The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 34 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Differences in childhood obesity by demographics and urbanization have been reported. Objective: To present data on obesity and severe obesity among US youth by demographics and urbanization and to investigate trends by urbanization. Design, Setting, and Participants: Measured weight and height among youth aged 2 to 19 years in the 2001-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, which are serial, cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population. Exposures: Sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, education of household head, and urbanization, as assessed by metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs; large: ≥ 1 million population). Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥95th percentile of US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] growth charts) and severe obesity (BMI ≥120% of 95th percentile) by subgroups in 2013-2016 and trends by urbanization between 2001-2004 and 2013-2016. Results: Complete data on weight, height, and urbanization were available for 6863 children and adolescents (mean age, 11 years; female, 49%). In 2013-2016, the prevalence among youth aged 2 to 19 years was 17.8% (95% CI, 16.1%-19.6%) for obesity and 5.8% (95% CI, 4.8%-6.9%) for severe obesity. Prevalence of obesity in large MSAs (17.1% [95% CI, 14.9%-19.5%]), medium or small MSAs (17.2% [95% CI, 14.5%-20.2%]) and non-MSAs (21.7% [95% CI, 16.1%-28.1%]) were not significantly different from each other (range of pairwise comparisons P = .09-.96). Severe obesity was significantly higher in non-MSAs (9.4% [95% CI, 5.7%-14.4%]) compared with large MSAs (5.1% [95% CI, 4.1%-6.2%]; P = .02). In adjusted analyses, obesity and severe obesity significantly increased with greater age and lower education of household head, and severe obesity increased with lower level of urbanization. Compared with non-Hispanic white youth, obesity and severe obesity prevalence were significantly higher among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic youth. Severe obesity, but not obesity, was significantly lower among non-Hispanic Asian youth than among non-Hispanic white youth. There were no significant linear or quadratic trends in obesity or severe obesity prevalence from 2001-2004 to 2013-2016 for any urbanization category (P range = .07-.83). Conclusions and Relevance: In 2013-2016, there were differences in the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity by age, race and Hispanic origin, and household education, and severe obesity was inversely associated with urbanization. Demographics were not related to the urbanization findings.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence of obesity in large MSAs (171% [95% CI, 14.9%−19.5%]), medium or small MSAs (17.2% [95% CI, 14.5%−20.2%]) and non-MSAs (21.7% [95% CI, 16.1%−28.1%]) were not significantly different from each other (range of pairwise comparisons P = .09–.96).”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Abstract > RESULTS
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In the paper
“The prevalence of obesity among youth living in households headed by individuals with a high school diploma or less (22.3%) or in households headed by individuals with some college education (18.1%) was significantly higher compared with youth living in households headed by college graduates (11.6%) (adjusted difference for youth living in households headed by individuals with ≤high school diploma”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
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In the paper
“Although the 50th percentiles overlapped between urbanization categories until about 10 years, the 95th percentile for non-MSAs was higher than in large MSAs and medium or small MSAs until age 18 years.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
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In the paper
“In adjusted analyses, obesity and severe obesity significantly increased with greater age and lower education of household head, and severe obesity increased with lower level of urbanization.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Abstract > RESULTS
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In the paper
“The prevalence of severe obesity among US youth was more than 10% in some adolescent subgroups.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
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In the paper
“Severe obesity, but not obesity, was significantly lower among non-Hispanic Asian youth than among non-Hispanic white youth.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Abstract > RESULTS
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In the paper
“The prevalence of severe obesity in medium or small MSAs (5.3%) was not significantly different compared with large MSAs (adjusted difference, 0.9 percentage points [95% CI, −0.6 to 2.4]; aPR, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.93 to 1.50]).”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
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In the paper
“There was a significant linear trend across urbanization categories in prevalence of obesity (P = .006) and severe obesity (P < .001) when combining 16 years of data (2001–2016).”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
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In the paper
“In adjusted analyses, obesity and severe obesity significantly increased with greater age and lower education of household head, and severe obesity increased with lower level of urbanization.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Abstract > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Obesity prevalence was also significantly higher among non-Hispanic black youth (20.4%) and Hispanic youth (23.6%) compared with non-Hispanic white youth (14.7%) (adjusted difference for non-Hispanic black youth vs non-Hispanic white youth, 4.97percentage points [95% CI, 0.95 to 8.99]; aPR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.07 to 1.66]; adjusted difference for Hispanic youth vs non-Hispanic white youth, 7.37”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
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- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant linear trend in obesity by education of household head (P < .001).”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association between urbanization and obesity was in the same direction as severe obesity but was not significant.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smoothed 95th percentile of BMI among adolescents aged 14 years living in non- MSAs was 38 (ie, 5% of adolescents aged 14 years had a BMI >38), whereas the 95th percentile among adolescents aged 14 years living in large MSAs was 33.5.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results are in contrast with the current results in which adjustment for socioeconomic status did not change the association between urbanization and obesity.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
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In the paper
“In one study,30 severe obesity was associated with higher risk for hypertension compared with lesser obesity.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NHANES includes oversampling in its complex probability sample design.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The NHANES complex sample design was incorporated in standard error estimates and all statistical testing.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, BMI is not a direct measure of adiposity and health risk.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, NHANES was not designed to provide estimates representative of different urbanization categories or counties, so some cells have low degrees of freedom, which can result in inflated standard errors and reduced statistical power.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Research has suggested that youth with severe obesity have a worse cardiovascular disease risk profile than youth with lesser obesity.18”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In low- income and middle-income countries, urban areas have had higher levels of BMI but the differences have been attenuated after adjusting for socioeconomic status.29”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unweighted agreement between urbanization level categories based on county of residence and county location of examination was 99.9% for NHANES 2007–2014 participants.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This Figure shows different patterns in BMI distribution by urbanization category suggesting the distribution in non-MSAs is more skewed to the right than in other areas and that, starting around age 10 years, the distribution in non-MSAs is also shifted to the right compared with other urbanization categories.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For youth aged 1 to 19 years, the response rate for the examination component was 76% in 2013–2014 and 64.6% in 2015–2016; response rates for youth from 2001–2002 to 2011–2012 ranged from 87% to 77%.15”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No data on urbanization were missing.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examination sample weights were used in all analyses and adjusted for the differential probabilities of selection, noncoverage, and nonresponse.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimates by urbanization category could not be presented by demographic subgroup due to small sample size and low degrees of freedom.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Standardized measurements of weight and height were obtained during the NHANES examination.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Statistical reliability was assessed using the NCHS data presentation standards for proportions.23”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2013–2016, 152 youth aged 2 to 19 years were missing weight, height, or both and 9 were pregnant and were excluded from the analysis (unweighted percentage, 161 of 7024 participants [2.3%]) leaving a total sample size of 6863.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 7,024Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional 229 youth were missing data on education of household head and were excluded from analyses that included this variable.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Measured weight and height from 1999–2006 showed that rural children aged 2 to 19 years had consistently higher odds of overweight and obesity even after adjustment for sociodemographics, health, diet, and exercise.12”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Differences have also been reported by education and income.5”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In an analysis of 2001–2010 NHANES data, racial differences in weight among US youth were explained entirely by social determinants including neighborhood factors.7”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One study found that South Asian youth had higher BMI-adjusted blood pressure than white youth in the United States.36”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These differences, however, vary by sex, and race and Hispanic origin and may be changing over time.5”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adiposity among non-Hispanic black youth is lower than among non-Hispanic white and Mexican American youth at the same BMI level.34”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tabular and graphical presentation of obesity and severe obesity prevalence over this period included point estimates and CIs with combined 4-year NHANES data for 2001–2004, 2005–2008, 2009–2012, and 2013–2016 because these estimates were more stable than the estimates based on 2 years of data.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current analysis, however, no adjustments were made for measures of socioeconomic status beyond education and the analyses focused on prevalence, not mean BMI.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, among Asian adults, health risk begins at a lower BMI than in white adults.35”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The NCHS metropolitan categories were collapsed for this analysis to increase sample size for subgroups and produce stable estimates based on the NCHS data presentation standards for proportions.23”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A review of the literature, including 2 studies using NHANES data from 1999–2006 and 2003–2006, reported that obesity prevalence was higher among rural children than among children living in urban areas, and this difference was larger among older children compared with younger children.6”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study using school-based BMI from elementary schools in Pennsylvania found differences in obesity prevalence by urbanization.8”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Analysis of overall trends in obesity among youth beginning in 1999–2000 show an increase in prevalence,2 suggesting changes from 1999–2000 to 2015–2016 have been driven by changes very early in this period.”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Differences in childhood obesity prevalence by demographics have been reported in the United States,1,2 and Healthy People 2020 objectives include reducing disparities.3”
§ Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The youth excluded from analysis due to missing weight, height, or pregnancy did not differ systematically from included youth in ways that would bias obesity prevalence estimates.
“In 2013–2016, 152 youth aged 2 to 19 years were missing weight, height, or both and 9 were pregnant and were excluded from the analysis (unweighted percentage, 161 of 7024 participants [2.3%]) leaving a total sample size of 6863.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The changes in NCHS urbanization classification schemes across 2001-2016 did not affect the comparability of urbanization categories over time.
“Level of urbanization was categorized based on 1990 (for NHANES 2001–2004), 2006 (for NHANES 2005–2012), and 2013 (for NHANES 2013–2016) NCHS classification schemes for counties.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 99.9% agreement between county of residence and county of examination location observed for 2007-2014 applies to all survey cycles.
“Unweighted agreement between urbanization level categories based on county of residence and county location of examination was 99.9% for NHANES 2007–2014 participants.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The self-reported race and Hispanic origin and education of household head are accurate enough for the analyses.
“Race and Hispanic origin was reported by participants or proxy respondents (such as parents) and was categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic Asian, Hispanic, and other (including multiple races).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The NHANES sample weights adequately adjust for nonresponse and noncoverage.
“Examination sample weights were used in all analyses and adjusted for the differential probabilities of selection, noncoverage, and nonresponse.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Noncore counties are described as metropolitan but grouped as non-MSA
MinorThe methods describe noncore counties as metropolitan counties, then place noncore counties in the non-MSA category.
“noncore or metropolitan counties that did not qualify as micropolitan.”
“non-MSA (combined micropolitan and noncore).”
Citations
Cites
Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015-2016.
Hales, C. M., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 3,889
Self-citationTrends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014
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Head, K. C., Morella, K., Lugo, M., & Key, J. D. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13292 · Cited by 1
Concised 9-Year Data of Cancer Patient's Body Mass Index
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Gender-Specific Determinants of Severe Obesity Among US Adults: Evidence from the NHANES DataPreprint
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Inhaled Corticosteroid Use in Early Childhood: A Risk for High Body Mass Index?
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Mandell, J. E., Howell, K. H., & Thurston, I. B. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02043-w
Predicting and Addressing Factors of Childhood Obesity
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An Evaluation of Mothers’ Feeding Attitudes and Anxiety in Preschool Children
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Salt Sensitivity in Childhood Hypertension
Hanevold, C. D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4_18-2
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Dlamini, K., & Grace, J. (2022) · South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation · doi:10.36386/sajrsper.v44i1.162
Hardin, H. K., Bender, A. E., Killion, C. M., & Moore, S. M. (2022) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000352
Rothman, J. M., Shirley, M. K., Parks, E. P., Wu, G. D., Kelly, A. T., Ford, E., & Zemel, B. S. (2023) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23890
Thien, T. M. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.242765
Garr, K., McQuaid, E. L., Kopel, S. J., Boergers, J., Molera, G., & Koinis‐Mitchell, D. (2023) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2023.2265827
Loiacono, B., Mansfield, D., Sagan, D., O’Donnell, A. J., Withington, M. H. C., Cory, M., & Buscemi, J. (2023) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2023.2253880
Galuska, D. A., & Stowe, E. W. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533377ch11
Epidemiology in Different Scenarios
Benavent, M. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26727-7_2
Assessing Iron Deficiency Anemia in Obese Adolescents and Identifying Contributing Factors
Kılınç, Ş., Akman, A. Ö., & Şaylı, T. R. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease · doi:10.12956/tchd.1416473
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Circumstances Versus Efforts: Dissecting the Drivers of Adolescent Obesity Inequality
Zhang, K., Fan, J., Xu, X., & You, H. (2025) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.16784
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EXPLORING OBESITY'S IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE WITHIN SOUTH INDIAN SOCIETY
Baraka, B. B. H., Jambigi, K., Deenadayalan, P., Krishnamurthy, R., Srinivasa, P., & Googihal, P. B. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research · doi:10.25004/ijpsdr.2025.170101
Contextualizing Rural/Non-Rural Differences in Pediatric Primary Care Patterns in South Carolina
Koob, C., Meggett, K., Parisi, M., & Griffin, S. F. (2025) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000438
Li, S., Zhou, H., Li, W., Wang, L., Zhao, Q., Chen, J., Lin, S., Li, S., Jiang, S., Feng, W., et al. (2025) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeaf236
Evaluating Telehealth Quality Outcomes of a Pediatric Weight Management Program
Simione, M., Luo, M., Rodriguez, J. A., Zheng, H., Edgman‐Levitan, S., & Taveras, E. M. (2025) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1177/15305627251389467
Mehrotra, K., Chen, Y., Richman, J., Hageman, L., Landier, W., Bhatia, S., & Wadhwa, A. (2025) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/mpo.70008
Poulain, T., Grafe, N., & Kieß, W. (2025) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000549785
Why Do Black Women Have a Higher Obesity Prevalence Than White Women in the United States?
Frisco, M. L., Graham, C., & Hook, J. V. (2025) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-12352812
Wen, X., Zhang, X., Qiu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, L., Liu, T., & Ruan, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25708949
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Ausenhus, C., Gold, J. M., Perry, C. K., Kozak, A. T., Wang, M. L., Jang, S. H., Leong, J., Rodriguez, E. A., Duggan, C., & Ko, L. K. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22605916
Risk Factors and Their Effect on Young Adolescents' Health and Well-Being
Mertens, S. Β., & Caskey, M. M. (2024) · Middle Grades Review · doi:10.70793/mgr.179
Predicting Weight Outcomes From Obesity Medications in a Paediatric Population
Mottalib, M. M., Beheshti, R., Viswanathan, K., Bunnell, H. T., & Phan, T.-L. T. (2026) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.70089 · Cited by 1
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Implementation of a clinical decision support tool for hypertension in a rural health system
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The Impact of Lifestyle Factors on Adolescent Health and Well-Being
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Weight gain and brain development in the ABCD study cohort: A decade of insight and the road ahead
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ogden, C. L., Fryar, C. D., Hales, C. M., Carroll, M. D., Aoki, Y., & Freedman, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ogden, Cynthia L.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-06-19
- Volume
- 319
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2410
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC6393914
- OpenAlex
- W2809044706
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 55.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, morbid obesity, urbanization, metropolitan statistical areas, obesity prevalence, demographic disparities, racial and ethnic disparities, Hispanic origin, household income, educational attainment, sex differences, obesity trends, body mass index, children and adolescents, United States, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Morbid, Population, Risk Factors, United States, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Young Adult, Pediatric Obesity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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