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Cited by 233Smoking Behavior and CessationPrenatal Substance Exposure EffectsReproductive Health and Contraception

Trends in pregnancy related smoking rates in the United States, 1987–1996

Ebrahim, Shahul H.·2000·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.283.3.361
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Abstract

CONTEXT: Rates of smoking are increasing among adolescents and young adults, but trends in smoking among pregnant women have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess pregnancy-related variations in smoking behaviors and their determinants among women of childbearing age in the United States. DESIGN: Analysis of data collected between 1987-1996 from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A total of 187302 (178499 nonpregnant and 8803 pregnant) noninstitutionalized women aged 18 to 44 years from 33 states. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence rates of smoking initiation and current smoking, median number of cigarettes smoked, and adjusted odds ratios for smoking stratified by pregnancy status; prevalence rate ratio for current smoking comparing pregnant with nonpregnant women. RESULTS: The overall percentage of women who had ever initiated smoking decreased significantly from 44.1% in 1987 to 38.2% in 1996. During that 10-year period, the prevalence of current smoking also decreased significantly among both pregnant women (16.3% to 11.8%) and nonpregnant women (26.7% to 23.6%). Overall, pregnant women were about half (54%) as likely as nonpregnant women to be current smokers during 1987-1996. Over time, the median number of cigarettes smoked per day by pregnant smokers remained at 10, whereas among nonpregnant smokers it decreased from 19 to 15 (P<.05 for trend). In the same period, among young women (aged 18-20 years), prevalence rates of smoking initiation and current smoking increased slightly. Sociodemographic subgroups of women at increased risk for current smoking were the same for pregnant and nonpregnant women (ie, those with a completed high school education or less, whites, and those who were unmarried). CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis, the decline in smoking over time among pregnant women was primarily due to the overall decline in smoking initiation rates among women of childbearing age, not to an increased rate of smoking cessation related to pregnancy. To foster effective perinatal tobacco control, efforts are needed to further reduce the number of young women who begin smoking. Clinicians should query all pregnant women and women of childbearing age about smoking and provide cessation and relapse interventions to each smoker.

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  • In the USA, about 20-25% of pregnant women smoke, and 12-15% continue throughout pregnancy.

    “In the USA, about 20–25% of pregnant women smoke, and, of these, 12–15% continue throughout pregnancy.60, 61, 62”

    From Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth (2008) · cites this paper as [60]

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Authors
Ebrahim, S. H.
Affiliations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author
Ebrahim, Shahul H.
ORCID
Ebrahim, Shahul H.
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2000-01-19
Volume
283
Issue
3
Pages
361
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.283.3.361
OpenAlex
W2107563587
Cited by
233
References
28
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 14
FWCI
12.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • JAMA (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Vlaamse regering
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Keywords
smoking during pregnancy, smoking initiation, smoking prevalence trends, smoking cessation, young women, sociodemographic risk factors, cigarette consumption, women of reproductive age
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Risk-Taking, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Health Behavior, Prevalence, Smoking Cessation

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