The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 18 of the 30 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Psilocybin shows promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Objective: To evaluate the magnitude, timing, and durability of antidepressant effects and safety of a single dose of psilocybin in patients with MDD. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this phase 2 trial conducted between December 2019 and June 2022 at 11 research sites in the US, participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of psilocybin vs niacin placebo administered with psychological support. Participants were adults aged 21 to 65 years with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnosis of MDD of at least 60 days' duration and moderate or greater symptom severity. Exclusion criteria included history of psychosis or mania, active substance use disorder, and active suicidal ideation with intent. Participants taking psychotropic agents who otherwise met inclusion/exclusion criteria were eligible following medication taper. Primary and secondary outcomes and adverse events (AEs) were assessed at baseline (conducted within 7 days before dosing) and at 2, 8, 15, 29, and 43 days after dosing. Interventions: Interventions were a 25-mg dose of synthetic psilocybin or a 100-mg dose of niacin in identical-appearing capsules, each administered with psychological support. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was change in central rater-assessed Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score (range, 0-60; higher scores indicate more severe depression) from baseline to day 43. The key secondary outcome measure was change in MADRS score from baseline to day 8. Other secondary outcomes were change in Sheehan Disability Scale score from baseline to day 43 and MADRS-defined sustained response and remission. Participants, study site personnel, study sponsor, outcome assessors (raters), and statisticians were blinded to treatment assignment. Results: A total of 104 participants (mean [SD] age, 41.1 [11.3] years; 52 [50%] women) were randomized (51 to the psilocybin group and 53 to the niacin group). Psilocybin treatment was associated with significantly reduced MADRS scores compared with niacin from baseline to day 43 (mean difference,-12.3 [95% CI, -17.5 to -7.2]; P <.001) and from baseline to day 8 (mean difference, -12.0 [95% CI, -16.6 to -7.4]; P < .001). Psilocybin treatment was also associated with significantly reduced Sheehan Disability Scale scores compared with niacin (mean difference, -2.31 [95% CI, 3.50-1.11]; P < .001) from baseline to day 43. More participants receiving psilocybin had sustained response (but not remission) than those receiving niacin. There were no serious treatment-emergent AEs; however, psilocybin treatment was associated with a higher rate of overall AEs and a higher rate of severe AEs. Conclusions and Relevance: Psilocybin treatment was associated with a clinically significant sustained reduction in depressive symptoms and functional disability, without serious adverse events. These findings add to increasing evidence that psilocybin-when administered with psychological support-may hold promise as a novel intervention for MDD. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03866174.
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Claims the paper makes
45 Own result · 17 Own method · 8 Partly supported · 5 Own interpretation · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Supported so far · 3 Couldn’t confirm · 2 No basis given · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Psilocybin shows promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] 6. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1181-1197. doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports substantial, sustained decreases in depressed mood after psilocybin, and Methods > Study participants says 18 of the 51 patients had an MDD diagnosis, including four also diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. But the results concern a mixed group of patients with life-threatening cancer and do not establish the effect specifically for MDD patients or for MDD more generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Agin-Liebes GI, Malone T, Yalch MM, et al. Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer. J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(2):155-166. doi:10.1177/ 0269881119897615 source
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1165-1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Primary outcomes; page unavailable) reports sustained reductions in depression symptoms among patients with life-threatening cancer and cites a separate open-label study in treatment-resistant depression. This supports the cautious phrase “shows promise,” but this trial did not test psilocybin as a treatment for MDD specifically; its participants had cancer-related distress and anxiety-related diagnoses (Methods, Study sample and setting; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, placebo response rates in the current study are smaller than are typically observed with daily placebo pills, 34 which may have inflated the placebo-adjusted effect size compared with studies of standard antidepressants in patients with MDD.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [34] 34. Williams MT, Reed S, Aggarwal R. Culturally informed research design issues in a study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychedelic Stud. 2019;4(1):40-50. doi:10.1556/2054.2019.016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction contrasts MDMA given 2–3 times with medications often taken daily, but it does not compare placebo response rates. Searches for daily placebo pills, MDD, and placebo-adjusted effect size found no passage addressing the cited claim that placebo responses were smaller than those typically observed with daily pills. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] 14. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(18):1637-1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Safety section reports severe adverse events in 9% of the 25-mg group from day 2 through week 3, but does not report the claimed 10% rate. Table 3 also gives separate rates of 4% on day 1 and 3% after week 3; these interval-specific rates do not establish a 10% overall rate. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, the success of allocation blinding was not assessed, and it is likely that the acute psychoactive effects of psilocybin produced some degree of functional unblinding that may have contributed to the observed effect in psilocybin-treated (psilocybin -niacin).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [33] 33. Michaels TI, Purdon J, Collins A, Williams MT. Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):245. doi:10.1186/s12888-018- 1824-6 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Study methodologies section says that finding a placebo that mimics psychedelics’ physiological effects is an important issue for double-blinded trials. That supports a general concern about blinding, but the paper does not say that psilocybin caused functional unblinding in the psilocybin–niacin comparison or that unblinding contributed to its observed effect. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, placebo response rates in the current study are smaller than are typically observed with daily placebo pills, 34 which may have inflated the placebo-adjusted effect size compared with studies of standard antidepressants in patients with MDD.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [34] 34. Williams MT, Reed S, Aggarwal R. Culturally informed research design issues in a study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychedelic Stud. 2019;4(1):40-50. doi:10.1556/2054.2019.016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD and contrasts its dosing schedule with medications taken daily, but it does not compare placebo response rates. Searches of our copy for daily placebo pills and placebo-adjusted effects found no passage addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and from baseline to day 8 (mean difference, -12.0 [95% CI, -16.6 to -7.4]; P < .001).”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy · plain
“and from baseline to day 8 (key secondary end point) (mean difference, -12.0 [95% CI, -16.6 to -7.4]; P < .001).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 104 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Efficacy · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious treatment-emergent AEs”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“No serious TEAEs were reported in the current study”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plainn = 104- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More participants receiving psilocybin than niacin had sustained depressive symptom response (20/48 [42%] vs 5/44 [11%]; adjusted absolute difference, 30.3 [95% CI, 13.5-47.1];P = .002;OR, 5.6 [95% CI, 1.9-16.7];P = .002)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“More participants receiving psilocybin had sustained response (but not remission) than those receiving niacin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a higher rate of severe AEs.”
- Also stated in: § Safety · plain
“Severe related AEs through day 9 were reported by 4 of 50 participants (8%) receiving psilocybin (migraine in 1 participant, headache in 1 participant, illusion in 1 participant [all solicited], and panic attack and paranoia in 1 participant) vs 0 in the niacin group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Safety · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psilocybin treatment was also associated with significantly reduced Sheehan Disability Scale scores compared with niacin (mean difference, -2.31 [95% CI, 3.50-1.11];P < .001)from baseline to day 43.”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy · plain
“Mean change difference in SDSassessed functional disability score from baseline to day 43 was greater in the psilocybin vs niacin group (-2.31 [95% CI, 3.50-1.11];P < .001)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 104 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Efficacy · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“recent critiques highlight notable limitations in many of these studies, [16][17][18][19] including small sample sizes, assessments by raters likely to be functionally unblinded, an open or waitlist comparator design, and an inadequate assessment of adverse events (AEs).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] 16. Hall WD, Humphreys K. Is good science leading the way in the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs? Psychol Med. 2022;52(14):2849-2851. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722003191 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Lowering of standards by major medical journals” (page unavailable), the paper describes a psilocybin trial with 30 and 29 patients in its two arms, calls it underpowered, and questions whether participants remained blinded. It does not say that outcome raters were functionally unblinded or that the studies used open or waitlist comparators or inadequately assessed adverse events. The trial it discusses used escitalopram as its comparator. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [17] 17. Breeksema JJ, Kuin BW, Kamphuis J, van den Brink W, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA. Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: a mixed-methods systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2022;36(10):1100-1117. doi:10. 1177/02698811221116926 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion > Limitations section (page unavailable) says the included studies were mostly small and that few assessed adverse events systematically. The Psilocybin section identifies open-label studies, and the Limitations section notes difficulty blinding participants. Our copy does not establish that outcome raters were functionally unblinded or that studies used waitlist comparators. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. Yaden DB, Potash JB, Griffiths RR. Preparing for the bursting of the psychedelic hype bubble. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(10):943-944. doi:10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2022.2546 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] 14. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(18):1637-1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443 source
The Discussion says this trial addressed limitations of earlier studies and had a primary end point at 3 weeks, despite 12 weeks of follow-up. The Abstract says larger and longer trials are needed to determine psilocybin’s efficacy and safety for treatment-resistant depression, supporting the claim that its longer-term clinical utility remains open. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, et al. Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;56:101809. doi:10.1016/j. eclinm.2022.101809 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“recent studies suggesting that psilocybin engenders a rapid antidepressant response that far outlasts the presence of the drug in the body.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] 6. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1181-1197. doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Outcome measures; page unavailable) report a substantial antidepressant response in patients with life-threatening cancer at five weeks, sustained at six months. The Methods (Outcome measures; page unavailable) say the subjective drug effects had subsided by seven hours, supporting that the benefit outlasted the acute effects. But depression was first assessed five weeks after dosing, so this study does not establish how rapidly the antidepressant response began or when the drug left the body. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Agin-Liebes GI, Malone T, Yalch MM, et al. Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer. J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(2):155-166. doi:10.1177/ 0269881119897615 source
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1165-1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports immediate antidepressant effects lasting weeks to months after a single psilocybin dose, given with psychotherapy to patients with life-threatening cancer. The paper does not establish how long the drug remains in the body, so the comparison with its bodily presence is not directly supported. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, the success of allocation blinding was not assessed, and it is likely that the acute psychoactive effects of psilocybin produced some degree of functional unblinding that may have contributed to the observed effect in psilocybin-treated (psilocybin -niacin).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [33] 33. Michaels TI, Purdon J, Collins A, Williams MT. Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):245. doi:10.1186/s12888-018- 1824-6 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Study methodologies section (page unavailable) says that a placebo must mimic psychedelic effects for a double-blinded trial, supporting the general concern about blinding. It does not report functional unblinding in a psilocybin–niacin comparison or link it to treatment effects or niacin-group dropout. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Niacin was used as an active placebo that produces an acute physiological response (flushing) thought to aid in blinding.8,22”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Study Procedures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1165-1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (Study design and interventions; page unavailable) identifies niacin as the active control in a double-blind psilocybin trial. Our copy does not state that niacin caused flushing or that this physiological response was intended to aid blinding; the section refers readers to supplementary blinding procedures without describing them. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites [22] 22. Johnson M, Richards W, Griffiths R. Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(6):603-620. doi:10. 1177/0269881108093587 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Preparation of volunteers section discusses blinding and an active placebo, but identifies that placebo as methylphenidate. Searches for niacin and flushing found no passage in our copy addressing niacin’s use, its physiological response, or whether it aided blinding. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] 14. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(18):1637-1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443 source
The Efficacy section reports an 18% response rate at week 3 in the 1-mg psilocybin comparator group among participants with treatment-resistant depression. That supports the low-dose comparator figure used in the citing paper's comparison; this source is not offered as evidence for the citing study's own placebo rate or the separate MDD study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, et al. Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;56:101809. doi:10.1016/j. eclinm.2022.101809 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Niacin 100 mg is an inactive placebo with no antidepressant effect.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“No serious TEAEs were reported in the current study; however, psilocybin treatment was associated with a higher rate of overall AEs and a higher rate of severe AEs compared with niacin, with these severe AEs being known effects of psilocybin.17”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [17] 17. Breeksema JJ, Kuin BW, Kamphuis J, van den Brink W, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA. Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: a mixed-methods systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2022;36(10):1100-1117. doi:10. 1177/02698811221116926 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Moreover, psychedelics may produce AEs not captured by standard rating scales or may induce unrecognized new psychiatric conditions even as they improve target syndromes.32”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [32] 32. Jones BDM, Razza LB, Weissman CR, et al. Magnitude of the placebo response across treatment modalities used for treatment-resistant depression in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(9):e2125531. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25531 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not provided) list an ayahuasca trial and the depression rating scale it used, but do not discuss psychedelic adverse events or new psychiatric conditions. A search of our copy for those risks and for limitations of standard rating scales found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] 14. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(18):1637-1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443 source
The citation supports the comparison to a low-dose psilocybin group in participants with treatment-resistant depression: the Efficacy section reports an 18% response rate at week 3 in the 1-mg group. The suggestion that niacin increased comparator believability and placebo response is the citing authors’ own explanation, not a finding attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, et al. Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;56:101809. doi:10.1016/j. eclinm.2022.101809 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sustained depressive symptom remission rate appeared greater with psilocybin, but the difference was not statistically significant (12/48 [25%] for psilocybin vs 4/44 [9.1%] for niacin; adjusted absolute difference, 15.9 [95% CI, 1.0-30.8];P = .05;OR, 3.4 [95% CI, 1.0-11.5])”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The 15.9% difference in sustained remission rates between the groups was not significantly different.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among 1529 potential participants who completed prescreening, 347 signed informed consent, 240 were excluded at screening, 3 were excluded prior to randomization, and 104 were randomized, received the study drug, and comprised the ITT population (51 in the psilocybin group and 53 in the niacin group)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rates of mild and moderate drug-related TEAEs in the same period were higher for psilocybin vs niacin (mild: difference, 35% [95% CI, 17.9%-52.9%];RI, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1-1.8]);moderate: difference, 18% [95% CI, 5.8%-30.8%];RI, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.0-5.7]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Visual perceptual effects (assessed following resolution of acute drug effects) were reported by 22/50 (44%) psilocybin participants on the day of dosing and by 3/50 (6%) after the dosing day, all resolved by study conclusion”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plainn = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on C-SSRS or MADRS Item 10 scores and confirmed by clinical assessment, no suicidal or self-injurious behavior occurred during the trial and all instances of suicidal ideation were considered passive.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psilocybin treatment was associated with improvements in various exploratory end points, including reductions in global disease severity, self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms, and improvement in quality of life, while having no effect on emotional blunting”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three serious AEs occurred between enrollment and randomization (nephrolithiasis; incisional hernia, obstructive; and appendicitis; Table 3).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Severe solicited events were reported by 3 participants receiving psilocybin (2 headaches and 1 visual perceptual effects) and 1 headache was reported in a participant receiving niacin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to prior psilocybin trials for depression, 8,14,15 there was not a significant reduction in depressive symptoms or a psilocybin/ placebo difference in depressive symptom status at the day 2 assessment (ie, 1 day after dosing)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization was administered centrally by the study's clinical research organization via the Advantage eClinical data system.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Study Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant randomized to receive psilocybin received the incorrect treatment, resulting in 50 participants receiving psilocybin and 54 receiving niacin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Participants
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The primary efficacy analysis was a de facto estimand conducted on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population that included all randomized participants analyzed according to randomized treatment group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 6 weeks, 1 participant in the psilocybin group and 9 in the niacin group had withdrawn or been lost to followup”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Participants
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psilocybin was generally well-tolerated, with most AEs being of mild or moderate severity and generally limited to the acute dosing period.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No procedure for α-level control was applied for exploratory end points, therefore P values reported for these outcomes in eTables 4-8 in Supplement 3 should be considered nominal (ie, not adjusted for multiple comparisons).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants, study sponsor, and study site personnel were blinded to treatment group until unblinding following data lock.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Study Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the current study does not allow inferences to be drawn regarding whether the antidepressant effect would have diminished over subsequent weeks or been maintained”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a sample size of 100 participants resulted in 92% power for the primary day 43 end point and 98% power for the key secondary day 8 end point.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“A minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in change in MADRS score was not prespecified, although depression trial literature supports a placebo-adjusted change in score as low as 2 and as high as 9 and an absolute change from pretreatment of 6 as clinically meaningful and a change of 12 as clinically substantial.25,26”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Efficacy Assessments
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. Hengartner MP, Plöderl M. Estimates of the minimal important difference to evaluate the clinical significance of antidepressants in the acute treatment of moderate-to-severe depression. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2022;27(2):69-73. doi:10.1136/ bmjebm-2020-111600 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] 26. Kobak KA, Williams JB, Jeglic E, Salvucci D, Sharp IR. Face-to-face versus remote administration of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale using videoconference and telephone. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(11):913-919. doi:10.1002/da.20392 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“eligible participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio using permuted blocks with random block sizes of 2, 4, and 6, with randomization stratified by site”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Study Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To help address this issue, the current study used off-site centralized raters to reduce the potential impact of unblinding on the assessment of outcomes.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A sequential significance testing procedure was used to control the overall α level at .05 for primary and secondary end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analyses using multiple imputation methods were run for the primary and key secondary outcomes.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Niacin 100 mg is an inactive placebo with no antidepressant effect.
“compared with a 100-mg dose of niacin placebo administered under an identical protocol.”
“the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In some instances, control groups consisted of waiting lists rather than active comparators, 60,73 and therapeutic settings were sometimes not consistently provided. 74,76”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
“difference, 38% [95% CI, 20.6%-41.3%]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Conclusions
“| At least 1 related AE c | 41 (82) | 24 (44) | 41 (82) | 24 (44) | 38 (20.6 to 54.6) 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 2 (-4.4 to 8.7) | |”
Citations
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Global prevalence of seasonal affective disorder by latitude: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Psilocybin treatment extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice
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Adebo, M., Bonnet, M., Laouej, O., Defaix, C., McGowan, J. C., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., David, D. J. P., Poupon, E., Tritschler, L., & Gardier, A. M. (2025) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.70038 · Cited by 14
“Since then, extended results have shown that psilocybin is effective in treating patients with cancer and depression [28], in major depressive disorders (MDD) [29], and in patients with TRD taking psilocybin with a concomitant SSRI medication [27] or alone [5].”
Lewis, B. R., Hendrick, J., Byrne, K., Odette, M. M., Wu, C., & Garland, E. L. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519 · Cited by 19
“Similarly, psychedelics such as psilocybin have demonstrated efficacy in treating depressive symptoms [12–14].”
Psychedelic-assisted therapy as a complex intervention: implications for clinical trial design
Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Baggott, M. J., Schenberg, E. E., Repantis, D., Wolff, M., Forsyth, A., & Noorani, T. N. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251381074 · Cited by 16
Blinding Integrity in Psychedelic Randomized Clinical Trials
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“More recently, another large phase 2 trial of a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin demonstrated efficacy in patients with MDD of a moderate or greater severity (Raison et al. 2023).”
Nicholas, C. R. N., Banks, M. I., Lennertz, R. C., Wenthur, C. J., Krause, B. M., Riedner, B. A., Smith, R., Hutson, P. R., Sauder, C. J., Dunne, J. D., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03059-8 · Cited by 13
Self-citationMechanisms of psilocybin on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Choi, C. Q., Johnson, D. E., Chen-Li, D. C. J., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241286771 · Cited by 14
“Raison et al. (2023) found that psilocybin 25 mg with psychological support led to greater improvement in symptom and disability compared to placebo when measured at day 43 with no reported significant side effects.”
How to Make Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Safer
Villiger, D. (2024) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180124000604 · Cited by 13
Elfrink, S., & Bergin, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1528253 · Cited by 16
“…major depressive disorder (MDD), and substance use disorders such as tobacco and alcohol dependence (Johnson et al., 2014; Morgan et al., 2017; Galvão-Coelho et al., 2021; Bogenschutz et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023; Sloshower et al., 2023; von Rotz et al., 2023; Erritzoe et al., 2024).”
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Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—Historical Perspective and Overview
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Psychedelics, OCD and related disorders: A systematic review
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Ruan, Y., Yuan, R., He, J., Jiang, Y., Chu, S., & Chen, N. (2024) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-024-01974-9 · Cited by 13
Evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder
Miller, C., & Zoladz, P. R. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.124.002237 · Cited by 13
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Expanding the Horizons of Mind and Therapy
Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Gao, T., & Wang, X. (2024) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0495 · Cited by 16
“A single or few doses can maintain therapeutic effects for extended periods, ranging from several months to years, or even a lifetime [ 15 , 16 ].”
BackgroundJones, G. M., Lowe, M. X., Nayak, S. M., Sepeda, N. D., Kettner, H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Jackson, H., & Garcia‐Romeu, A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.058 · Cited by 12
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“This search was till 30 September 2023.”
InfluentialPrimum non nocere: The onus to characterize the potential harms of psychedelic treatment
Ghaznavi, S., Ruskin, J. N., Haggerty, S. J., King, F., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230914 · Cited by 12
Forstmann, M., & Sagioglou, C. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.101992 · Cited by 15
Suicide of a patient shortly after psilocybin-assisted psychedelic therapy: A case report
Müller, F., Sauer, T., Hänny, C., Mühlhauser, M., & Lang, U. E. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116381 · Cited by 13
Silverstein, B. H., Kolbman, N., Nelson, A., Liu, T., Guzzo, P. R., Gilligan, J., Lee, U., Mashour, G. A., Vanini, G., & Pal, D. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03308-4 · Cited by 18
The Emergence of Psilocybin in Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Omidian, H., & Omidian, A. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18040555 · Cited by 13
“Although psilocybin therapy has been associated with rapid and sustained improvements in depression, AUD, and cancer-related distress, long-term safety data remain limited [18,19,23,57,58,88–90].”
Incremental efficacy systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression RCTs
Borgogna, N. C., Owen, T., Petrovitch, D., Vaughn, J., Johnson, D. A., Pagano, L. A., Aita, S. L., & Hill, B. D. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06788-w · Cited by 17
“Three studies used Niacin (i.e. vitamin B3 [differing doses]) as a control (Back et al. 2024; Raison et al. 2023; Ross et al. 2016); one study utilized Mannitol (von Rotz et al. 2023), one study utilized non-psychedelic mushrooms (Marschall et al. 2022); two studies involved waitlist controls…”
New and emerging pharmacologic treatments for MDD
Uyar, A., & Gönül, A. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1621887 · Cited by 16
“Similarly, Raison et al. (42) found that psilocybin signi fi cantly outperformed niacin as a placebo control in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with MDD.”
Varty, G. B., Canal, C. E., Mueller, T. A., Hartsel, J. A., Tyagi, R., Avery, K., Morgan, M. E., Reichelt, A. C., Pathare, P., Stang, E. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01961 · Cited by 11
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Less is more? A review of psilocybin microdosing
Savides, I. A., & Outhoff, K. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241278769 · Cited by 14
“…TRD as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorders including nicotine and alcohol (Bogenschutz et al., 2022; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016, 2021; Goodwin et al., 2023; Grob et al., 2011; Johnson et al., 2014; Kelmendi et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023; Yu et al., 2021).”
Research and Implementation of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Veterans Health Administration
Wolfgang, A. S., McClair, V. L., Schnurr, P. P., Holtzheimer, P. E., Woolley, J. D., Stauffer, C. S., Wolf, R. C., States, L. J., Benedek, D. M., Capaldi, V. F., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20240751 · Cited by 12
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The serotonin 1B receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice
Fleury, S., & Nautiyal, K. M. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03387-1 · Cited by 15
Tryptamines and Mental Health: Activating the 5‑HT Receptor for Therapeutic Potential
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Neuropsychopharmacology of hallucinogenic and non‐hallucinogenic 5‐HT 2A receptor agonists
Sharp, T., & Ippolito, A. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70050 · Cited by 14
“Today, several Phase 2 clinical trials report convincing evidence of rapid-onset antidepressant effects of psilocybin , even in patients previously resistant to other treatments (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023).”
Hosein, M., Reid, M. J., Walser, S. A., Charney, S., Fonzo, G. A., Lewis, B. R., Yaden, D. B., Suppes, T. M., Cordner, Z. A., & Barrett, F. S. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103517 · Cited by 15
Villalba, S., González, B., Junge, S., Bernardi, A., González, J., Fagúndez, C., Torterolo, P., Carrera, I., Urbano, F. J., & Bisagno, V. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25020687 · Cited by 10
“Safety, efficacy, and tolerability were found by clinical trials involving psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety and depression [2], PTSD [3], alcohol use [4], and depressive disorders in cancer patients [5].”
BackgroundGlynos, N. G., Baker, A., Aday, J. S., Pouyan, N., Barron, J., Herberholz, M., Kruger, D. J., & Boehnke, K. F. (2024) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2024.2405685 · Cited by 10
“…with psilocybin-assisted therapy showing promise for the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders including depression (Goodwin et al. 2022; Raison et al. 2023), anxiety associated with existential distress (Griffiths et al. 2016), and substance use disorders (Bogenschutz et al. 2022;…”
Petridis, P. D., Grinband, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Kinslow, C. J., Zeifman, R. J., Bogenschutz, M. P., Griffiths, R. R., & Ross, S. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00331-0 · Cited by 10
“Given the diversity of clinical applications for which psilocybin is currently being investigated for, including major depressive disorder 25,26 , substance use disorders 27,28 , obsessive–compulsive disorder 29 , body dysmorphic disorder 30 and eating disorders 31 , we hypothesized that PAP would…”
Self-citationKirchberg, M. C., Pinson, C. K., & Frank, G. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2424316 · Cited by 12
“Studies have shown that the antagonism of NMDA receptors can contribute to neuroplasticity, thus allowing for the formation of new patterns of thought and neural connections [67].”
Sutherland, I., Ho, M., & Croarkin, P. E. (2025) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2024.0082 · Cited by 11
“This study found that psilocybin was associated with signi fi cantly decreased Mont-gomery – Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores compared with niacin (mean difference - 12.3, p 0.001) without serious treatment-emergent adverse events (Raison et al., 2023).”
InfluentialClinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant. A narrative review
Erkizia-Santamaría, I., Horrillo, I., Meana, J. J., & Ortega, J. E. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249 · Cited by 12
Yaden, D. B., Graziosi, M., Owen, A. M., Agin-Liebes, G., Aaronson, S. T., Allen, K. E., Barrett, F. S., Bogenschutz, M. P., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Ching, T. H. W., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0019 · Cited by 12
Self-citationPsilocybin for disorders of consciousness: A case-report study
Cardone, P., Nùñez, P., Alnagger, N., Martial, C., van der Lande, G., Sandell, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Gosseries, O. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.02.264 · Cited by 11
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Psychedelics: The pathway to implementation in the European healthcare systems
Gründer, G., Mertens, L. J., Spangemacher, M., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., & Jungaberle, H. (2025) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.11.007 · Cited by 10
Hovmand, O. R., Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., & Stenbæk, D. S. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241269669 · Cited by 9
“…obsessive-compulsive disorder (Moreno et al., 2006), anxiety, and depression (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016, 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Grob et al., 2011; Raison et al., 2023; Ross et al., 2016; von Rotz et al., 2023), albeit with considerable risk of bias (Hovmand et al., 2023).”
Chen, M., Cheng, S.-L., Kao, Y., Tseng, P., Hsu, C., Yu, C., Yang, F., Thompson, T., Hsu, T., & Liang, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1439347 · Cited by 9
Classical psychedelics’ action on brain monoaminergic systems
Butler, J. J., Ricci, D., Aman, C., Beyeler, A., & Deurwaerdère, P. D. (2024) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106669 · Cited by 12
Examining the biological causes of eating disorders to inform treatment strategies
Foldi, C. J., & Griffiths, K. R. (2025) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-025-00940-3 · Cited by 10
Naturalistic psychedelic use and changes in depressive symptoms
Simonsson, O., Hendricks, P. S., Swords, C. M., Osika, W., & Goldberg, S. B. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119857 · Cited by 9
Fryc, M., Kluzik, D., Czopek, A., Jończyk, J., & Zagórska, A. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110622 · Cited by 10
The ABCs of psychedelics: a preclinical roadmap for drug discovery
Kwan, A. C., Mantsch, J. R., & McCorvy, J. D. (2025) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2025.07.017 · Cited by 10
Rørsted, E. M., Jensen, A. A., Šmits, G., Frydenvang, K., & Kristensen, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00082 · Cited by 8
Casu, M., Farrauto, C., Farruggio, G., Bellissima, S., Battiato, S., & Caponnetto, P. (2024) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint6020036 · Cited by 9
“The results demonstrated a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and associated functional disability [20].”
BackgroundModlin, N. L., McPhee, T., Zazon, N., Sarang, M., Hignett, R., Pick, S., Cleare, A. J., Williamson, V., & Rucker, J. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0027 · Cited by 10
“8 However, increased public and scienti fi c interest in psychedelics largely stems from their potential therapeutic bene fi ts in the treatment of complex mental health conditions, including treatment-resistant depression, 9,10 anorexia nervosa 11 and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).”
Informed Consent in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Bradberry, M. M., Appelbaum, P. S., & Gukasyan, N. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_559 · Cited by 8
Self-citationŁysik, A., Logoń, K., Szczygieł, A., Wołoszczak, J., Wrześniewska, M., & Leszek, J. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01615-8 · Cited by 11
“Several clinical trials have shown psilocybin’s efficacy in reducing symptoms of depression; however, the majority of research has been limited to small trials of patients with TRD [12–15].”
Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Zhang, Q., Li, C., Mao, F., & Zhuo, C. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03410-7 · Cited by 9
“Research has shown that the combination of psilocybin and psychotherapy maximizes ef fi cacy and that one or more doses of the drug exhibit superior antidepressant effects compared to the daily administration of other antidepressants [23, 24].”
Nadeem, Z., Parker, S., McGovern, H. T., Sebben, B., & Oestreich, L. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251346679 · Cited by 9
“…for PTSD (Mitchell et al., 2023; Ot’alora G et al., 2018; Ponte et al., 2021), and several randomized control trials (RCTs) supporting the efficacy of psilocybin in treating MDD (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Haikazian et al., 2023; Raison et al., 2023; von Rotz et al., 2023).”
Avanceña, A. L. V., Vuong, L., Kahn, J. G., & Marseille, E. A. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03556-4 · Cited by 9
“Several trials have demonstrated the ef fi cacy of PAT as treatment for acute MDD episodes [14, 15, 20, 83], and future analyses can explore PAT as a different line of therapy or as maintenance or continuation therapy.”
InfluentialNeurobiology of psilocybin: a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models
Adeyinka, D. A., Forsyth, D., Currie, S., & Faraone, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2025.1585367 · Cited by 11
Five-year outcomes of psilocybin-assisted therapy for Major Depressive Disorder
Davis, A. K., DellaCrosse, M. A., Sepeda, N. D., Levin, A. W., Cosimano, M. P., Shaub, H., Washington, T., Gooch, P. M., Gilead, S., Gaughan, S. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2025.00461 · Cited by 9
Caraccio, M., Cheung, K., Mann, S. P., Bruce, L., Jacobs, E., Villiger, D., Sandbrink, J. D., Register, C., Hannikainen, I. R., Høeg, M. L., et al. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2532761 · Cited by 8
“…treatments for a variety of mood and substance use disorders, including depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorder (Goodwin et al., 2022; Johnson et al., 2014; Meling et al., 2024; Raison et al., 2023; Ross et al., 2016; Schimmers et al., 2022; Smith et al., 2022b; Sicignano et al., 2024).”
Wong, S., Meckling, G., Fabiano, N., Lee, S., Jones, B. D. M., Shorr, R., Dargél, A., Davis, A. K., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Solmi, M., et al. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251372449 · Cited by 9
da Cruz, R. V. L., Costa, R. B. G. D. M., de Queiroz, G. M., Stojanovic, T., Moulin, T. C., & Leão, R. N. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03852-7 · Cited by 8
Psychedelic medicine: mechanisms, evidence, and translation to practice
Jacobs, E., Zahid, Z., Hinkle, J. T., Nayak, S. M., & Yaden, D. B. (2026) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081723 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPsilocybin in the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder
Hendricks, P. S., Lappan, S. N., Shelton, R. C., Lahti, A. C., Cropsey, K. L., Johnson, M. W., Bradley, M. K., Simonsson, O., Davis, L. L., Grossman, D. H., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029 · Cited by 9
Self-citationNeurobiology of the Antidepressant Effects of Serotonergic Psychedelics: A Narrative Review
Chisamore, N., Kaczmarek, E. S., Le, G. H., Wong, S., Orsini, D. K., Mansur, R. B., McIntyre, R. S., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2024) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-024-00319-8 · Cited by 9
Psychedelics in Psychiatry, the Nursing Influence, and the Future of Psychedelic Therapies
Spotswood, C. J. (2024) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903231222930 · Cited by 9
“Psychedelic therapies are radically different from conventional psychopharmacological practices, as the medicine is not taken daily and effects can be seen long after ingestion, even after one dose (Goodwin, et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2011; Raison et al., 2023).”
Black, J. C., Monte, A. A., Dasgupta, N., Jewell, J. S., Rockhill, K. M., Olson, R. A., & Dart, R. C. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00233-1 · Cited by 7
“Pivotal trial results show the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to treat major depressive disorder 5 and treatment-resist-ant depression 6 and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to treat post-traumatic-stress disorder (PTSD) 7,8 .”
Amid magic and menace: psychiatrists’ attitudes to psilocybin therapy
Gribben, A. D., Burke, T., Harrington, C., Husein, A., Murnane, K. S., Hendricks, P. S., Tobin, K., Ivers, J., Thuery, G., Harkin, A., et al. (2024) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2024.49 · Cited by 7
“…that psilocybin therapy may play a meaningful therapeutic role in major depressive disorder (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Raison et al., 2023; von Rotz et al., 2023), treatment-resistant depression (TRD) (Carhart-Harris et al., 2018; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016; Goodwin…”
Safety pharmacology of acute mescaline administration in healthy participants
Klaiber, A., Humbert‐Droz, M., Ley, L., Schmid, Y., & Liechti, M. E. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.16349 · Cited by 8
Psilocybin as a disease-modifying drug—a salutogenic approach in psychiatry
Spangemacher, M., Mertens, L. J., Färber, L. V., Jungaberle, A., Jungaberle, H., & Gründer, G. (2024) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0224 · Cited by 7
Luoma, J. B., Hoffman, K. A., Wilson‐Poe, A. R., Levander, X. A., Bazinet, A. D., Cook, R., McCarty, D. W., Pertl, K., Bielavitz, S., Gregoire, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474 · Cited by 6
“…screened participants receiving psychotherapy from highly experienced therapists suggest beneficial effects of synthetic psilocybin on depression (Goodwin et al. 2022; Raison et al. 2023), end-of-life anxiety and depression (Griffiths et al. 2016), and alcohol use (Bogenschutz et al. 2015, 2022).”
Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Meshkat, S., Malik, T., Zeifman, R. J., Swainson, J., Zhang, Y., Burback, L., Winkler, O., Greenshaw, A. J., Reichelt, A. C., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051416 · Cited by 7
Dourron, H. M., Bradley, M., Simonsson, O., Copes, H., Grossman, D., Shallcross, R. A., & Hendricks, P. S. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0036 · Cited by 7
The therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine
Park, D., Lee, G., Lee, W.-G., Kim, B. S., Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03100-2 · Cited by 11
Age- and estrous-dependent effects of psilocybin in rats
Zylko, A. L., Rakoczy, R. J., Roberts, B. F., Wilson, M., Powell, A., Page, A., Heitkamp, M., Feist, D., Jones, J. A., & McMurray, M. S. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110619 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Raison, C. L., Sanacora, G., Woolley, J., Heinzerling, K., Dunlop, B. W., Brown, R. T., Kakar, R., Hassman, M., Trivedi, R. P., Robison, R., Gukasyan, N., Nayak, S. M., Hu, X., O’Donnell, K. C., Kelmendi, B., Sloshower, J., Penn, A. D., Bradley, E., Kelly, D. F., Mletzko, T., Nicholas, C. R., Hutson, P. R., Tarpley, G., Utzinger, M., Lenoch, K., Warchol, K., Gapasin, T., Davis, M. C., Nelson-Douthit, C., Wilson, S., Brown, C., Linton, W., Johnson, M. W., Ross, S., & Griffiths, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Usona Institute (US)
- Yale University (US)
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, California
- Emory University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Center for Psychedelic Research, Segal Trials, Lauderhill, Florida
- Hassman Research Institute (US)
- Flourish Research, Chicago, Illinois
- University of Utah (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Usona Institute, Fitchburg, Wisconsin
- Emmes (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raison, Charles L.
- ORCID
- Raison, Charles L.
- Sanacora, Gerard
- Woolley, Joshua
- Heinzerling, Keith
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Brown, Randall T.
- Trivedi, Rupal P.
- Robison, Reid
- Gukasyan, Natalie
- Nayak, Sandeep M.
- O’Donnell, Kelley C.
- Kelmendi, Benjamin
- Sloshower, Jordan
- Penn, Andrew D.
- Bradley, Ellen
- Kelly, Daniel F.
- Mletzko, Tanja
- Nicholas, Christopher R.
- Hutson, Paul R.
- Brown, Carrie
- Johnson, Matthew W.
- Ross, Stephen
- Griffiths, Roland R.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2023-09-05
- Volume
- 330
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 843
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC10472268
- OpenAlex
- W4386305655
- Cited by
- 545
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 165 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 16
- FWCI
- 158.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- psilocybin, major depressive disorder, antidepressant effects, psychological support, depression remission, sustained response, adverse events, antidepressant safety, psychedelic therapy, Sheehan Disability Scale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, treatment durability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Niacin, Psilocybin
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