The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Observational data have suggested that high dietary intake of saturated fat and low intake of vegetables may be associated with increased risk of Alzheimer disease. OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of oral supplementation with nutrients on cognitive function. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In a double-masked randomized clinical trial (the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 [AREDS2]), retinal specialists in 82 US academic and community medical centers enrolled and observed participants who were at risk for developing late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) from October 2006 to December 2012. In addition to annual eye examinations, several validated cognitive function tests were administered via telephone by trained personnel at baseline and every 2 years during the 5-year study. INTERVENTIONS: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) (1 g) and/or lutein (10 mg)/zeaxanthin (2 mg) vs placebo were tested in a factorial design. All participants were also given varying combinations of vitamins C, E, beta carotene, and zinc. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was the yearly change in composite scores determined from a battery of cognitive function tests from baseline. The analyses, which were adjusted for baseline age, sex, race, history of hypertension, education, cognitive score, and depression score, evaluated the differences in the composite score between the treated vs untreated groups. The composite score provided an overall score for the battery, ranging from -22 to 17, with higher scores representing better function. RESULTS: A total of 89% (3741/4203) of AREDS2 participants consented to the ancillary cognitive function study and 93.6% (3501/3741) underwent cognitive function testing. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 72.7 (7.7) years and 57.5% were women. There were no statistically significant differences in change of scores for participants randomized to receive supplements vs those who were not. The yearly change in the composite cognitive function score was -0.19 (99% CI, -0.25 to -0.13) for participants randomized to receive LCPUFAs vs -0.18 (99% CI, -0.24 to -0.12) for those randomized to no LCPUFAs (difference in yearly change, -0.03 [99% CI, -0.20 to 0.13]; P = .63). Similarly, the yearly change in the composite cognitive function score was -0.18 (99% CI, -0.24 to -0.11) for participants randomized to receive lutein/zeaxanthin vs -0.19 (99% CI, -0.25 to -0.13) for those randomized to not receive lutein/zeaxanthin (difference in yearly change, 0.03 [99% CI, -0.14 to 0.19]; P = .66). Analyses were also conducted to assess for potential interactions between LCPUFAs and lutein/zeaxanthin and none were found to be significant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among older persons with AMD, oral supplementation with LCPUFAs or lutein/zeaxanthin had no statistically significant effect on cognitive function. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00345176.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the AREDS2 study, dietary intervention with 350 mg DHA and 650 mg EPA for 5 years did not have a significant effect on cognitive function in 3,501 older adults (mean age 72.7 years) with age-related macular degeneration [74].”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Thies, W. H., & Bleiler, L. (2013) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.02.003 · Cited by 3,372
A Standardized Memory Scale for Clinical Use
Wechsler, D. (1945) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1945.9917223 · Cited by 2,949
Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status
Brandt, J., Spencer, M., & Folstein, M. F. (1988) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t28542-000 · Cited by 1,504
Omenn, G. S., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A., Keogh, J. P., Meyskens, F. L., Valanis, B., Williams, J. H., et al. (1996) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/88.21.1550 · Cited by 1,255
Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Trial
Quinn, J. F., Raman, R., Thomas, R. G., Yurko-Mauro, K., Nelson, E. B., Van Dyck, C., Galvin, J. E., Emond, J., Jack, C. R., Weiner, M., et al. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1510 · Cited by 764
Verbal fluency in aging and dementia
Rosen, W. G. (1980) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638008403788 · Cited by 597
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Antioxidants, and Cognitive Function in Very Old Men
Kalmijn, S., Feskens, E. J. M., Launer, L. J., & Kromhout, D. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009029 · Cited by 453
Self-citationThe Age-related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2)
Chew, E. Y., Clemons, T. E., SanGiovanni, J. P., Danis, R. P., Domalpally, A., McBee, W. L., Sperduto, R. D., & Ferris, F. L. (2012) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.05.027 · Cited by 434
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning in Ophthalmology
Ting, D. S. W., Pasquale, L. R., Peng, L., Campbell, J. P., Lee, A., Raman, R., Tan, G. S. W., Schmetterer, L. F., Keane, P. A., & Wong, T. Y. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_200 · Cited by 1,660
Jomova, K., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2024) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03696-4 · Cited by 1,445
“Age-related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2), conducted for nearly 5 years in 3700 individuals with a mean age of 73 years, did not confirm a positive effect of supplementation with lutein (10 mg/day) or zeaxanthin (2 mg/day) (Chew et al. 2015).”
BackgroundOmega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Abdelhamid, A. S., Brown, T. J., Brainard, J. S., Biswas, P., Thorpe, G., Moore, H. J., Deane, K. H., AlAbdulghafoor, F. K., Summerbell, C., Worthington, H. V., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub3 · Cited by 647
Bernstein, P. S., Li, B., Vachali, P. P., Gorusupudi, A., Shyam, R., Henriksen, B. S., & Nolan, J. M. (2015) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003 · Cited by 570
Self-citationEffect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Khan, S. U., Lone, A. N., Khan, M. S., Virani, S. S., Blumenthal, R. S., Nasir, K., Miller, M., Michos, E. D., Ballantyne, C. M., Boden, W. E., et al. (2021) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997 · Cited by 411
Metadata
- Authors
- Chew, E. Y., Clemons, T. E., Agrón, E., Launer, L. J., Grodstein, F., & Bernstein, P. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Emmes (United States) (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chew, Emily Y.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-08-25
- Volume
- 314
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 791
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC5369607
- OpenAlex
- W2164097888
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 20.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 EY999999)
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHS-N-260-2005-00007-C)
- National Eye Institute (ZIAEY000485, N01-EY-5-0007)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, lutein, zeaxanthin, cognitive function, age-related macular degeneration, AREDS2, dietary supplementation, vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, zinc, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease risk, macular pigment, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Ascorbic Acid, Cognition, Copper, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Double-Blind Method, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Time Factors, Vitamins, Lutein, Zinc Oxide, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, beta Carotene, Dietary Supplements, Racial Groups, Medication Adherence, Lost to Follow-Up, Zeaxanthins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
