Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants After Infection and Vaccination

An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report

Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237

Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.

Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656

Durability of Responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccination

Widge, A. T., Rouphael, N. G., Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., Pruijssers, A. J., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2032195 · Cited by 722

Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum

Liu, Y., Liu, J., Xia, H., Zhang, X., Fontes-Garfias, C. R., Swanson, K. A., Cai, H., Sarkar, R., Chen, W., Cutler, M., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2102017 · Cited by 537

Rapid Generation of Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients

Suthar, M. S., Zimmerman, M. G., Kauffman, R. C., Mantus, G., Linderman, S. L., Hudson, W. H., Vanderheiden, A., Nyhoff, L., Davis, C. W., Adekunle, O., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100040 · Cited by 508

Development of a Rapid Focus Reduction Neutralization Test Assay for Measuring SARS‐CoV‐2 Neutralizing Antibodies

Vanderheiden, A., Edara, V. V., Floyd, K. A., Kauffman, R. C., Mantus, G. E., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N., Edupuganti, S., Shi, P., Menachery, V. D., et al. (2020) · Current Protocols in Immunology · doi:10.1002/cpim.116 · Cited by 134

Neutralization assays for SARS-CoV-2

Mukhopadhyay, L., Gupta, N., Yadav, P. D., & Aggarwal, N. (2022) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2544_21 · Cited by 5

Mild reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant: First case report from Indonesia

Isnaini, N., Mardian, Y., Lokida, D., Budiono, F., Butar-butar, D. P., Arlinda, D., Salim, G., Kosasih, H., Wulan, W. N., Perodin, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.906469 · Cited by 4

Cohort-specific serological recognition of SARS-CoV-2 variant RBD antigensPreprint

Fraser, D. D., Miller, M. R., Martin, C. M., Slessarev, M., Hahn, P., Higgins, I., Melo, C., Pest, M. A., Rothery, N., Wang, X., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.21268250 · Cited by 4

Risk of Kawasaki Disease/Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Korean Children: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study

Kim, S., Ko, H. Y., Oh, J., Yoon, D., Kim, J. H., Choe, Y. J., Shin, J., & on behalf of the CoVaSC Investigators (2024) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2025.40.e10 · Cited by 3

Timing and implications for immune response to vaccine in SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections

Arsuffi, S., Sansone, E., Focà, E., Storti, S., Diaferia, T., Bonfanti, C., Terlenghi, L., Caruso, A., Sala, E., Castelli, F., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106716 · Cited by 3

Dynamics of temporal immune responses in nonhuman primates and humans immunized with COVID-19 vaccines

Ravindran, R. K., Kang, H., McReynolds, C. B., Sanghar, G. K., Chang, W. L. W., Ramasamy, S., Kolloli, A., Kumar, R., Subbian, S., Hammock, B. D., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287377 · Cited by 3

Binding Antibodies Responses to SARS-COV-2 Infection in Hospitalized Patients and Vaccinated Subjects: A Longitudinal Prospective Observational Study

Alshahrani, M. S. S., Aldahhan, R., Macadato, N. C., Alkhalifah, Z., Tahan, M. R. E., Alnimr, A. M., Alnabi, M. A., Almishkab, F., Almusairii, J. A., Asonto, L. P., et al. (2025) · Saudi Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_282_24 · Cited by 3

Longitudinal Follow‐Up of the Specific Antibody Response to SARS‐CoV‐2 Vaccination in Colombia

Arévalo‐Herrera, M., Rincón‐Orozco, B., González‐Escobar, J. M., Herrera‐Arévalo, S. M., Carrasquilla‐Agudelo, E., Ortega, P. S., Quiceno‐García, S., Palacio‐Muñoz, N., Rosero‐López, B., Mondol‐Miranda, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.70133 · Cited by 4

In vitro neutralizing activity of BNT162b2 mRNA‐induced antibodies against full B.1.351 SARS‐CoV‐2 variant

Serrano‐Conde, E., Leyva, A., Fuentes, A. P., de Salazar, A., Chueca, N., Pérez‐Castro, S., Regueiro, B. J., Rojas, A., Mendoza, J., Rojas, J., et al. (2021) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.14417 · Cited by 3

Monocyte-eosinophil signaling axis promotes vaccine-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2

Moore, K. M., Foster, S. L., Kar, M., Floyd, K. A., Elrod, E. J., Williams, M. E. K., Velden, J. W. V., Ellis, M. L., Malik, A. A., Wali, B., et al. (2025) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013752 · Cited by 2

The safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of the self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine GRT-R910 as a booster in healthy adults

Whitaker, J. A., Rebolledo, P. A., Abate, G., Babu, T. M., Rouphael, N. G., Wald, A. P., Sahly, H. M. E., Jooss, K. U., Hart, M. G., Makowski, M., et al. (2026) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128358 · Cited by 2

A wild boar cathelicidin peptide derivative inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and its drifted variants

von Beck, T. A., Navarrete, K., Arce, N. A., Gao, M., Dale, G. A., Davis-Gardner, M. E., Floyd, K. A., Hernandez, L. M., Mullick, N., Vanderheiden, A., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41850-7 · Cited by 2

Determination of Sero-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among immunized individuals with Covid-19 vaccine in a tertiary center, Nepal

Lama, G., Shrestha, L., Karmacharya, N., Manandhar, R., & Jha, R. (2022) · International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation · doi:10.54660/anfo.2021.3.1.6 · Cited by 2

Absence of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 N protein in COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough cases

Vu, L. D., Wallace, S., Phan, A., Christofferson, R. C., Turner, E. A., Parker, S., Elkind-Hirsch, K. E., Landry, D., Stansbury, A., Rose, R., et al. (2022) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702221134097 · Cited by 2

Observational Study of Receptor Binding Domain Spike Antibody Responses to 3 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinations in Noninfected Subjects: Parallel Neutralizing Antibody and Cardiac Troponin I and T Observations

Apple, F. S., Bothwell, B., Koti, J., Bauer, W., Dwyer, R., Chen, H., Wu, H., Li, P., Lindgren, B., Gottlieb, S., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfac053 · Cited by 1

Systemic oxidative stress may be associated with reduced IgG antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated kidney transplant recipients: A post-hoc analysis of the RECOVAC-IR observational study

van Eijk, L. E., Bourgonje, A. R., Messchendorp, A. L., Bulthuis, M. L. C., Reinders-Luinge, M., der Meer, B. D., Westra, J., den Dunnen, W. F. A., Hillebrands, J., Sanders, J., et al. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.02.018 · Cited by 1

Cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV2, comparing previously infected individuals who received one vaccine dose to uninfected individuals after three vaccine doses: A case-control study

Saiag, E., Shalit, R., Alcalay, Y., Hasday, I., Yakubov, S., Freund, N. T., & Hagin, D. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127525 · Cited by 1

Cross-neutralization effect of the third dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 variants

Li, Y., He, J., Liu, W., Qi, R., Li, J., & Zhu, F. (2025) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2025.2550984 · Cited by 1

Quantification of the IgG antibody response half-life for hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Bongiovanni, F., Conway, E. J., Smith, L., Cumming, J., Mazhari, R., Kiernan‐Walker, N., Eriksson, E. M., McVernon, J., & Müeller, I. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04490-4 · Cited by 1

Hybrid immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination is associated with more sustained antibody levels, and lower reinfection risk

Che-Kamaruddin, N., Johari, J., Yahaya, H., Zainal, N., Nguyen, H., Hontz, R. D., Letizia, A. G., & AbuBakar, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-55396-x · Cited by 1

Difference in the Dynamics of Antibody Titers between COVID-19 Vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Healthcare Workers – A Case Study Based on Long-Term and Densely Repeated Measurements of Antibody Titers

Tanaka, H., Sawatari, H., & Ando, S. (2023) · Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.175 · Cited by 1

A Candidate Systematic Approach to Investigate ROBUST,SUPERIORLY BROAD, IMMUNE RESPONSE, 8 Months Following Severe COVID Infection, ICU Hospitalization, Viral Clearance, Rehabilitation, and Recovery with No Vaccine Booster Dose or Reinfection

Kotwal, G. J. (2021) · Journal of Virology Research & Reports · doi:10.47363/jvrr/2021(2)131 · Cited by 1

Rising anti-SARS-CoV-2 titer in a human immunoglobulin preparation

Germer, M., Marschall, V., Braun, V., Schüttrumpf, J., & Germer, M. (2023) · International Journal of Blood Transfusion and Immunohematology · doi:10.5348/100076z02ch2023ra · Cited by 1

The Conflict between Emerging SARS-Cov-2 Variants and the Potential Immune Response with Vaccination

Alvez, F. L. (2021) · Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy · doi:10.23880/aii-16000148

Single-shot rAAV5-based Vaccine Provides Long-term Protective Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Its VariantsPreprint

Liao, G., Fan, X., Lau, H., Liu, Z., Li, C., Xu, Z., Zhang, Y. L., Qi, X., Li, D., Zhu, Q. C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.456471 · Cited by 1

Waning and boosting of functional humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2Preprint

Tong, X., McNamara, R. P., Avendaño, M. J., Serrano, E. F., García‐Salum, T., Pardo‐Roa, C., Lévican, J., Poblete, E., Salina, E., Muñoz, A., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501163 · Cited by 1

Structural basis of Omicron immune evasion: A comparative computational study of Spike protein-Antibody interactionPreprint

Contractor, D., Globisch, C., Swaroop, S., & Jain, A. K. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484421

Reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in Kidney Transplant Recipient

Krishna, A., Kumar, A., Singh, P. P., & Patel, P. S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.4103/ijot.ijot_74_21

Dynamics of Temporal Immune Responses in Nonhuman Primates and Humans Immunized with COVID-19 VaccinesPreprint

Khan, I., Ravindran, R. K., Kang, H., McReynolds, C. B., Sanghar, G. K., Chang, W. C., Ramasamy, S., Kolloli, A., Kumar, R., Subbian, S., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1987647/v1

Evaluating the Value of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection and Neutralizing Responses With Euvirus: A Population of 10776 Close Contacts in Delta Variant Epidemic of Fujian

Zeng, Y., Lin, C., Liu, C., Chun, H., Chen, F., Cao, Y., Wu, S., Wei, D., Lin, Z., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2022.12.017

Impacts of viral pathogenesis and vaccine immunization on the host humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 and associated variants of concern (VOCs) infection

Chowdhury, S. R., Chakrabarty, S., Chakraborti, M., & Das, A. K. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85730-7.00009-6

Role of cellular fatty acids in combating the corona virus

Saxena, A., & Tiwari, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95582-9.00010-3

Immunogenicity and safety of a booster COVID‐19 vaccination in patients with chronic liver disease: A multicenter study

Wang, J., Ai, J., Xiang, H., Zhang, Y., Hou, Z., Zhang, Q., Lv, J., Chen, S., Liu, C., Li, Q., et al. (2023) · Portal hypertension & cirrhosis · doi:10.1002/poh2.57

Eosinophils protect against SARS-CoV-2 following a vaccine breakthrough infectionPreprint

Moore, K. M., Foster, S. L., Kar, M., Floyd, K. A., Elrod, E. J., Williams, M. E., Velden, J. W. V., Ellis, M. L., Malik, A. A., Wali, B., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.08.607190

Assessment of Anti-spike and Neutralizing Antibody Response Against SARS-CoV-2 after Covishield and CovaxinTM Vaccination

Athavale, P. V., Tripathy, S. P., Kakrani, A. L., Bhawalkar, J., Chavan, H., Suryawanshi, P. V., Patil‐Takbhate, B., Deshpande, N., Gandhi, M. A., Pawale, S., et al. (2024) · Medical Journal of Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth · doi:10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_385_23

Comparative Study of COVID-19 Vaccination Frequency Between Chronic Psychiatric Patients and the General Population

Malekpour, N., Bitaraf, S., Rad, F. R., & Pourshams, M. (2024) · Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care · doi:10.5812/jjcdc-148705

Clinical characteristics and booster vaccine effectiveness of the Omicron variant

Sun, L., Zhou, B., Guo, Y., Huang, Y., Tang, Z., Wu, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, L., Shan, Y., Xu, X., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10261-y

IgA, IgM, and IgG Antibodies and Neutralizing Activity against SARS-CoV-2 in a Population of Colombian Healthcare Workers and Hospital Staff

Serrano, N. C., Mejía, C. C. C., Quintero-Lesmes, D. C., Acosta, I. S., Suárez, D. P. S., García, A. Y. S., Sopó-Rincón, O. L., Meneses, L., & Rincón‐Orozco, B. (2025) · Revista de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias de la Salud · doi:10.46634/riics.367

CAML Model for Computational Biology

Chaudhuri, P. P., Dutta, A., Choudhury, S. P., Chowdhury, D. R., & Hazari, R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1501-8_5

Accelerated Biological Age as Predictor for Neutralizing Antibody Titers Against Sars-Cov-2 Virus Maintenance and Breakthrough InfectionPreprint

Yang, J., Lee, C.-L., Chiu, Y., Chiu, S. Y., Wang, L., Sheng, T. W., Wang, S.-C., Huang, S., Huang, S., Lin, C., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5356151

Salivary antibodies mirror systemic humoral immunity to SARS CoV-2 and reveal sex-specific differences in salivary anti-spike IgA and IgG levelsPreprint

Flynn, J., Dinneen, E., O’Riordan, C., Szafran, J., Power, M., Hickey, M., Gargan, S., McCormack, W., Sheils, O. M., Smyth, B., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7197612/v1

PhenoAge acceleration predicts antibody persistence and breakthrough infection after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection

Yang, J., Lee, C.-L., Chiu, Y., Chiu, S. Y., Wang, L.-J., Sheng, T.-W., Wang, S.-C., Huang, S.-C., Huang, S.-H., Lin, C.-M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102989

Additional file 1 of COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Danaee, M., Ahmed, J., Lachyan, A., Cai, C. Z., Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Tan, S. Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16767244

Additional file 2 of COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Danaee, M., Ahmed, J., Lachyan, A., Cai, C. Z., Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Tan, S. Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16767247

Additional file 6 of COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Danaee, M., Ahmed, J., Lachyan, A., Cai, C. Z., Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Tan, S. Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16767259

Additional file 4 of COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Danaee, M., Ahmed, J., Lachyan, A., Cai, C. Z., Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Tan, S. Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16767253

Additional file 7 of COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Danaee, M., Ahmed, J., Lachyan, A., Cai, C. Z., Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Tan, S. Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16767262

Additional file 5 of COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Danaee, M., Ahmed, J., Lachyan, A., Cai, C. Z., Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Tan, S. Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16767256

Additional file 3 of COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Danaee, M., Ahmed, J., Lachyan, A., Cai, C. Z., Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Tan, S. Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16767250

Performance evaluation of Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) quantitative serological assays for detection of binding (IgG, IgA, IgM) and ACE2 inhibitory antibody levels for SARS-CoV-2

Cincotta, C. M., Coleman, D., Padilla, S., Enoch, J., Lakhal-Naouar, I., Bell, M., Ouellette, J., Mansouri, S., M’Hamdi, O., Darden, J. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2026.114081

Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies

Chen, R. E., Zhang, X., Case, J. B., Winkler, E. S., Liu, Y., VanBlargan, L. A., Liu, J., Errico, J. M., Xie, X., Suryadevara, N., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01294-w · Cited by 881

Previous Infection Combined with Vaccination Produces Neutralizing Antibodies with Potency against SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Ibarrondo, F. J., Hofmann, C., Ali, A., Ayoub, P., Kohn, D. B., & Yang, O. O. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02656-21 · Cited by 17

Neutralizing antibody activity in convalescent sera from infection in humans with SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern

Dupont, L., Snell, L. B., Graham, C., Seow, J., Merrick, B., Lechmere, T., Maguire, T. J. A., Hallett, S. R., Pickering, S., Charalampous, T., et al. (2021) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00974-0 · Cited by 102

Costs at the End of Life

Ernecoff, N. C., & Stearns, S. C. (2018) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/ncm.79.1.43 · Cited by 2

Neutralizing Antibodies Response against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Elicited by Prior Infection or mRNA BNT162b2 Vaccination

Bonura, F., Genovese, D., Amodio, E., Calamusa, G., Sanfilippo, G. L., Cacioppo, F., Giammanco, A., Grazia, S. D., & Ferraro, D. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10060874 · Cited by 8