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A 3-Level Prognostic Classification in Septic Shock Based on Cortisol Levels and Cortisol Response to Corticotropin
Abstract
CONTEXT: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a major determinant of the host response to stress. The relationship between its activation and patient outcome is not known. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of cortisol levels and a short corticotropin stimulation test in patients with septic shock. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective inception cohort study conducted between October 1991 and September 1995 in 2 teaching hospital adult intensive care units in France. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 189 consecutive patients who met clinical criteria for septic shock. INTERVENTION: A short corticotropin stimulation test was performed in all patients by intravenously injecting 0.25 mg of tetracosactrin; blood samples were taken immediately before the test (T0) and 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) minutes afterward. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Twenty-eight-day mortality as a function of variables collected at the onset of septic shock, including cortisol levels before the corticotropin test and the cortisol response to corticotropin (delta max, defined as the difference between T0 and the highest value between T30 and T60). RESULTS: The 28-day mortality was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51%-65%) and median time to death was 17 days (95% CI, 14-27 days). In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of death (P < or = .001 for all) were McCabe score greater than 0, organ system failure score greater than 2, arterial lactate level greater than 2.8 mmol/L, ratio of PaO2 to fraction of inspired oxygen no more than 160 mm Hg, cortisol level at T0 greater than 34 microg/dL and delta max no more than 9 microg/dL. Three groups of patient prognoses were identified: good (cortisol level at T0 < or = 34 microg/dL and delta max > 9 microg/dL; 28-day mortality rate, 26%), intermediate (cortisol level at T0 34 microg/dL and delta max < or = 9 microg/dL or cortisol level at T0 > 34 microg/dL and delta max > 9 microg/dL; 28-day mortality rate, 67%), and poor (cortisol level at T0 > 34 microg/dL and delta max < or = 9 microg/dL; 28-day mortality rate, 82%). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that a short corticotropin test has a good prognostic value and could be helpful in identifying patients with septic shock at high risk for death.
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“Short-term hormone dysfunction could also be explained by acute phase inflammation and stress49505152.”
From Endocrine dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: a 5-year follow-up nationwide-based study (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
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MethodCorticosteroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency Independently Predicts Mortality in Septic Shock
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MethodResultTreatment options for severe sepsis and septic shock
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“As with patients with sepsis (26), an attenuated cortisol response to corticotropin has also been reported during the inflammatory syndrome following hemorrhagic shock (27, 28).”
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BackgroundAssessment of adrenocortical function in the critically ill
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“An intact hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with effective intracellular glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory activity is indispensable for host survival after exposure to an infectious agent [ 8 ].”
BackgroundSelf-citationEtomidate and adrenal insufficiency: the controversy continues
Majesko, A., & Darby, J. M. (2010) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc9338 · Cited by 19
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“Relative adrenal insufficiency has been reported as a predictor of mortality in septic patients [11-13].”
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Validation of a low-dose ACTH stimulation test in healthy adult horses
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Physiopathologie du sepsis sévère
Caille, V., Bossi, P., Grimaldi, D., & Vieillard‐Baron, A. (2004) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/s0755-4982(04)98551-x · Cited by 19
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“How common is relative adrenal insufficiency? In the study conducted by Annane and colleagues [6] it was 54%, but in some recent data there are suggestions that between twothirds and three-quarters of patients with septic shock may have relative adrenal insufficiency.”
BackgroundDaidzein pretreatment improves survival in mouse model of sepsis
Parida, S., Singh, T. U., Thangamalai, R., Reddy, C. E. N., Panigrahi, M., Kandasamy, K., Singh, V., & Mishra, S. K. (2015) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.059 · Cited by 17
“If unrecognized and untreated, impaired HPA axis function may result in a lethal outcome [41].”
BackgroundReversible Increase in Maximal Cortisol Secretion Rate in Septic Shock*
Dorin, R. I., Qualls, C., Torpy, D. J., Schrader, R. M., & Urban, F. K. (2014) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000721 · Cited by 18
“Experimental Protocol Baseline blood samples for plasma total and free cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), albumin, and adrenocorticotropin were obtained immediately prior to IV administration of adrenocorticotropin-(1-24) (250 μg).”
BackgroundMethodUnderstanding the HPA response to critical illness: novel insights with clinical implications
Boonen, E., & den Berghe, G. V. (2014) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-014-3545-8 · Cited by 17
Venkatesh, B., Imeson, L., Kruger, P., Cohen, J., Jones, M., & Bellomo, R. (2015) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000750 · Cited by 16
“Annane et al (32) advocated a three-level risk stratification based on baseline PTC (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and the corticotropin response.”
BackgroundTen false beliefs about cortisol in critically ill patients
Venkatesh, B., Cohen, J., & Cooper, M. S. (2015) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-014-3635-7 · Cited by 18
Kim, T., Rhee, J. E., Kim, K., Cha, W. C., Suh, G. J., & Jung, S. K. (2008) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2008.23.6.988 · Cited by 18
“The medical records of these patients were reviewed and we included the patients in this study if they met all of the following criteria: 1) age older than 18 yr, 2) severe sepsis or septic shock, 3) induction agents administered before emergent endotracheal intubation, and 4) CST performed within 24 hr after the admi…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSteroid Therapy of Septic Shock
Sprung, C. L., Goodman, S. V., & Weiss, Y. (2011) · Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2010.12.010 · Cited by 18
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“A study by Annane et al([3]) reported that clear associations were observed between survival rate and presence of AI in sepsis.”
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Corticosteroid Replacement in Critically Ill Patients
Jacobi, J. (2006) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2006.02.007 · Cited by 18
“Extremely high (N34 mg/dL) and extremely low (b25 mg/dL) total cortisol concentrations have been associated with a poor prognosis in septic shock patients [10,11].”
BackgroundPituitary-adrenal responses to human corticotropin-releasing hormone in critically ill patients
Dimopoulou, I., Alevizopoulou, P., Dafni, U. G., Orfanos, S. E., Livaditi, O., Tzanela, M., Kotanidou, A. N., Souvatzoglou, E., Kopterides, P., Mavrou, I., et al. (2006) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0491-0 · Cited by 18
“high and low cortisol responses have been associated with an adverse outcome [1, 2, 3, 4].”
BackgroundRelative Adrenal Insufficiency in the ICU: Can We at Least Make the Diagnosis?
Meyer, N. J., & Hall, J. B. (2006) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200608-1168ed · Cited by 18
Sobolewska, J., Działach, Ł., Kuca, P., & Witek, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1473151 · Cited by 21
Briegel, J., Möhnle, P., Keh, D., Lindner, J. M., Vetter, A. C., Bogatsch, H., Lange, D., Frank, S., Hinske, L. C., Annane, D., et al. (2022) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04224-5 · Cited by 19
“The corticotropin test has long been proposed to assess the adrenocortical reserve and to prognosticate mortality in septic shock [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationfor the ProHOSP Study Group, Nickler, M., Ottiger, M., Steuer, C., Kutz, A., Christ‐Crain, M., Zimmerli, W., Thomann, R., Hoess, C., Henzen, C., et al. (2017) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1656-7 · Cited by 17
Hydrocortisone in Vasodilatory Shock
Venkatesh, B., & Cohen, J. (2019) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2018.11.005 · Cited by 17
Troché, G., Henry-Lagarrigue, M., Soppelsa, F., Legriel, S., Yehia, A., Bruneel, F., Bédos, J., & Spreux‐Varoquaux, O. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019906 · Cited by 17
Inhibition of potassium channels in critical illness
Lange, M., Morelli, A., & Westphal, M. (2008) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0b013e3282f3ad74 · Cited by 17
Stress Response in Critical Illness
dos Santos, L. S. (2013) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.10.002 · Cited by 17
An endocrinologist's view on relative adrenocortical insufficiency in rheumatoid arthritis
Imrich, R., Vlček, M., Aldag, J. C., Kerlik, J., Rádiková, Ž., Rovenský, J., Vigas, M., & Masi, A. T. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05362.x · Cited by 17
“12 In our laboratory, we compared cortisol responses to the low-dose (1 g) ACTH test in: (1) a group of RA females on low-dose prednisone/methylprednisolone (<8 mg/d); (2) glucocorticoid-naı̈ve RA females, and (3) age- and body mass index-matched healthy females.”
MethodQue reste-t-il de l'insuffisance surrénale post-corticothérapie ?
Goichot, B., Vinzio, S., Luca, F., & Schlienger, J. (2007) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2006.11.014 · Cited by 14
Rice, T. W. (2006) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.1.3 · Cited by 17
“Many patients with refractory septic shock have relative adrenal insufficiency, lacking adequate adrenal function to produce an appropriate cortisol response for their level of illness (Annane et al 2000).”
HILDEBRANDT, T., MANSOUR, M., & SAMSAM, R. A. (2005) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2004.01540.x · Cited by 17
“Annane et al. ( 65 ) identified 189 septic shock patients.”
BackgroundRidley, S. (2003) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03568.x · Cited by 17
Wintergerst, K. A., Foster, M. B., Sullivan, J. E., & Woods, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681200600102 · Cited by 17
Management of Severe Sepsis: Integration of Multiple Pharmacologic Interventions
Micek, S. T., Shah, R. A., & Kollef, M. H. (2003) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.23.14.1486.31945 · Cited by 17
“Mortality risk in these patients was evaluated based on response to a high-dose corticotropin stimulation test.(68) Patients with high basal cortisol levels (> 34 μg/dl) combined with a weak cortisol response to the test (change ≤ 9 μg/dl) appeared to have an increased risk of death, with 28-day mortality up to 82%.”
BackgroundMethodKortikosteroidinsuffizienz bei kritisch Kranken
Briegel, J., Vogeser, M., Keh, D., & Marik, P. E. (2009) · Der Anaesthesist · doi:10.1007/s00101-009-1515-2 · Cited by 16
Liu, S., Zhu, X., Liu, Y., Wang, C., Wang, S., Tang, X., & Ni, X. (2011) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318206b980 · Cited by 17
Yehya, N., Vogiatzi, M. G., Thomas, N. J., & Srinivasan, V. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.020 · Cited by 16
“A cutoff of random cortisol < 18 μg/dL to identify adrenal insufficiency is also problematic because several sepsis cohort studies suggest that cortisol levels directly correlate with increased mortality, and are higher in non-survivors (14, 33, 35).”
BackgroundOrtiz-Flores, A. E., Santacruz, E., Mendiguchía, L. J., Cano, A. M. G., Nattero‐Chávez, L., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., & Luque‐Ramírez, M. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019273 · Cited by 17
Etomidate in sepsis: understanding the dilemma.
Gagnon, D. J., & Seder, D. B. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.21 · Cited by 15
“Despite this, several studies have confirmed that a baseline cortisol <10 mcg/mL or failure to increase cortisol levels by >9 mcg/dL after adrenocorticotropin challenge portends a poor outcome for patients with sepsis (10-12).”
Background“Relative” adRenal insufficiency in cRitical illness
Fleseriu, M., & Loriaux, D. L. (2009) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep09180.ra · Cited by 16
“Increased risk of death in critically ill patients has frequently been associated with high levels of blood cortisol (2).”
Insuficiência adrenal relativa como preditora de gravidade de doença e mortalidade do choque séptico
Dallegrave, D. M., Silva, R. L., Becker, M., Gehrke, L. V., & Friedman, G. (2012) · Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva · doi:10.1590/s0103-507x2012000400012 · Cited by 15
“Cortisol basal (μg/dL) 22,8 [17,0-31,4] 26,6 [12,9-34,5] 0,857”
InfluentialMeningococcal disease and meningitis
Branco, R. G., Amoretti, C. F., & Tasker, R. C. (2007) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.1612 · Cited by 16
Ducrocq, N., Biferi, P., Girerd, N., Latar, I., Lemoine, S., Perez, P., Thivilier, C., Lévy, B., & Kimmoun, A. (2017) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000001090 · Cited by 18
“The term CIRCI was used to highlight that any critical illness associated with an overwhelming systemic inflammation may compromise adrenocortical function, although the majority of studies were performed during septic shock (10, 11).”
MethodBaseline and Stimulated Cortisol Levels in Preterm Infants: Is There Any Clinical Relevance?
Sarı, F. N., Dizdar, E. A., Oğuz, Ş. S., Andıran, N., Erdeve, Ö., Uraş, N., Memik, R., & Dilmen, U. (2011) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000332157 · Cited by 16
Cortisol replacement for severe sepsis and septic shock: what should I do?
Annane, D. (2002) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc1486 · Cited by 16
Self-citationNonventilatory Interventions in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Schuster, K. M., Alouidor, R., & Barquist, E. S. (2008) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066607310166 · Cited by 16
“Although the significance of a normal serum cortisol in these patients remains unclear, Annane and colleagues(82) have shown that a lower response, less than a 9-μg/dL increase in serum cortisol level, to an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test (250 μg) (nonresponders), correlated with increased mortal…”
BackgroundAssessment of Adrenocortical Function in the Critically Ill
Rai, R., Cohen, J., & Venkatesh, B. (2004) · Critical Care and Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/s1441-2772(23)01857-4 · Cited by 16
CORTICUS: The end of unconditional love for steroid use?
Mason, P. E., Al-Khafaji, A. H., Milbrandt, E. B., Suffoletto, B. P., & Huang, D. T. (2009) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc7986 · Cited by 16
“Interest was renewed with the observation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in patients with septic shock [4-7].”
Samransamruajkit, R., Jitchaiwat, S., Deerojanawong, J., Sritippayawan, S., & Praphal, N. (2007) · Journal of critical care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.03.003 · Cited by 14
“Definition of AI [8,14]:”
BackgroundRisk Factors and Outcome of Changes in Adrenal Response to ACTH in the Course of Critical Illness
de Jong, M. F. C., Beishuizen, A., van Schijndel, R. J. M. S., Girbes, A. R. J., & Groeneveld, A. B. J. (2011) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066610393456 · Cited by 14
“010 Age, years 65 (33-78) 67 (18-92) 65 (18-92) 73 (37-84) Underlying disease Cardiovascular 14 (52) 15 (56) 21 (49) 8 (73) Renal 0 1 (4) 1 (2) 0 Pulmonary 2 (7) 1 (4) 3 (7) 0 Gastrointestinal 2 (7) 2 (7) 4 (9) 0 Neurological 1 (4) 1 (4) 2 (5) 0 Endocrinological 3 (11) 3 (11) 5 (12) 1 (9) Malignancy 2 (7) 2 (7) 2 (5)…”
BackgroundInfluentialMarino, L. O., & de Souza, H. P. (2020) · European Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1097/mej.0000000000000693 · Cited by 15
Gurka, D. P., & BALK, R. A. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50040-6 · Cited by 15
den Berghe, G. V. (2021) · Journal of Anesthesia · doi:10.1007/s00540-021-02977-x · Cited by 15
Revisiting steroid treatment for septic shock: molecular actions and clinical effects - a review
Japiassú, A. M., Salluh, J. I., Bozza, P. T., Bozza, F. A., & Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C. (2009) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/s0074-02762009000400001 · Cited by 15
“Annane et al. (2000) conducted this test in a large cohort of early septic shock patients and could identify a subset of higher death probability group with a poor response to synthetic ACTH and higher levels of basal serum cortisol.”
BackgroundEndocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness
Marik, P. E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44942-7.00076-5 · Cited by 17
Endocrine aspects of critical illness
Müller-Stich, B. P. (2007) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2007.06.006 · Cited by 16
Steroid use in PROWESS severe sepsis patients treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated)
Levy, H. A., Laterre, P., Bates, B. M., & Qualy, R. L. (2005) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc3778 · Cited by 15
“Annane and colleagues [22] demonstrated that the response to a short corticotropin test could potentially be used to identify patients with relative adrenal insufficiency who are at high risk for death related to septic shock.”
BackgroundNeuroendocrine axis in critical illness
den Berghe, G. V. (2001) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/00060793-200102000-00009 · Cited by 13
Marchetti, M., Pierini, A., Favilla, G., & Marchetti, V. (2021) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105677 · Cited by 14
Do We Have Reliable Biochemical Markers to Predict the Outcome of Critical Illness?
Schetz, M., & den Berghe, G. V. (2005) · The International Journal of Artificial Organs · doi:10.1177/039139880502801202 · Cited by 14
“A blunted cortisol response to ACTH, supposed to reflect a relative adrenal insufficiency, has also been associated with a worse outcome (106, 107, 109, 110).”
BackgroundNeuroendocrine Derangements in Early Septic Shock
Schurr, J. W., Szumita, P. M., & DeGrado, J. R. (2017) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000000864 · Cited by 14
“Patients who are unable to mount and maintain an appropriate stress response have worse outcomes (16).”
BackgroundYuki, M., Aoyama, R., Hirano, T., Tawada, R., Ogawa, M., Naito, E., Kainuma, D., & Nagata, N. (2019) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-019-1919-4 · Cited by 14
Vanhorebeek, I., Derese, I., Gunst, J., Wouters, P. J., Hermans, G., & den Berghe, G. V. (2021) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03858-1 · Cited by 14
The effects of three specific conditions related to critical care on adrenal function in children
Karagüzel, G., Atay, S., Değer, O., İmamoğlu, M., Ökten, A., & Karagüzel, G. (2012) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2662-5 · Cited by 14
“[19] suggested that if baseline cortisol levels were at most 34 lg/dl and the increment in cortisol levels (SD-ST) was greater than 9 lg/dl in the adult patients with septic shock, the prognosis was good.”
BackgroundMethodCritical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in cancer patients
Bruno, J. J., Hernández, M., Ghosh, S., & Pravinkumar, S. E. (2011) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-011-1191-z · Cited by 14
“This was based on previous publications demonstrating a poor prognosis associated with this criterion [2, 3].”
BackgroundMethodNicolas-Robin, A., Barouk, J., Darnal, E., Riou, B., & Langeron, O. (2011) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e31822a702f · Cited by 13
Doluee, M. T., Salehi, M., Gharaee, A. M., Jalalyazdi, M., & Reihani, H. (2017) · Journal of Emergency Practice and Trauma · doi:10.15171/jept.2017.25 · Cited by 15
“It was demonstrated that there is a relationship between cortisol level and response to ACTH stimulation test and the survival rate of septic shock in patients (9).”
BackgroundQuartin, A., Calonge, R., Schein, R., & Crandall, L. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0b013e3181611f968 · Cited by 18
Adrenal exhaustion in septic patients with vasopressor dependency.
Guzman, J., & Guzman, C. B. (2007) · Journal of critical care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.05.003 · Cited by 16
Hydrocortisone Therapy for Patients with Septic Shock
Zanotti, S. L. (2009) · Yearbook of Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0734-3299(08)79116-0 · Cited by 14
Hydrocortisone and the reduction of vasopressors in septic shock: therapy or only chart cosmetics?
Briegel, J. (2000) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001340000736 · Cited by 14
Replacement therapy with hydrocortisone in catecholamine-dependent septic shock
Annane, D. (2001) · Journal of Endotoxin Research · doi:10.1177/09680519010070040101 · Cited by 14
Self-citationAdrenal insufficiency in children with septic shock
Casartelli, C. H., Garcia, P. C. R., Piva, J. P., & Branco, R. G. (2003) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.1093 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Annane, D.
- Affiliations
- Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Annane, Djillali
- ORCID
- Annane, Djillali
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2000-02-23
- Volume
- 283
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1038
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2156618518
- Cited by
- 1,000
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 38.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients
- Keywords
- septic shock, cortisol, ACTH stimulation test, tetracosactrin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, prognostic stratification, 28-day mortality, stress response, organ failure, lactate, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, intensive care unit patients, corticosteroid therapy, sepsis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cosyntropin, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Middle Aged, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Shock, Septic, Biomarkers, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis
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