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Efficacy of Risk-Reduction Counseling to Prevent Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
CONTEXT: The efficacy of counseling to prevent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has not been definitively shown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of 2 interactive HIV/STD counseling interventions with didactic prevention messages typical of current practice. DESIGN: Multicenter randomized controlled trial (Project RESPECT), with participants assigned to 1 of 3 individual face-to-face interventions. SETTING: Five public STD clinics (Baltimore, Md; Denver, Colo; Long Beach, Calif; Newark, NJ; and San Francisco, Calif) between July 1993 and September 1996. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5758 heterosexual, HIV-negative patients aged 14 years or older who came for STD examinations. INTERVENTIONS: Arm 1 received enhanced counseling, 4 interactive theory-based sessions. Arm 2 received brief counseling, 2 interactive risk-reduction sessions. Arms 3 and 4 each received 2 brief didactic messages typical of current care. Arms 1, 2, and 3 were actively followed up after enrollment with questionnaires at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and STD tests at 6 and 12 months. An intent-to-treat analysis was used to compare interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported condom use and new diagnoses of STDs (gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, HIV) defined by laboratory tests. RESULTS: At the 3- and 6-month follow-up visits, self-reported 100% condom use was higher (P<.05) in both the enhanced counseling and brief counseling arms compared with participants in the didactic messages arm. Through the 6-month interval, 30% fewer participants had new STDs in both the enhanced counseling (7.2%; P= .002) and brief counseling (7.3%; P= .005) arms compared with those in the didactic messages arm (10.4%). Through the 12-month study, 20% fewer participants in each counseling intervention had new STDs compared with those in the didactic messages arm (P = .008). Consistently at each of the 5 study sites, STD incidence was lower in the counseling intervention arms than in the didactic messages intervention arm. Reduction of STD was similar for men and women and greater for adolescents and persons with an STD diagnosed at enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Short counseling interventions using personalized risk reduction plans can increase condom use and prevent new STDs. Effective counseling can be conducted even in busy public clinics.
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“Although one large study in STI clinics (Project RESPECT) demonstrated that this approach was associated with lower acquisition of curable STIs (e.g., trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis) (5)”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
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Community-level interventions are needed to prevent new HIV infections.
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“First, we were aware that a new counseling approach entailing review of a narrative of a recent risk episode (a key component of the PCC intervention) began to be applied by some counselors providing UC at the study sites based on the success of the well-known Project RESPECT.17 We were aware that some clients receive…”
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“…testing) Chlamydia: IG: 2.1; CG: 2.0 OR, 0.17 (CI, 0.03–0.92) Gonorrhea: IG: 0.9; CG: 0.7 OR, 0.14 (CI, 0.01–3.02) Trichomonas: IG: 0.9; CG: 1.2 OR, 0.37 (CI, 0.09–1.46) Kamb et al., 1998 (17); Bolu et al., 2004 (24); Project RESPECT Fair (suboptimal follow-up) STI clinics n 5 764 (subgroup…”
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“” Responses of “(3) somewhat likely,” “(4) likely,” “(5) very likely” were coded as moderate or high; responses of “(1) very unlikely,” or “(2) unlikely” were coded as low.”
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Prevention of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Through Behavioral Intervention
Shain, R. N., Piper, J. M., Holden, A. E. C., Champion, J. D., Perdue, S. T., Korte, J. E., & Guerra, F. A. (2004) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000135301.97350.84 · Cited by 76
Davey-Rothwell, M. A., Tobin, K. E., Yang, P., Sun, C. J., & Latkin, C. A. (2011) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9943-9 · Cited by 76
“In addition to high quality Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) based on Project RESPECT [31], the Table 1 Overview of topics and activities of the CHAT intervention”
MethodPicciano, J. F., Roffman, R. A., Kalichman, S. C., Rutledge, S. E., & Berghuis, J. P. (2001) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1011392610578 · Cited by 76
“Such incentives have been reported to be associated with greater retention of participants in similar research settings (Kamb et al., 1998b; Kissinger et al., 2000).”
BackgroundRiess, T. H., Mireku, M., Otieno, S., Ndinya-Achola, J., & Bailey, R. C. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012366 · Cited by 74
“[30] and Denison et al.”
Boyer, C. B., Shafer, M., Shaffer, R. A., Brodine, S. K., Pollack, L. M., Betsinger, K., Chang, Y. J., Kraft, H. S., & Schachter, J. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.07.004 · Cited by 75
The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV‐positive people in the United Kingdom: a review
Green, G., & Smith, R. S. G. (2004) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2004.00210.x · Cited by 77
Hewett, P., Mensch, B., Ribeiro, M. C. S. D. A., Jones, H. E., Lippman, S. A., Montgomery, M. R., & van de Wijgert, J. H. H. M. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn113 · Cited by 75
“Given the relatively low prevalence of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis in study participants, a combined measure of any STI was used as the outcome variable; similar combined measures have been used elsewhere in the literature (34, 35 ).”
MethodPromotion of condom use in a high-risk setting in Nicaragua: a randomised controlled trial
Egger, M., Pauw, J., Lopatatzidis, A., Medrano, D., Paccaud, F., & Smith, G. D. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02376-x · Cited by 75
2014 European Guideline on HIV testing
Gökengin, D., Geretti, A. M., Begovać, J., Palfreeman, A., Stevanovic, M., Тарасенко, О. М., & Radcliffe, K. W. (2014) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462414531244 · Cited by 74
Subsequent Sexually Transmitted Infection in Urban Adolescents and Young Adults
Orr, D. P., Johnston, K. K., Brizendine, E. J., Katz, B. P., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2001) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.8.947 · Cited by 74
Sanci, L. A., Chondros, P., Sawyer, S. M., Pirkis, J., Ozer, E. M., Hegarty, K. L., Yang, F., Grabsch, B. E., Shiell, A., Cahill, H., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137581 · Cited by 73
Garfein, R. S., Swartzendruber, A. L., Ouellet, L. J., Kapadia, F., Hudson, S., Thiede, H., Strathdee, S. A., Williams, I. T., Bailey, S. L., Hagan, H., et al. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.007 · Cited by 73
Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Screening in Patients Older than 55 Years of Age
Sanders, G. D., Bayoumi, A. M., Holodniy, M., & Owens, D. K. (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-12-200806170-00002 · Cited by 72
Comparative Effectiveness of HIV Testing and Treatment in Highly Endemic Regions
Bendavid, E. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.249 · Cited by 70
HIV Sexual Risk Reduction Interventions With Heterosexual Men: The Forgotten Group
Exner, T. M., Gardos, P. S., Seal, D. W., & Ehrhardt, A. Α. (1999) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025493503255 · Cited by 70
“Project Respect, another rigorously designed multicenter randomized controlled trial, also targeted a large sample (N - 5758) of male and female STD clinic clients and women using health services organizations (Kamb et al., 1998).”
Comparing the costs of HIV screening strategies and technologies in health-care settings
Farnham, P. G., Hutchinson, A. B., Sansom, S. L., & Branson, B. M. (2008) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/00333549081230s307 · Cited by 69
Carey, M. P., Senn, T. E., Vanable, P. A., Coury-Doniger, P. A., & Urban, M. A. (2009) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9587-1 · Cited by 68
Group Counseling to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Disease and HIV: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Branson, B. M., Peterman, T. A., Cannon, R. O., Ransom, R., & Zaidi, A. A. (1998) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-199811000-00011 · Cited by 69
Brief Physician Advice For High-Risk Drinking Among Young Adults
Grossberg, P. M. (2004) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.122 · Cited by 69
Noguchi, K., Albarracín, D., Durantini, M. R., & Glasman, L. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.955 · Cited by 67
“…sex with men (Kelly et al., 1991; Kelly, McAuliffe, et al., 1997; Kelly, Murphy, et al., 1997) as well as interventions to convince a variety of higher risk populations that their social network supports condom use (see CDC Community Demonstration Projects Research Group, 1997; Kamb et al., 1998).”
BackgroundDoes Delivering Preventive Services in Primary Care Reduce Adolescent Risky Behavior?
Ozer, E. M., Adams, S. H., Orrell-Valente, J. K., Wibbelsman, C. J., Lustig, J. L., Millstein, S. G., Garber, A. K., & Irwin, C. E. (2011) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.02.011 · Cited by 68
The real problem with male condoms is nonuse.
Steiner, M. J., Cates, W., & Warner, L. (1999) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-199909000-00007 · Cited by 67
Peck, R. N., Fitzgerald, D. W., Liautaud, B., Deschamps, M., Verdier, R.-I., Beaulieu, M. E., GrandPierre, R., Joseph, P., Sévère, P., Noël, F., et al. (2003) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200308010-00007 · Cited by 67
Promoting Early Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Adolescents
Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., & Futterman, D. C. (2000) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.5.435 · Cited by 67
Sansom, S. L. (2003) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00624-0 · Cited by 67
Rhodes, F., Stein, J. A., Fishbein, M., Goldstein, R. B., & Rotheram‐Borus, M. J. (2007) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9208-9 · Cited by 66
“Demographic Characteristics Demographic characteristics of the sample have been reported in detail elsewhere (Kamb et al., 1998a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHergenrather, K. C., Emmanuel, D., Durant, S., & Rhodes, S. D. (2016) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2016.28.3.252 · Cited by 66
A tailored minimal self-help intervention to promote condom use in young women
Scholes, D., McBride, C. M., Grothaus, L. C., Civic, D., Ichikawa, L., Fish, L. J., & Yarnall, K. S. H. (2003) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200307040-00016 · Cited by 64
“The current intervention strategy sought to build on more intensive HIV/STD brief counseling interventions [20,21,24], sharing some of their features while offering the additional advantages of self-direction (materials can be used, and re-used, at the individual’s discretion) and portability (outreach can be independ…”
BackgroundAccomplishments in HIV prevention science: implications for stemming the epidemic
Valdiserri, R. O., Ogden, L. L., & McCray, E. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0703-881 · Cited by 66
Circumcision and STD in the United States: cross sectional and cohort analyses
Diseker, R. A. (2000) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.76.6.474 · Cited by 65
Pitpitan, E. V., Kalichman, S. C., Eaton, L. A., Cain, D. N., Sikkema, K. J., Skinner, D. G., Watt, M. H., & Pieterse, D. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9346-9 · Cited by 65
Bull, S. S., RIETMEIJER, C. A. M., Fortenberry, J. D., Stoner, B. P., Malotte, K., VanDevanter, N., Middlestadt, S. E., & Hook, E. W. (1999) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-199911000-00008 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Kamb, M. L., Fishbein, M., Douglas, Jr., Rhodes, F., Rogers, J., Bolan, G., Zenilman, J., Hoxworth, T., Malotte, C. K., Iatesta, M., Kent, C., Lentz, A., Graziano, S., Byers, R. H., Peterman, T. A., & for the Project RESPECT Study Group
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1998-10-07
- Volume
- 280
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1161
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2153335467
- Cited by
- 973
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 29.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Keywords
- HIV prevention, sexually transmitted infections, risk reduction counseling, condom use, STD incidence, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, HIV, STD clinics, adolescents, HIV-negative patients, sexual behavior change
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Community Health Services, Counseling, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, United States, HIV Infections
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