Effect of Early Surgery vs Endoscopy-First Approach on Pain in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis: The ESCAPE Randomized Clinical Trial
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Importance: For patients with painful chronic pancreatitis, surgical treatment is postponed until medical and endoscopic treatment have failed. Observational studies have suggested that earlier surgery could mitigate disease progression, providing better pain control and preserving pancreatic function. Objective: To determine whether early surgery is more effective than the endoscopy-first approach in terms of clinical outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: The ESCAPE trial was an unblinded, multicenter, randomized clinical superiority trial involving 30 Dutch hospitals participating in the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. From April 2011 until September 2016, a total of 88 patients with chronic pancreatitis, a dilated main pancreatic duct, and who only recently started using prescribed opioids for severe pain (strong opioids for ≤2 months or weak opioids for ≤6 months) were included. The 18-month follow-up period ended in March 2018. Interventions: There were 44 patients randomized to the early surgery group who underwent pancreatic drainage surgery within 6 weeks after randomization and 44 patients randomized to the endoscopy-first approach group who underwent medical treatment, endoscopy including lithotripsy if needed, and surgery if needed. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was pain, measured on the Izbicki pain score and integrated over 18 months (range, 0-100 [increasing score indicates more pain severity]). Secondary outcomes were pain relief at the end of follow-up; number of interventions, complications, hospital admissions; pancreatic function; quality of life (measured on the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]); and mortality. Results: Among 88 patients who were randomized (mean age, 52 years; 21 (24%) women), 85 (97%) completed the trial. During 18 months of follow-up, patients in the early surgery group had a lower Izbicki pain score than patients in the group randomized to receive the endoscopy-first approach group (37 vs 49; between-group difference, -12 points [95% CI, -22 to -2]; P = .02). Complete or partial pain relief at end of follow-up was achieved in 23 of 40 patients (58%) in the early surgery vs 16 of 41 (39%)in the endoscopy-first approach group (P = .10). The total number of interventions was lower in the early surgery group (median, 1 vs 3; P < .001). Treatment complications (27% vs 25%), mortality (0% vs 0%), hospital admissions, pancreatic function, and quality of life were not significantly different between early surgery and the endoscopy-first approach. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with chronic pancreatitis, early surgery compared with an endoscopy-first approach resulted in lower pain scores when integrated over 18 months. However, further research is needed to assess persistence of differences over time and to replicate the study findings. Trial Registration: ISRCTN Identifier: ISRCTN45877994.
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Previous pain management interventions in CP have focused almost exclusively on pharmacological and surgical approaches.
“Given that previous pain management interventions in CP have focused almost exclusively on pharmacological and surgical approaches (e.g., (30,31)), applying CBT for painful CP is very novel.”
From Internet Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Painful Chronic Pancreatitis: A Pilot Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The paper’s introduction describes an “endoscopy-first approach” as current practice for pain in chronic pancreatitis, with multiple endoscopic interventions before surgery. Its Discussion also describes previous trials comparing endoscopy with surgery. This contradicts the claim that previous interventions focused almost exclusively on medication and surgery. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Endoscopic Management of Benign Pancreaticobiliary Disorders
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Management of Pancreatic Duct Stones: Extracorporeal Approach
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A comprehensive review of recent advances in chronic pancreatitis
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Surgery vs Endoscopy for Early Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis—Reply
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Self-citationPrecision Medicine Treatment for Painful Chronic Pancreatitis
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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
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Self-citationRisk factors associated with pain and pain relief in patients with chronic pancreatitis
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The in situ near-total pancreatectomy (LIVOCADO procedure) for end-staged chronic pancreatitis
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Chronische Pankreatitis: Update Diagnostik und Therapie
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- Authors
- Issa, Y., Kempeneers, M. A., Bruno, M. J., Fockens, P., Poley, J.-W., Ahmed Ali, U., Bollen, T. L., Busch, O. R., Dejong, C. H., van Duijvendijk, P., van Dullemen, H. M., van Eijck, C. H., van Goor, H., Hadithi, M., Haveman, J.-W., Keulemans, Y., Nieuwenhuijs, V. B., Poen, A. C., Rauws, E. A., Tan, A. C., Thijs, W., Timmer, R., Witteman, B. J., Besselink, M. G., van Hooft, J. E., van Santvoort, H. C., Dijkgraaf, M. G., Boermeester, M. A., & for the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- St. Antonius Ziekenhuis (NL)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospital, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Maasstad Ziekenhuis (NL)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Zuyderland Medisch Centrum (NL)
- Isala (NL)
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis (NL)
- Martini Ziekenhuis (NL)
- Ziekenhuis Gelderse Vallei (NL)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Boermeester, Marja A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-01-21
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 237
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC6990680
- OpenAlex
- W3001391521
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 31.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- ZonMw (17110216)
- Maag Lever Darm Stichting
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Keywords
- chronic pancreatitis, early surgical intervention, pancreatic drainage, pain management, pancreatic duct dilatation, pancreatic function, quality of life, surgical complications, mortality, ESCAPE trial, opioid use, endoscopic lithotripsy, pancreatic resection, pancreatic exocrine function, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analgesics, Opioid, Calculi, Drainage, Endoscopy, Female, Humans, Lithotripsy, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement, Pancreatic Ducts, Area Under Curve, Pancreatitis, Chronic, Pain Management
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