Background
Diet and Exercise for Weight Loss
Bray, G. A. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.7263 · Cited by 8
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Design of a randomised controlled trial: does indirect calorimetry energy information influence weight loss in obesity?
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Changes in 24‐h energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and body composition following resistance exercise and a high protein diet via whey protein supplementation in healthy older men
Griffen, C., Renshaw, D. W., Duncan, M. J., Weickert, M. O., & Hattersley, J. G. (2022) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15268 · Cited by 8
“However, no individual or augmented increases in EE were observed, which contradicts studies in younger adults that demonstrated protein- induced increases in SMR (Bray et al., 2015; Martens et al., 2015), RMR (Bray et al., 2012), and TEE (Bray et al., 2012, 2015).”
Result
Physical Activity: An Important Adaptative Mechanism for Body-Weight Control
Finelli, C., Gioia, S., & Sala, N. L. (2012) · ISRN Obesity · doi:10.5402/2012/675285 · Cited by 7
Retracted
The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique: a novel approach to assess protein intakes that maximize whole-body protein anabolism
Malowany, J. M., van Lieshout, G. A. A., Verdijk, L. B., Moore, D. R., van Loon, L. J. C., & Trommelen, J. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2025.2541895 · Cited by 8
“There are several populations in which body protein accretion is obvious, such as infants, children, strength athletes, and other individuals who are gaining weight (Bray et al. 2012).”
Body Roundness Index and Body Shape Index as Predictors for All‐Cause Mortality Beyond Body Mass Index: Findings From a National Cohort Study
Kimura, Y., Inoue, N., & Yasunaga, H. (2026) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/jobe/7923338 · Cited by 6
The association of dietary macronutrients with anthropometric changes, using iso-energetic substitution models: Tehran lipid and glucose study
Hosseini‐Esfahani, F., Koochakpoor, G., Mirmiran, P., Ebrahimof, S., & Azizi, F. (2019) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-019-0411-2 · Cited by 6
In the Footsteps of Wilbur Olin Atwater: The Atwater Lecture for 2019
Bray, G. A. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz128 · Cited by 6
“Thus, specifying the amount of protein is important in any metabolic study (17).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Measured versus label declared macronutrient and calorie content in Colombian commercially available whey proteins
Zapata-Muriel, A., Echeverry, P., Dusseldorp, T. A. V., Kurtz, J. A., & Monsalves‐Álvarez, M. (2022) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2022.2090828 · Cited by 6
“WP’s popularity is mainly due to the many science-backed benefits elicited from its ingestion, including increased satiety [3], as well as increased rates of muscle protein synthesis, which often produce positive body composition changes, especially when paired with resistance training [4,5].”
Background
A Pilot Controlled Feeding Trial Modifying Protein Intake in Healthy Subjects to Assess Adherence and the Metabolome
Connolly-Schoonen, J., Danowski, L., Bistricer, M., Catalan, L. C., Ailawadi, S., Sicinski, E. M., Schoonen, M., Ingram, B. O., & Montrose, D. C. (2023) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2023.2217542 · Cited by 6
Modifying dietary amino acids in cancer patients
Connolly-Schoonen, J., Biamonte, S. F., Danowski, L., & Montrose, D. C. (2022) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.02.004 · Cited by 6
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Decreased cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation with remission of type 2 diabetes in adults with obesity using a high protein diet: Randomized control trial
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“…have been recommended for T2DM [18 – 22] and non-diabetics, while some studies suggested advantages of low-carbohydrate diet [23,24] and other studies suggested advantages of a high-protein diet [25,26], there is no consensus on a speci ﬁ c weight loss diet to manage blood glucose in T2DM [27].”
Background
Effects of different nutritional interventions on abdominal adiposity components and metabolic parameters
Chagas, C. L., Pinho, C. P. S., da Silva, N. F., Rodrigues, I. G., Arcoverde, G. M. P. F., Cabral, P. C., & de Arruda, I. K. G. (2025) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2025.112874 · Cited by 4

Authors: Bray, G. A., Smith, S. R., de Jonge, L., Xie, H., Rood, J., Martin, C. K., Most, M., Brock, C., Mancuso, S., & Redman, L. M.
Affiliations: Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
Corresponding author: Bray, George A.
ORCID: Bray, George A.
Smith, Steven R.
Xie, Hui
Martin, Corby K.
Redman, Leanne M.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2012-01-04
Volume: 307
Issue: 1
Pages: 47
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1918
PMC: PMC3777747
OpenAlex: W2151035323
Semantic Scholar: 35084a4991db22c42be3fd1b5b7641943f3ce15e
Cited by: 285
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 13.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Louisiana State University
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK072476)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R00HD060762)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords: dietary protein level, overeating, overfeeding, weight gain, energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure, total energy expenditure, body composition, fat mass, protein intake, energy balance, fat-free mass, lean body mass, fat-free mass index, fat mass index, body mass index, body age
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Body Composition, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Hyperphagia, Male, Weight Gain, Single-Blind Method, Young Adult

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Effect of Dietary Protein Content on Weight Gain, Energy Expenditure, and Body Composition During Overeating: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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