Casein Protein Supplementation in Trained Men and Women: Morning versus Evening
Open accessAbstract
International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 479-486, 2017. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of casein supplementation (54 grams) in the morning (Casein-MOR) or evening (Casein-EVE) (90 minutes or less prior to sleep) on measures of body composition and exercise performance in trained men and women. Twenty-six healthy men and women who had been training regularly for greater than 12 months completed this 8-week study (mean±SD; Casein-MOR group [n=14, seven male, seven female]: 30.0±8.2 yr; 170.7±9.5 cm; 70.9±13.9 kg. Casein-EVE group [n=12, nine male, three female]: 28.9±9.5 yr; 172.9±7.3 cm; 72.6±10.9 kg). Subjects in each group supplemented with casein protein (54 grams) either in the morning (prior to 12:00pm) or evening (~90 minutes or less prior to sleep). Subjects were advised to not significantly alter their training program as well as to keep a diary of their workouts. Body composition was assessed via the Bod Pod®. In addition, subjects provided dietary self-reports via MyFitnessPal®. Approximately 24 daily dietary self-reports were provided from each subject that self-monitored their diet. The investigators monitored their diet throughout the study. Both the Casein-MOR and Casein-EVE groups consumed significantly more protein (post versus pre; p<0.05); however, there were no between-group differences regarding protein intake. Furthermore, there were no within- or between-group differences for any other measure. In trained subjects who did not significantly alter their training program, the addition of 54 grams of casein protein in the morning or evening had no significant effects on body composition. Furthermore, the additional consumption of protein calories did not result in an increase in fat mass despite the fact that exercise volume did not change.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the Antonio et al. study, although not statistically significant, the morning group added 0.4 kg of fat free mass while the evening protein group added 1.2 kg of fat free mass.
“although not statistically significant, the morning group added 0.4 kg of fat free mass while the evening protein group added 1.2 kg of fat free mass”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [123]
The Results section (page not provided) reports no statistically significant within- or between-group differences in body composition, supporting that qualifier. The Methods > Protocol section says fat-free mass was measured, but the passages in our copy do not give the claimed gains of 0.4 kg and 1.2 kg; searches for those values and the body-composition table did not recover them. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlthough not statistically significant, the morning group added 0.4 kg of lean body mass compared to 1.2 kg in the evening group in Antonio et al.
“although not statistically significant, the morning group added 0.4 kg of lean body mass compared to 1.2 kg in the evening group”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [175]
The Results section reports no statistically significant body-composition differences within or between the morning and evening groups, and the Methods identify fat-free mass as a measured outcome. The passages in our copy do not report the claimed gains of 0.4 kg and 1.2 kg (searched for both figures and the fat-free-mass results), so those amounts cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn young healthy men and women, casein protein supplementation (54 g) for 8 weeks in the morning or evening resulted in no differences in body composition or performance between groups.
“The authors reported no differences in body composition or performance between the morning and evening casein supplementation groups.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [123]
In Antonio et al., participants supplemented with 54 g of casein protein for eight weeks either in the morning or in the evening showed no differences in body composition or performance between groups.
“The authors reported no differences in body composition or performance between the morning and evening casein supplementation groups.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [175]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion
Boirie, Y., Dangin, M., Gachon, P., Vasson, M.-P., Maubois, J.-L., & Beaufrère, B. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930 · Cited by 1,453 · see citing works
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise
Campbell, B., Kreider, R. B., Ziegenfuss, T., La Bounty, P., Roberts, M., Burke, D., Landis, J., Lopez, H., & Antonio, J. (2007) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-8 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Self-citationTurner-McGrievy, G. M., Beets, M. W., Moore, J. B., Kaczynski, A. T., Barr-Anderson, D. J., & Tate, D. F. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001510 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Bray, G. A., Smith, S. R., de Jonge, L., Xie, H., Rood, J., Martin, C. K., Most, M., Brock, C., Mancuso, S., & Redman, L. M. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1918 · Cited by 285 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is in agreement with previous work (2, 3, 6).”
ResultBurd, N. A., Yang, Y., Moore, D. R., Tang, J. E., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511006271 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Protein Ingestion before Sleep Improves Postexercise Overnight Recovery
RES, P. T., GROEN, B., PENNINGS, B., BEELEN, M., WALLIS, G. A., GIJSEN, A. P., SENDEN, J. M. G., & VAN LOON, L. J. C. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31824cc363 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Snijders, T., Res, P. T., Smeets, J. S., van Vliet, S., van Kranenburg, J., Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.208371 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Antonio, J., Ellerbroek, A., Silver, T., Orris, S., Scheiner, M., Gonzalez, A., & Peacock, C. A. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0100-0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Antonio, J., Peacock, C. A., Ellerbroek, A., Fromhoff, B., & Silver, T. (2014) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-19 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Health Impact of Nighttime Eating: Old and New Perspectives
Kinsey, A., & Ormsbee, M. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7042648 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Intragastric protein administration stimulates overnight muscle protein synthesis in elderly men
Groen, B. B. L., Res, P. T., Pennings, B., Hertle, E., Senden, J. M. G., Saris, W. H. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00321.2011 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Antonio, J., Ellerbroek, A., Silver, T., Vargas, L., & Peacock, C. (2016) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0114-2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Madzima, T. A., Panton, L. B., Fretti, S. K., Kinsey, A. W., & Ormsbee, M. J. (2014) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451300192x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ormsbee, M. J., Kinsey, A. W., Eddy, W. R., Madzima, T. A., Arciero, P. J., Figueroa, A., & Panton, L. B. (2015) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0256 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kinsey, A. W., Eddy, W. R., Madzima, T. A., Panton, L. B., Arciero, P. J., Kim, J.-S., & Ormsbee, M. J. (2014) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514001068 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Burk, A., Timpmann, S., Medijainen, L., Vähi, M., & Ööpik, V. (2009) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The 'Fast� and 'Slow� Protein Concept
re, B. B. E., Dangin, M., & Boirie, Y. (2000) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000061804 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise
Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
“[123] studied young healthy men and women that supplemented with casein protein (54 g) for 8 weeks either in the morning (any time before 12 pm) or the evening supplementation (90 min or less prior to sleep).”
MethodInternational society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing
Kerksick, C. M., Arent, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., Stout, J. R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L., Kalman, D., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Kreider, R. B., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
“[175] supplemented participants with 54 g of casein protein for eight weeks either in the morning (any time before 12 pm) or in the evening (90 min or less before sleep) and compared changes in body composition, strength performance outcomes.”
Zanella, P. B., & Macedo, R. C. O. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1756216 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Nutrition Recommendations for Bodybuilders in the Off-Season: A Narrative Review
Iraki, J., Fitschen, P. J., Espinar, S., & Helms, E. R. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7070154 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Snijders, T., Trommelen, J., Kouw, I. W. K., Holwerda, A. M., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00017 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Nutritional Recommendations for Physique Athletes
Roberts, B. M., Helms, E. R., Trexler, E. T., & Fitschen, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2019-0096 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Protein Supplementation in Sport: Source, Timing, and Intended Benefits
Huecker, M., Sarav, M., Pearlman, M., & Laster, J. (2019) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-019-00293-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nutrient Timing: A Garage Door of Opportunity?
Arent, S. M., Cintineo, H. P., McFadden, B. A., Chandler, A. J., & Arent, M. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12071948 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Joy, J. M., Vogel, R. M., Broughton, K. S., Kudla, U., Kerr, N. Y., Davison, J. M., Wildman, R. E. C., & DiMarco, N. M. E. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0228-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Achieving an Optimal Fat Loss Phase in Resistance-Trained Athletes: A Narrative Review
Ruiz-Castellano, C., Espinar, S., Contreras, C., Ordóñez, F. M., Aragon, A. A., & Sanz, J. M. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093255 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of Dietary Protein on Body Composition in Exercising Individuals
António, J., Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., Ormsbee, M. J., Saracino, P. G., & Roberts, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061890 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
High-protein diets in trained individuals
António, J. (2018) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1523167 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The heat stability of caprine and bovine micellar casein dispersions
Yuan, J., Liu, D., Peng, X., Jiang, Y., Yu, G., Liu, X., Regenstein, J. M., & Zhou, P. (2022) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105373 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Leyh, S. M., Willingham, B. D., Baur, D. A., Panton, L. B., & Ormsbee, M. J. (2018) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114518002416 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dietary intakes and daily distribution patterns of macronutrients in youth soccer players
Martinho, D. V., Naughton, R. J., Leão, C., Lemos, J., Field, A., Faria, A., Rebelo, A., Gouveia, É. R., & Sarmento, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1134845 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Liang, Y., Guo, H., Meng, K., Qiu, J., & Benardot, D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14112289 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Allman, B. R., Morrissey, M. C., Kim, J., Panton, L. B., Contreras, R. J., Hickner, R. C., & Ormsbee, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz186 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Valenzuela, P. L., Alejo, L. B., Montalvo‐Pérez, A., Ojanguren, D., Górriz, M., Aldazabal, I. P., Ozcoidi, L. M., Lucía, A., & Barranco‐Gil, D. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2166366 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pre-Sleep Casein Supplementation, Metabolism, and Appetite: A Systematic Review
Cruz, J. D., & Kahan, D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061872 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Santos, G. D. O., Silva, G. V. D. L. C. E., de Souza, R. B., Medeiros, J. S., de Brito, I. S., Neto, S. P. C., Leão, P. V. T., Nicolau, E. S., Cappato, L. P., Favareto, R., et al. (2022) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/fst.67222 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bayrakdaroğlu, S., Ateş, Z. H., Ceylan, H. İ., Kul, M., Muntean, R. I., & Dhahbi, W. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17243938 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
UYKU ÖNCESİ PROTEİN ALIMININ KAS PROTEİN SENTEZİ, KÜTLESİ VE KUVVETİ ÜZERİNE AKUT VE KRONİK ETKİLERİ
Erdoğmuş, T. N., & Aras, D. (2021) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.914142 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Morning Versus Evening Short-Term Whey Protein Supplementation in Collegiate Athletes
Fields, J. B., Lockard, B. L., Magee, M. K., & Jones, M. T. (2021) · Journal of Exercise and Nutrition · doi:10.53520/jen2021.10396
Top 5 Dietary Supplements for Bodybuilders
Haubenstricker, J. E., & Roberts, B. M. (2025) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000925
AVRAMENKO, A., Авдєєва, Л. Ю., Maletska, K. D., Turchyna, T., Макаренко, А. А., & Декуша, Г. В. (2026) · PH "Akademperiodyka" eBooks · doi:10.15407/akademperiodyka.593.154
- Authors
- Antonio, J.
- Venue
- International Journal of Exercise Science
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 479-486
- ISSN
- 1939-795X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5421981
- OpenAlex
- W2617797241
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nd
- Locations
- International journal of exercise science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- body composition, fat mass, trained athletes, exercise performance, protein intake
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
