The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 18 of the 30 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Psilocybin shows promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Objective: To evaluate the magnitude, timing, and durability of antidepressant effects and safety of a single dose of psilocybin in patients with MDD. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this phase 2 trial conducted between December 2019 and June 2022 at 11 research sites in the US, participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of psilocybin vs niacin placebo administered with psychological support. Participants were adults aged 21 to 65 years with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnosis of MDD of at least 60 days' duration and moderate or greater symptom severity. Exclusion criteria included history of psychosis or mania, active substance use disorder, and active suicidal ideation with intent. Participants taking psychotropic agents who otherwise met inclusion/exclusion criteria were eligible following medication taper. Primary and secondary outcomes and adverse events (AEs) were assessed at baseline (conducted within 7 days before dosing) and at 2, 8, 15, 29, and 43 days after dosing. Interventions: Interventions were a 25-mg dose of synthetic psilocybin or a 100-mg dose of niacin in identical-appearing capsules, each administered with psychological support. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was change in central rater-assessed Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score (range, 0-60; higher scores indicate more severe depression) from baseline to day 43. The key secondary outcome measure was change in MADRS score from baseline to day 8. Other secondary outcomes were change in Sheehan Disability Scale score from baseline to day 43 and MADRS-defined sustained response and remission. Participants, study site personnel, study sponsor, outcome assessors (raters), and statisticians were blinded to treatment assignment. Results: A total of 104 participants (mean [SD] age, 41.1 [11.3] years; 52 [50%] women) were randomized (51 to the psilocybin group and 53 to the niacin group). Psilocybin treatment was associated with significantly reduced MADRS scores compared with niacin from baseline to day 43 (mean difference,-12.3 [95% CI, -17.5 to -7.2]; P <.001) and from baseline to day 8 (mean difference, -12.0 [95% CI, -16.6 to -7.4]; P < .001). Psilocybin treatment was also associated with significantly reduced Sheehan Disability Scale scores compared with niacin (mean difference, -2.31 [95% CI, 3.50-1.11]; P < .001) from baseline to day 43. More participants receiving psilocybin had sustained response (but not remission) than those receiving niacin. There were no serious treatment-emergent AEs; however, psilocybin treatment was associated with a higher rate of overall AEs and a higher rate of severe AEs. Conclusions and Relevance: Psilocybin treatment was associated with a clinically significant sustained reduction in depressive symptoms and functional disability, without serious adverse events. These findings add to increasing evidence that psilocybin-when administered with psychological support-may hold promise as a novel intervention for MDD. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03866174.
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Claims the paper makes
45 Own result · 17 Own method · 8 Partly supported · 5 Own interpretation · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Supported so far · 3 Couldn’t confirm · 2 No basis given · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Psilocybin shows promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] 6. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1181-1197. doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports substantial, sustained decreases in depressed mood after psilocybin, and Methods > Study participants says 18 of the 51 patients had an MDD diagnosis, including four also diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. But the results concern a mixed group of patients with life-threatening cancer and do not establish the effect specifically for MDD patients or for MDD more generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Agin-Liebes GI, Malone T, Yalch MM, et al. Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer. J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(2):155-166. doi:10.1177/ 0269881119897615 source
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1165-1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Primary outcomes; page unavailable) reports sustained reductions in depression symptoms among patients with life-threatening cancer and cites a separate open-label study in treatment-resistant depression. This supports the cautious phrase “shows promise,” but this trial did not test psilocybin as a treatment for MDD specifically; its participants had cancer-related distress and anxiety-related diagnoses (Methods, Study sample and setting; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, placebo response rates in the current study are smaller than are typically observed with daily placebo pills, 34 which may have inflated the placebo-adjusted effect size compared with studies of standard antidepressants in patients with MDD.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [34] 34. Williams MT, Reed S, Aggarwal R. Culturally informed research design issues in a study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychedelic Stud. 2019;4(1):40-50. doi:10.1556/2054.2019.016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction contrasts MDMA given 2–3 times with medications often taken daily, but it does not compare placebo response rates. Searches for daily placebo pills, MDD, and placebo-adjusted effect size found no passage addressing the cited claim that placebo responses were smaller than those typically observed with daily pills. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] 14. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(18):1637-1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Safety section reports severe adverse events in 9% of the 25-mg group from day 2 through week 3, but does not report the claimed 10% rate. Table 3 also gives separate rates of 4% on day 1 and 3% after week 3; these interval-specific rates do not establish a 10% overall rate. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, the success of allocation blinding was not assessed, and it is likely that the acute psychoactive effects of psilocybin produced some degree of functional unblinding that may have contributed to the observed effect in psilocybin-treated (psilocybin -niacin).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [33] 33. Michaels TI, Purdon J, Collins A, Williams MT. Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):245. doi:10.1186/s12888-018- 1824-6 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Study methodologies section says that finding a placebo that mimics psychedelics’ physiological effects is an important issue for double-blinded trials. That supports a general concern about blinding, but the paper does not say that psilocybin caused functional unblinding in the psilocybin–niacin comparison or that unblinding contributed to its observed effect. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, placebo response rates in the current study are smaller than are typically observed with daily placebo pills, 34 which may have inflated the placebo-adjusted effect size compared with studies of standard antidepressants in patients with MDD.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [34] 34. Williams MT, Reed S, Aggarwal R. Culturally informed research design issues in a study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychedelic Stud. 2019;4(1):40-50. doi:10.1556/2054.2019.016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD and contrasts its dosing schedule with medications taken daily, but it does not compare placebo response rates. Searches of our copy for daily placebo pills and placebo-adjusted effects found no passage addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and from baseline to day 8 (mean difference, -12.0 [95% CI, -16.6 to -7.4]; P < .001).”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy · plain
“and from baseline to day 8 (key secondary end point) (mean difference, -12.0 [95% CI, -16.6 to -7.4]; P < .001).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 104 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Efficacy · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious treatment-emergent AEs”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“No serious TEAEs were reported in the current study”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plainn = 104- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More participants receiving psilocybin than niacin had sustained depressive symptom response (20/48 [42%] vs 5/44 [11%]; adjusted absolute difference, 30.3 [95% CI, 13.5-47.1];P = .002;OR, 5.6 [95% CI, 1.9-16.7];P = .002)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“More participants receiving psilocybin had sustained response (but not remission) than those receiving niacin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a higher rate of severe AEs.”
- Also stated in: § Safety · plain
“Severe related AEs through day 9 were reported by 4 of 50 participants (8%) receiving psilocybin (migraine in 1 participant, headache in 1 participant, illusion in 1 participant [all solicited], and panic attack and paranoia in 1 participant) vs 0 in the niacin group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Safety · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psilocybin treatment was also associated with significantly reduced Sheehan Disability Scale scores compared with niacin (mean difference, -2.31 [95% CI, 3.50-1.11];P < .001)from baseline to day 43.”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy · plain
“Mean change difference in SDSassessed functional disability score from baseline to day 43 was greater in the psilocybin vs niacin group (-2.31 [95% CI, 3.50-1.11];P < .001)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 104 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Efficacy · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“recent critiques highlight notable limitations in many of these studies, [16][17][18][19] including small sample sizes, assessments by raters likely to be functionally unblinded, an open or waitlist comparator design, and an inadequate assessment of adverse events (AEs).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] 16. Hall WD, Humphreys K. Is good science leading the way in the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs? Psychol Med. 2022;52(14):2849-2851. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722003191 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Lowering of standards by major medical journals” (page unavailable), the paper describes a psilocybin trial with 30 and 29 patients in its two arms, calls it underpowered, and questions whether participants remained blinded. It does not say that outcome raters were functionally unblinded or that the studies used open or waitlist comparators or inadequately assessed adverse events. The trial it discusses used escitalopram as its comparator. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [17] 17. Breeksema JJ, Kuin BW, Kamphuis J, van den Brink W, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA. Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: a mixed-methods systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2022;36(10):1100-1117. doi:10. 1177/02698811221116926 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion > Limitations section (page unavailable) says the included studies were mostly small and that few assessed adverse events systematically. The Psilocybin section identifies open-label studies, and the Limitations section notes difficulty blinding participants. Our copy does not establish that outcome raters were functionally unblinded or that studies used waitlist comparators. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. Yaden DB, Potash JB, Griffiths RR. Preparing for the bursting of the psychedelic hype bubble. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(10):943-944. doi:10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2022.2546 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] 14. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(18):1637-1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443 source
The Discussion says this trial addressed limitations of earlier studies and had a primary end point at 3 weeks, despite 12 weeks of follow-up. The Abstract says larger and longer trials are needed to determine psilocybin’s efficacy and safety for treatment-resistant depression, supporting the claim that its longer-term clinical utility remains open. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, et al. Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;56:101809. doi:10.1016/j. eclinm.2022.101809 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“recent studies suggesting that psilocybin engenders a rapid antidepressant response that far outlasts the presence of the drug in the body.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] 6. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1181-1197. doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Outcome measures; page unavailable) report a substantial antidepressant response in patients with life-threatening cancer at five weeks, sustained at six months. The Methods (Outcome measures; page unavailable) say the subjective drug effects had subsided by seven hours, supporting that the benefit outlasted the acute effects. But depression was first assessed five weeks after dosing, so this study does not establish how rapidly the antidepressant response began or when the drug left the body. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Agin-Liebes GI, Malone T, Yalch MM, et al. Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer. J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(2):155-166. doi:10.1177/ 0269881119897615 source
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1165-1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports immediate antidepressant effects lasting weeks to months after a single psilocybin dose, given with psychotherapy to patients with life-threatening cancer. The paper does not establish how long the drug remains in the body, so the comparison with its bodily presence is not directly supported. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, the success of allocation blinding was not assessed, and it is likely that the acute psychoactive effects of psilocybin produced some degree of functional unblinding that may have contributed to the observed effect in psilocybin-treated (psilocybin -niacin).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [33] 33. Michaels TI, Purdon J, Collins A, Williams MT. Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):245. doi:10.1186/s12888-018- 1824-6 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Study methodologies section (page unavailable) says that a placebo must mimic psychedelic effects for a double-blinded trial, supporting the general concern about blinding. It does not report functional unblinding in a psilocybin–niacin comparison or link it to treatment effects or niacin-group dropout. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Niacin was used as an active placebo that produces an acute physiological response (flushing) thought to aid in blinding.8,22”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Study Procedures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12): 1165-1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (Study design and interventions; page unavailable) identifies niacin as the active control in a double-blind psilocybin trial. Our copy does not state that niacin caused flushing or that this physiological response was intended to aid blinding; the section refers readers to supplementary blinding procedures without describing them. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites [22] 22. Johnson M, Richards W, Griffiths R. Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(6):603-620. doi:10. 1177/0269881108093587 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Preparation of volunteers section discusses blinding and an active placebo, but identifies that placebo as methylphenidate. Searches for niacin and flushing found no passage in our copy addressing niacin’s use, its physiological response, or whether it aided blinding. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] 14. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(18):1637-1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443 source
The Efficacy section reports an 18% response rate at week 3 in the 1-mg psilocybin comparator group among participants with treatment-resistant depression. That supports the low-dose comparator figure used in the citing paper's comparison; this source is not offered as evidence for the citing study's own placebo rate or the separate MDD study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, et al. Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;56:101809. doi:10.1016/j. eclinm.2022.101809 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Niacin 100 mg is an inactive placebo with no antidepressant effect.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“No serious TEAEs were reported in the current study; however, psilocybin treatment was associated with a higher rate of overall AEs and a higher rate of severe AEs compared with niacin, with these severe AEs being known effects of psilocybin.17”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [17] 17. Breeksema JJ, Kuin BW, Kamphuis J, van den Brink W, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA. Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: a mixed-methods systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2022;36(10):1100-1117. doi:10. 1177/02698811221116926 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Moreover, psychedelics may produce AEs not captured by standard rating scales or may induce unrecognized new psychiatric conditions even as they improve target syndromes.32”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [32] 32. Jones BDM, Razza LB, Weissman CR, et al. Magnitude of the placebo response across treatment modalities used for treatment-resistant depression in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(9):e2125531. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25531 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not provided) list an ayahuasca trial and the depression rating scale it used, but do not discuss psychedelic adverse events or new psychiatric conditions. A search of our copy for those risks and for limitations of standard rating scales found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] 14. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(18):1637-1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443 source
The citation supports the comparison to a low-dose psilocybin group in participants with treatment-resistant depression: the Efficacy section reports an 18% response rate at week 3 in the 1-mg group. The suggestion that niacin increased comparator believability and placebo response is the citing authors’ own explanation, not a finding attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, et al. Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;56:101809. doi:10.1016/j. eclinm.2022.101809 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sustained depressive symptom remission rate appeared greater with psilocybin, but the difference was not statistically significant (12/48 [25%] for psilocybin vs 4/44 [9.1%] for niacin; adjusted absolute difference, 15.9 [95% CI, 1.0-30.8];P = .05;OR, 3.4 [95% CI, 1.0-11.5])”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The 15.9% difference in sustained remission rates between the groups was not significantly different.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among 1529 potential participants who completed prescreening, 347 signed informed consent, 240 were excluded at screening, 3 were excluded prior to randomization, and 104 were randomized, received the study drug, and comprised the ITT population (51 in the psilocybin group and 53 in the niacin group)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rates of mild and moderate drug-related TEAEs in the same period were higher for psilocybin vs niacin (mild: difference, 35% [95% CI, 17.9%-52.9%];RI, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1-1.8]);moderate: difference, 18% [95% CI, 5.8%-30.8%];RI, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.0-5.7]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Visual perceptual effects (assessed following resolution of acute drug effects) were reported by 22/50 (44%) psilocybin participants on the day of dosing and by 3/50 (6%) after the dosing day, all resolved by study conclusion”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plainn = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on C-SSRS or MADRS Item 10 scores and confirmed by clinical assessment, no suicidal or self-injurious behavior occurred during the trial and all instances of suicidal ideation were considered passive.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psilocybin treatment was associated with improvements in various exploratory end points, including reductions in global disease severity, self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms, and improvement in quality of life, while having no effect on emotional blunting”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three serious AEs occurred between enrollment and randomization (nephrolithiasis; incisional hernia, obstructive; and appendicitis; Table 3).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Severe solicited events were reported by 3 participants receiving psilocybin (2 headaches and 1 visual perceptual effects) and 1 headache was reported in a participant receiving niacin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to prior psilocybin trials for depression, 8,14,15 there was not a significant reduction in depressive symptoms or a psilocybin/ placebo difference in depressive symptom status at the day 2 assessment (ie, 1 day after dosing)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization was administered centrally by the study's clinical research organization via the Advantage eClinical data system.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Study Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant randomized to receive psilocybin received the incorrect treatment, resulting in 50 participants receiving psilocybin and 54 receiving niacin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Participants
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The primary efficacy analysis was a de facto estimand conducted on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population that included all randomized participants analyzed according to randomized treatment group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 6 weeks, 1 participant in the psilocybin group and 9 in the niacin group had withdrawn or been lost to followup”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Participants
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psilocybin was generally well-tolerated, with most AEs being of mild or moderate severity and generally limited to the acute dosing period.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No procedure for α-level control was applied for exploratory end points, therefore P values reported for these outcomes in eTables 4-8 in Supplement 3 should be considered nominal (ie, not adjusted for multiple comparisons).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants, study sponsor, and study site personnel were blinded to treatment group until unblinding following data lock.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Study Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the current study does not allow inferences to be drawn regarding whether the antidepressant effect would have diminished over subsequent weeks or been maintained”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a sample size of 100 participants resulted in 92% power for the primary day 43 end point and 98% power for the key secondary day 8 end point.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“A minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in change in MADRS score was not prespecified, although depression trial literature supports a placebo-adjusted change in score as low as 2 and as high as 9 and an absolute change from pretreatment of 6 as clinically meaningful and a change of 12 as clinically substantial.25,26”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Efficacy Assessments
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. Hengartner MP, Plöderl M. Estimates of the minimal important difference to evaluate the clinical significance of antidepressants in the acute treatment of moderate-to-severe depression. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2022;27(2):69-73. doi:10.1136/ bmjebm-2020-111600 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] 26. Kobak KA, Williams JB, Jeglic E, Salvucci D, Sharp IR. Face-to-face versus remote administration of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale using videoconference and telephone. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(11):913-919. doi:10.1002/da.20392 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“eligible participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio using permuted blocks with random block sizes of 2, 4, and 6, with randomization stratified by site”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Study Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To help address this issue, the current study used off-site centralized raters to reduce the potential impact of unblinding on the assessment of outcomes.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A sequential significance testing procedure was used to control the overall α level at .05 for primary and secondary end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analyses using multiple imputation methods were run for the primary and key secondary outcomes.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Niacin 100 mg is an inactive placebo with no antidepressant effect.
“compared with a 100-mg dose of niacin placebo administered under an identical protocol.”
“the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In some instances, control groups consisted of waiting lists rather than active comparators, 60,73 and therapeutic settings were sometimes not consistently provided. 74,76”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Safety
“difference, 38% [95% CI, 20.6%-41.3%]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial > Conclusions
“| At least 1 related AE c | 41 (82) | 24 (44) | 41 (82) | 24 (44) | 38 (20.6 to 54.6) 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 2 (-4.4 to 8.7) | |”
Citations
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Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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Self-citationPilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
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Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety
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Self-citationSingle-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2206443 · Cited by 1,167
Self-citation
Cited by
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Items 201–300 of 531
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“Therapy status by the FDA for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) where clinical trials have found decreases in depression lasting up to 1 year (Davis et al., 2021; Gukasyan et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023; von Rotz et al., 2023; Wire, 2019).”
Concomitant use of antidepressants and classic psychedelics: A scoping review
Tap, S. C., Thomas, K. L. H., Páleníček, T., Stenbæk, D. S., Oliveira-Maia, A. J., van Dalfsen, J. H., & Schoevers, R. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251368360 · Cited by 14
“…psyche-delics, patients enrolled in most contemporary clinical trials are typically required to discontinue ADs at least 2 weeks before drug administration (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023; Sloshower et al., 2023; von Rotz et al., 2023).”
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Psilocybin in late-life mental health: Addressing depression, loneliness, and existential anxiety
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Inaugural year of regulated psilocybin services in Oregon: safety, motivations, and utilization
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“…adults at licensed centers statewide, coinciding with growing interest in naturalistic and clinical trial exploration of psilocybin ’ s wholistic bene fi ts and its therapeutic potential for conditions such as treatment-resistant depression, substance use disorders, and end-of-life anxiety (1 – 4).”
Psychedelic-assisted therapy for people with gambling disorder?
Romero, P., Czakó, A., van den Brink, W., & Demetrovics, Z. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00004 · Cited by 10
“In a recent RCT comparing 25 mg psilocybin with 100 mg niacin (placebo) similar positive results were obtained in patients with major depression (Raison et al., 2023).”
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Bender, D. A., Nayak, S. M., Siegel, J. S., Hellerstein, D. J., Erçal, B., & Lenze, E. J. (2025) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20240025 · Cited by 7
Self-citationMuir, O. S., Shinozuka, K., Beutler, B. D., Arenas, A., Cherian, K. N., Evans, V. D., Fasano, C., & Tabaac, B. J. (2024) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000001720 · Cited by 7
Psychedelics, attachment, and enculturation dynamics: Prospects and challenges
Cassidy, E. K., Dupuis, D., Timmermann, C., & Granqvist, P. (2025) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2025.00459 · Cited by 7
Thuery, G., Sheridan, C., Iusan, P., Brar, G., Ledden, K., Freyne, A., Kelly, J. R., & Harkin, A. (2025) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2025.10030 · Cited by 7
US Poison Center Encounters for Psilocybin-Related Exposures: 2013-2022
Montoy, J. C. C., Wang, R. C., Coker, A. R., Smollin, C. G., & Anderson, B. T. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1016/j.acepjo.2025.100231 · Cited by 5
Psilocybin with psychotherapeutic support for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot clinical trial
Meikle, S. E., Carter, O. L., Liknaitzky, P., Johansen, L., Iyer, R., Strauss, N. H. M., Williams, M. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251377187 · Cited by 9
“16,19 Additionally, there is growing recognition of unique interpersonal risks.”
García‐Cabrerizo, R., Beruete-Fresnillo, I., Bergas-Cladera, P., & García-Fuster, M. J. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118720 · Cited by 8
Taylor, J. J., Szigeti, B., Silverberg, N. D., Ahmadzad-Asl, M., Kare, M. R., Webler, R. D., Orsini, D. K., Rosenblat, J. D., Bschor, T., Baethge, C., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(26)00018-0 · Cited by 7
A psychedelic state arises from desynchronized brain activity
Petridis, P. D. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-024-02154-6 · Cited by 6
Rab, S. F., Raison, C. L., & Marseille, E. A. (2024) · Psychedelics. · doi:10.61373/pp024r.0025 · Cited by 7
Self-citationEthical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research
Robinson, C. L., Slitzky, M., Schatman, M. E., Yong, R. J., Lehman, A., Kaynar, A. M., Shivanekar, S. P., & Emerick, T. D. (2024) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s491470 · Cited by 7
“14,31,51 Psychedelics are also not known to cause significant (or any) addiction potential or dependence and may represent a significant net value to certain patient populations.”
Constantino, J. L., van Dalfsen, J. H., Massetti, S., Kamphuis, J., & Schoevers, R. A. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111251 · Cited by 9
Classic Psychedelics for the Treatment of Depression: Potential Benefits and Challenges
Ghaznavi, S., & Richter, S. G. (2025) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-025-02172-2 · Cited by 10
“…is intended to help the patient remain focused on the present experience and to manage distress and safety (usually lasting a full day) [41, 44–52]; and finally, with rare exception, sessions after the psilocybin administration for the patient are intended to allow the patient to process…”
Leveraging meditation research for the study of psychedelic-related adverse effects
Palitsky, R., Canby, N. K., Dam, N. T. V., Levin-Aspenson, H. F., Kaplan, D. M., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Raison, C. L., Grant, G. H., Dunlop, B. W., & Britton, W. B. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2420745 · Cited by 7
“Adverse events in two recent Phase II trials of psilo cybin were characterized as predominantly mild, with severe adverse events reported at rates of 10% (Goodwin et al., 2022) and 8% (Raison et al., 2023).”
Self-citationJiwani, Z., Goldberg, S. B., Stroud, J., Young, J., Curtin, J., Dunne, J. D., Simonsson, O., Webb, C. A., Carhart-Harris, R., & Schlosser, M. (2025) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310160 · Cited by 6
The Use of Classic Psychedelics for Depressive and Anxiety-Spectrum Disorders
Kim, V., Wilson, S. M., & Woesner, M. E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001941 · Cited by 7
Self-citationPsychedelics for treating psychiatric disorders: from circuit mechanisms to applications
Li, J., Jiang, Y., Cheng, D., Cheng, J., Ji, H., Wang, X., & Yuan, T. (2024) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2024.11.033 · Cited by 5
Ellis, S., Bostian, C. M., Donnelly, A. J., Feng, W., Eisen, K., Lean, M., Conlan, E., Ostacher, M. J., Aaronson, S. T., & Suppes, T. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119655 · Cited by 6
The emotional architecture of the psychedelic brain
Moujaes, F., Rieser, N. M., Belinger, L., Herdener, M., Zahid, Z., & Preller, K. H. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.07.006 · Cited by 5
Zürrer, W. E., Wettstein, L., Aicher, H., Scheidegger, M., & Ineichen, B. V. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03638-3 · Cited by 7
“Psychedelics have re-emerged as a promising frontier in neurological and psychiatric disease treatment, showing therapeutic potential for, among others, mood disorders [1, 2], substance use disorders [3], post-traumatic stress disorder [4], and migraine [5].”
Landscape analysis of pre-registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics
Uyar, A., Forbrich, L., Lueken, U., & Evens, R. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251371690 · Cited by 6
“In recent years, the field of clinical research involving psychedelics has expanded (e.g. Yao et al., 2024), with increasing numbers of larger-scale randomized controlled trials (Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023; Von Rotz et al., 2023).”
Vollebregt, R., Storm, A. E. M., Lucassen, P. J., & Somers, M. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529 · Cited by 8
Maltby, C. J., Klein, A. K., Paschen, E., Pinto, J., Dvořák, D., Hedde, J. R., Hanks, A. N., Bianchi, M., & Hughes, Z. A. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251395386 · Cited by 7
“…in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression have shown extremely impressive results after only 1–2 doses, suggesting that psilocybin could be approved as a rapid-acting antidepressant in the near future (Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023).”
InfluentialPilot study of psilocybin in patients with post-treatment lyme disease
Garcia‐Romeu, A., Naudé, G. P., Rebman, A. W., So, S., Yaffe, A., Geithner, I., Kozero, E. A., Yang, T., Soloski, M. J., & Aucott, J. N. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38091-9 · Cited by 6
“Findings have largely converged to support rapid-acting antidepressant effects of a single high-dose of psilocybin lasting from 3 weeks to 6 months or longer 10,11,13 .”
Electrophysiological mechanisms of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review
Jiménez, J. H., Kaup, K., & Aru, J. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106649 · Cited by 7
Singleton, S. P., Sevchik, B. L., Lahey, A., Cuijpers, P. J., Harrer, M., Jones, M. T., Nayak, S. M., Strain, E. C., Vandekar, S., Dworkin, R. H., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8 · Cited by 8
“In addition to continuous outcomes, we evaluated dichotomous response and remission outcomes reported by five studies 7,18,19,21,22 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe cyclical revival of psychedelics in psychiatric treatment
Appiani, F. J., & Caroff, S. N. (2024) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2024.2368725 · Cited by 5
Jones, G. M., Ricard, J. A., & Nock, M. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1169686 · Cited by 6
“Classic psychedelics have demonstrated ef fi cacy for treating internalizing disorders such as anxiety and depression – disorders that are known risk factors for hypertension (18, 19) – in a number of high-impact clinical trials (20 – 23).”
BackgroundPhotoswitchable TCB-2 for control of the 5-HT 2A receptor and analysis of biased agonism
Esmaeili, A. J., Montazeri, P., Gomez, J. C., Dumervil, D. J., Nezhad, F. S., & Steinhardt, R. C. (2024) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d4cc03892d · Cited by 5
Evaluating the value and risks of psychedelics for psychiatric medicine: a clinical perspective
Marazziti, D., Weiss, F., Gurrieri, R., Russomanno, G., Gambini, M., Magnesa, A., Coccoglioniti, A., & Perugi, G. (2024) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2024.2445016 · Cited by 5
“Consistent with these results, other trials devoted to patients with MDD found evidence in support of an effectiveness of psilocybin sessions in improving general functioning-related measures in the mid-term [157,158].”
Kim, S., Yang, S., Jung, J., Choi, J., Kang, M., & Joo, J. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202413786 · Cited by 5
Psilocybin’s acute and persistent brain effects: a precision imaging drug trial
Subramanian, S., Reneau, T. R., Perry, D., Chacko, R. V., Laumann, T. O., Flavin, K., Horan, C., Schweiger, J. A., Metcalf, N. V., Lenze, E. J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-05189-0 · Cited by 6
Henningfield, J. E., Comer, S. D., Banks, M. L., Coe, M. A., Collins, G. T., Cooper, Z. D., Fantegrossi, W. E., Durgin, C. J., Heal, D. J., Huskinson, S. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251378511 · Cited by 5
“…little consensus as to the most appropriate active and placebo comparators, which have included dextromethorphan, methylphenidate, niacin, and inactive placebo (Carbonaro et al., 2020; Colagiuri and Boakes, 2010; Griffiths et al., 2006; Grob et al., 2011; Olson et al., 2020; Raison et al., 2023).”
Serotonergic neuron-glioma interactions drive high-grade glioma pathophysiologyPreprint
Drexler, R., Yalçın, B., Mancusi, R. A., Rogers, A. E., Shamardani, K., Woo, P. J., Ravel, A., Wu, S., Yabo, Y. A., Steger, L., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693579 · Cited by 11
Downey, A. E., Bradley, E., Lerche, A. S., O’Donovan, A., Krystal, A. D., & Woolley, J. D. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0051 · Cited by 5
Self-citationRodan, S.-C., Meez, N., Lloyd-Hurwitz, S., Bedoya‐Pérez, M. A., Suraev, A. S., Sommer, N., Greenstien, K., Maguire, S., & McGregor, I. S. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01328-5 · Cited by 4
Addressing US Demand for Psychedelic Medicines in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty
Lynch, H. F., Hu, X., & Bateman-House, A. (2025) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1017/jme.2025.10183 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBukovsky, D., Amaev, A., Song, J., Kyte, S., Carmona-Torres, E., Ueno, F., Luca, V. D., Strafella, A. P., Husain, M. I., Graff‐Guerrero, A., et al. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111541 · Cited by 9
Syed, O. A., Tsang, B., Nestor, S. M., Lipsman, N., Husain, M. I., Alam, F., & Giacobbe, P. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106573 · Cited by 5
O’Regan, G., Plummer, Z., Christie, B. R., Shultz, S. R., & Allen, J. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03717-2 · Cited by 11
Short-Term and Late-Term Effects of Psilocybin on Symptoms in Major Depression
Yngwe, H., Plavén‐Sigray, P., Ekman, C. J., Henje, E., Berglund, A., Tiger, M., Beckman, M., & Lundberg, J. O. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.12589 · Cited by 8
Is Use of Psychedelic Drugs a Risk or Protective Factor for Late-Life Cognitive Decline?
Fearn, K., & Bhattacharyya, K. K. (2024) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/23337214241250108 · Cited by 4
“Studies show that psilocybin and LSD are useful in treating mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety (Raison et al., 2023; Yehuda & Lehrner, 2023).”
BackgroundResultGeller, J. A., & Whitney, E. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01577-2 · Cited by 5
Seltorexant for major depressive disorder
Valentino, K., Teopiz, K. M., Wong, S., Zhang, M. C., Le, G. H., Choi, H., Ballum, H., Dri, C. E., Cheung, W., & McIntyre, R. S. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1080/14728214.2025.2452514 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, pharmacological agents currently in preregistra-tion include ketamine (an NMDA antagonist), GLP-1 RAs, psilo-cybin (psilocin prodrug; 5-HT2A agonist), and KORAs [3,55,56].”
Tudorancea, I.-M., Stanciu, G. D., Torrent, C., Madero, S., Hriţcu, L., & Tamba, B.-I. (2025) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/19585969.2025.2499458 · Cited by 4
Villiger, D. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.06.003 · Cited by 7
The Therapeutic Effects of Classic Psychedelics in Alcohol Use Disorder
Pagni, B. A., Wong, J. M., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00581-z · Cited by 6
Poulin, J. M., Bigford, G. E., Lanctôt, K. L., Giacobbe, P., Schaffer, A., Sinyor, M., Rabin, J. S., Masellis, M., Singnurkar, A., Pople, C. B., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08268-6 · Cited by 7
“A recent phase 2 trial comparing psilocybin to an active placebo alongside supportive psychotherapy found significant benefits of psilocybin over placebo on Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Sheehan Disability Score measures up to 6 weeks post-treatment [58].”
BackgroundPsilocybin-Assisted Therapy May Enhance Conservation Values in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder
Gold, N. D., Pagni, B. A., Petridis, P. D., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0030 · Cited by 4
Silva, F., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., Guizzaro, L., & Balabanov, P. (2025) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105516 · Cited by 7
Exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders
Carrithers, B. M., Roberts, D. E., Weiss, B., King, J. D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Gordon, A. R., Pagni, B. A., Moreau, M., Ross, S., & Zeifman, R. J. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110413 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAndersen, K. A. A., Holmøy, B., Kvam, T.-M., & Johnson, M. W. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.062 · Cited by 6
Self-citationThe psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesis
Carter, C. S. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2025.100303 · Cited by 4
Quintanilha, T. M., Costa, P. M., Cardoso, A. L. S., Battú, G. D. S., Bastos, L. M., dos Santos, B. P., Müller, T. E., de Oliveira, T. F., Piato, Â., Kalueff, A. V., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70116 · Cited by 4
“Tryptamine-based drug molecules (e.g., psilocybin) induce anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects in rodents (Sekssaoui et al. 2024) and have recently been approved for treatment-resistant depression and major depression clinically (Kargbo 2023; Raison et al. 2023; Goodwin et al. 2022).”
Androni, X., Boyd, R. J., Rosenberg, P. B., & Mahairaki, V. (2025) · Frontiers in Dementia · doi:10.3389/frdem.2025.1605051 · Cited by 4
“Although its application as a medical intervention for AD has been understudied, it has been recognized as a breakthrough therapy for major depressive disorder (Raison et al., 2023; Zheng et al., 2024).”
Making Sense of Psychedelics in the CNS
Fordyce, B. A., & Roth, B. L. (2024) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyae007 · Cited by 4
Lewis, B. R., Hendrick, J., Byrne, K., Odette, M. M., Wu, C., & Garland, E. L. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.24319806 · Cited by 4
Richard, J., Scott, J., Nayak, S. M., Sepeda, N. D., Lowe, M. X., Jackson, H., & Garcia‐Romeu, A. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01489-z · Cited by 4
“…health conditions (Madden et al., 2024) including major depressive disorder (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022, 2025; Haikazian et al., 2023; Raison et al., 2023) and cancer-related existential distress or anxiety (Agrawal et al., 2024; Griffiths et al., 2016; Ross et al., 2016).”
Self-citationYeung, A., Alpert, M., & Mischoulon, D. (2025) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2025.39.2.170 · Cited by 3
From molecules to meaning: unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs
Acero, V. P., Flatt, T. A., Gooch, P. M., Gaughan, S. J., Levin, A. W., & Davis, A. K. (2025) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2025.2515866 · Cited by 4
The Serotonergic System and Its Role in Thermoregulation
Negoita, A., Amuzescu, B. P., Mihailescu, D. F., & Bordea, C. (2025) · Physiologia · doi:10.3390/physiologia5040037 · Cited by 4
“Raison played a key role in promoting novel treatments for major depressive disorders based on manoeuvres that activate the central serotonergic system, such as whole-body hyperthermia [188] or psychedelic medicines [189].”
Marinis, J., Clarke, S. T., Guerin, A. A., Guastella, A. J., & Bedi, G. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10847 · Cited by 5
Venable, K. E., Kelley, D. P., Jeansonne, A., Beyl, R. A., O’Bryan, S. M., Vatsavayi, V., Jones, S., Lee, C. C., & Francis, J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17233720 · Cited by 4
“Direct comparison to more recent metanalyses on SSRIs [49] or psy-locibin depression studies [50] is not feasible, because the examined primary endpoints differ.”
Psychedelic therapeutics in psychiatric conditions
Harvey, P. D., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02335-z · Cited by 5
Goldy, S. P., Sepeda, N. D., Hilbert, S. N., Bari, B. A., Garcia‐Romeu, A., Gukasyan, N., Barrett, F. S., Yaden, D. B., & Nayak, S. M. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117010 · Cited by 4
Self-citationHow to set up a psychedelic study: Unique considerations for research involving human participants
Glennon, M. J., Bird, C., Yadav, P., Kleine, P., Suseelan, S., Boman-Markaki, C., Kotoula, V., Butler, M., Leech, R., Roseman, L., et al. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106657 · Cited by 5
Bender, D. A., & Siegel, J. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95702-1.00043-9 · Cited by 3
Manzano-Núñez, R., Gomez, D. A., Toledo-Mendoza, C., Pérez-Otero, M., Matilla, I. L., Prats, C., Pérez‐López, E. M., Pardo, H., Diaz‐Pellicer, P., de la Torre, R., et al. (2024) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0000000000000617 · Cited by 3
McCoy, K., Reed, F. M., Conn, K., & Foldi, C. J. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114957 · Cited by 3
“Clinical studies have demonstrated rapid and long-lasting anti-depressant effects after a single dose of psilocybin [21, 107,114] and promising results have also emerged for the treatment of symptoms in anorexia nervosa (AN) [97], end-of-life anxiety [51], and substance use disorders [138].”
Modification of natural tryptamines for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases
Palfreyman, M. G., Varty, G. B., Stang, E. M., Boltaev, U., Avery, K., & Nivorozhkin, A. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251368362 · Cited by 3
“…events that could be underlying these potentially field changing therapies. treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) (Davis et al., 2021; Raison et al., 2023), treatment resistant depression (TRD) (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016, 2018, 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022, 2023, 2025), anxiety…”
Psychedelika in der Psychiatrie
Herwig, U. (2024) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2233-4301 · Cited by 3
Licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression: the pill and the process
Pacheco, A. T., & Moghaddam, B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci180217 · Cited by 3
“Recent trials have replicated these findings in larger patient samples and increased our understanding of the parameters that result in improvement of symptoms (35–38).”
ResultPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for Parkinson's disease without depression: A case-report
Fleury, V., Tomkova, E., Chiuvé, S. C., & Penzenstadler, L. E. (2025) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x241312604 · Cited by 4
Low, Z. X. B., Yong, S. J., AlRasheed, H. A., Al‐Subaie, M. F., Kaabi, N. A., Alfaresi, M. S., Albayat, H., Alotaibi, J., bshabshe, A. A. A. A., Alwashmi, A. S. S., et al. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111279 · Cited by 4
Psilocybin induces dose-dependent changes in functional network organization in rat cortexPreprint
Silverstein, B. H., Kolbman, N., Nelson, A., Liu, T., Guzzo, P. R., Gilligan, J., Lee, U., Mashour, G. A., Vanini, G., & Pal, D. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.09.579718 · Cited by 3
Characterizing psilocybin as an antidepressant for adolescence in male and female ratsPreprint
García‐Cabrerizo, R., Beruete-Fresnillo, I., & García-Fuster, M. J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629571 · Cited by 3
Schuler, H., Zhou, D., Savignac, C., Cvetkovska, V., Tse, Y.-C., Meccia, J., Lopez, J., Harutyunyan, A. S., Ragoussis, J., Bzdok, D., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631940 · Cited by 5
“In a mounting mental health epidemic, claims that psilocybin, a psychedelic drug, provides lasting relief from a range of psychiatric disorders have fueled an explosion of interest 1–12 .”
Psychedelic-assisted Therapy as a Promising Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Mauney, E. E., King, F., Murray, H. B., & Kuo, B. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000002149 · Cited by 3
“Given the emerging evidence base of PAT for PTSD, 33,49 depression 16,32 and anxiety, 50 IBS patients with these conditions may bene fi t more from this therapy, although it is also possible that the effects of PAT are nonspeci fi c, acting on broader, transdiagnostic targets.”
LSD reconfigures the frequency-specific network landscape of the human brainPreprint
Shinozuka, K., Rosso, M., Coleman, C. R., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Vuust, P., Kringelbach, M. L., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644645 · Cited by 4
“…as potentially effective treatments for a range of psychiatric conditions, including generalized anxiety disorder and depression (Beutler et al., 2024; D’Souza et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022; Holze et al., 2023; Raison et al., 2023; Shinozuka, Tabaac, et al., 2024; Tabaac et al., 2024).”
Psychedelics: Safety and Efficacy
Miller, N. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22020134 · Cited by 3
“This was studied in a “randomized, placebo-controlled, 6-week trial” with 104 adult participants [67].”
InfluentialEffects of Psilocybin on Mouse Brain Microstructure
Frautschi, P. C., Singh, A. P., Stowe, N. A., Grady, S. M., Zahid, Z., Banks, M. I., & Yu, J. J. (2025) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a8634 · Cited by 2
Psychedelic therapy: bridging neuroplasticity, phenomenology, and clinical outcomes
Kishon, R., & Cycowicz, Y. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1637162 · Cited by 3
Allen, J., Sun, M., Baker, T. L., Dames, S., Kryskow, P., Christie, B. R., McDonald, S. J., & Shultz, S. R. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03329-x · Cited by 4
Dutton, M., Schwenn, P., Mitchell, J., Hoffmann, P., Bailey, N. W., Fitzgerald, P. B., Lagopoulos, J., & Can, A. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251398677 · Cited by 2
“Psilocybin has also shown promise in phase 2 trials (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Kittur et al., 2025; Raison et al., 2023).”
Islas-Vargas, J., Armenta, S., Rivera-Román, Á. A., Hernández-León, S., Méndez-Hernández, J. E., & Arce-Cervantes, O. (2025) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-025-04758-0 · Cited by 3
“Raison et al. (2023) performed a multicenter, double-blind, phase 2 trial ( n = 104) comparing a single psilocybin dose to niacin placebo with psychotherapy.”
Low-income group psilocybin assisted therapy for depression: An Oregon feasibility study
Hicks, M., Hicks, O., Bradley, R. D., & Zwickey, H. L. (2026) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2026.00485 · Cited by 2
Roberts, C., Seynaeve, M., Ermakova, A. O., Dunbar, F., Wells, H., Puri, A., Bird, C., & Rucker, J. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261420087 · Cited by 6
“Over the past decade, research into psychedelics has gained traction with several studies demonstrating the potential beneficial effects of psychedelics in people with TRD (Carhart-Harris et al., 2018; Goodwin et al., 2022; Palhano-Fontes et al., 2019; Raison et al., 2023; Wong et al., 2024).”
Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Perspective from meta-analysis
Kishi, T., Sakuma, K., Hatano, M., Uchida, H., & Iwata, N. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121675 · Cited by 3
Yu, H., Jiang, L., Li, H., Dang, W., & Lv, D. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110130 · Cited by 2
Avram, M., Menegaux, A., Müller, F., Zaczek, H., Korda, A. I., Rogg, H. V., Becker, A. M., Ley, L., Liechti, M. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102791 · Cited by 2
Rucker, J., Mantingh, T., Kerr‐Gaffney, J., Bird, C., Chu, P., Modlin, N. L., Campbell‐Coker, K., Hambleton, S., Seath, P., Hignett, R., et al. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04541-0 · Cited by 6
Psilocybin in Bipolar II Study Provides Preliminary Data on Safety
Yaden, D. B., Gukasyan, N., & Nayak, S. M. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4680 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Raison, C. L., Sanacora, G., Woolley, J., Heinzerling, K., Dunlop, B. W., Brown, R. T., Kakar, R., Hassman, M., Trivedi, R. P., Robison, R., Gukasyan, N., Nayak, S. M., Hu, X., O’Donnell, K. C., Kelmendi, B., Sloshower, J., Penn, A. D., Bradley, E., Kelly, D. F., Mletzko, T., Nicholas, C. R., Hutson, P. R., Tarpley, G., Utzinger, M., Lenoch, K., Warchol, K., Gapasin, T., Davis, M. C., Nelson-Douthit, C., Wilson, S., Brown, C., Linton, W., Johnson, M. W., Ross, S., & Griffiths, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Usona Institute (US)
- Yale University (US)
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, California
- Emory University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Center for Psychedelic Research, Segal Trials, Lauderhill, Florida
- Hassman Research Institute (US)
- Flourish Research, Chicago, Illinois
- University of Utah (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Usona Institute, Fitchburg, Wisconsin
- Emmes (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raison, Charles L.
- ORCID
- Raison, Charles L.
- Sanacora, Gerard
- Woolley, Joshua
- Heinzerling, Keith
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Brown, Randall T.
- Trivedi, Rupal P.
- Robison, Reid
- Gukasyan, Natalie
- Nayak, Sandeep M.
- O’Donnell, Kelley C.
- Kelmendi, Benjamin
- Sloshower, Jordan
- Penn, Andrew D.
- Bradley, Ellen
- Kelly, Daniel F.
- Mletzko, Tanja
- Nicholas, Christopher R.
- Hutson, Paul R.
- Brown, Carrie
- Johnson, Matthew W.
- Ross, Stephen
- Griffiths, Roland R.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2023-09-05
- Volume
- 330
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 843
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC10472268
- OpenAlex
- W4386305655
- Cited by
- 545
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 165 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 16
- FWCI
- 158.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- psilocybin, major depressive disorder, antidepressant effects, psychological support, depression remission, sustained response, adverse events, antidepressant safety, psychedelic therapy, Sheehan Disability Scale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, treatment durability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Niacin, Psilocybin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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