Cited by 528Sleep and related disordersObstructive Sleep Apnea ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Comorbid With Psychiatric and Medical Conditions: A Meta-analysis

Wu, Jade Q., Appleman, Erica R., Salazar, Robert D., Ong, Jason C.·2015·JAMA Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3006

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Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the most prominent nonpharmacologic treatment for insomnia disorders. Although meta-analyses have examined primary insomnia, less is known about the comparative efficacy of CBT-I on comorbid insomnia. OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of CBT-I for insomnia comorbid with psychiatric and/or medical conditions for (1) remission from insomnia; (2) self-reported sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, total sleep time, and subjective sleep quality; and (3) comorbid symptoms. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was conducted on June 2, 2014, through PubMed, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and manual searches. Search terms included (1) CBT-I or CBT or cognitive behavioral [and its variations] or behavioral therapy [and its variations] or behavioral sleep medicine or stimulus control or sleep restriction or relaxation therapy or relaxation training or progressive muscle relaxation or paradoxical intention; and (2) insomnia or sleep disturbance. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if they were randomized clinical trials with at least one CBT-I arm and had an adult population meeting diagnostic criteria for insomnia as well as a concomitant condition. Inclusion in final analyses (37 studies) was based on consensus between 3 authors' independent screenings. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data were independently extracted by 2 authors and pooled using a random-effects model. Study quality was independently evaluated by 2 authors using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: A priori main outcomes (ie, clinical sleep and comorbid outcomes) were derived from sleep diary and other self-report measures. RESULTS: At posttreatment evaluation, 36.0% of patients who received CBT-I were in remission from insomnia compared with 16.9% of those in control or comparison conditions (pooled odds ratio, 3.28; 95% CI, 2.30-4.68; P < .001). Pretreatment and posttreatment controlled effect sizes were medium to large for most sleep parameters (sleep efficiency: Hedges g = 0.91 [95% CI, 0.74 to 1.08]; sleep onset latency: Hedges g = 0.80 [95% CI, 0.60 to 1.00]; wake after sleep onset: Hedges g = 0.68; sleep quality: Hedges g = 0.84; all P < .001), except total sleep time. Comorbid outcomes yielded a small effect size (Hedges g = 0.39 [95% CI, 0.60-0.98]; P < .001); improvements were greater in psychiatric than in medical populations (Hedges g = 0.20 [95% CI, 0.09-0.30]; χ2 test for interaction = 12.30; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is efficacious for improving insomnia symptoms and sleep parameters for patients with comorbid insomnia. A small to medium positive effect was found across comorbid outcomes, with larger effects on psychiatric conditions compared with medical conditions. Large-scale studies with more rigorous designs to reduce detection and performance bias are needed to improve the quality of the evidence.

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Atzmon, O., Crowther, M. E., Quin, N., Cassera, L., Wellecke, C., Pinnington, D. M., & Bei, B. (2025) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2025.2501704
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is an effective (van der Zweerde et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2015) and first-line treatment for insomnia (Morin et al., 2023).”
RE: Promethazine is not a good option to aid sleep quality, especially for people using psychiatric services
Corti, M., Shahbaz, A. R., Elsawaf, M., Roberts, A., & Flood, S. (2025) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2025.31
Prenatal Insomnia and Mental Health: Characterizing the Role of Nocturnal Cognitive Arousal in Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality
Kalmbach, D. A., Swanson, L. M., & Raglan, G. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95948-6_3
Treating Insomnia in Individuals with Comorbid Anxiety or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Pineles, S. L., McGrory, C. M., Santiago, N., Snelson, A. M., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2025) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92265-7_11
Model-driven individualized transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of insomnia disorder: protocol for a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind study
Wang, Y., Jia, W., Zhang, Z., Bai, T., Xu, Q., Jiang, J. P., & Wang, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07347-5
The implementation of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with insomnia comorbid to psychiatric conditions at two child and adolescent psychiatry clinics
Lundén, C., Khalifa, N., Ramklint, M., Isaksson, J., Jernelöv, S., & Zetterqvist, V. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116815
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Wolkow, A. P., Barger, L. K., & Weaver, M. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00050-4
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Vargas, I., Garland, S. N., Kloss, J. D., & Perlis, M. L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00044-9
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“Meta-analyses have estimated a moderate to large positive effect of CBT for insomnia (CBT-I) on sleep quality and sleep efficiency (Wu et al., 2015).”
Additional file 1 of Efficacy of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with low back pain: a feasibility randomized co-twin and singleton-controlled trial
Ho, K. K., Simić, M., Pinheiro, M. B., Miller, C. B., Ferreira, M. L., Grunstein, R. R., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., & Ferreira, P. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20070961
Additional file 3 of Efficacy of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with low back pain: a feasibility randomized co-twin and singleton-controlled trial
Ho, K. K., Simić, M., Pinheiro, M. B., Miller, C. B., Ferreira, M. L., Grunstein, R. R., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., & Ferreira, P. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20070967
Additional file 2 of Efficacy of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with low back pain: a feasibility randomized co-twin and singleton-controlled trial
Ho, K. K., Simić, M., Pinheiro, M. B., Miller, C. B., Ferreira, M. L., Grunstein, R. R., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., & Ferreira, P. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20070964
Treatment Based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Insomnia Adapted for People with Insomnia and Depression
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Potential benefits of group cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia in outpatients with coronary heart disease versus usual care: an early economic evaluation
Pacheco, A. P., Dammen, T., Munkhaugen, J., Papageorgiou, C., Kværner, K. J., & Støme, L. N. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092811

Authors: Wu, J. Q., Appleman, E. R., Salazar, R. D., & Ong, J. C.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
Rush University Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Wu, Jade Q.
Appleman, Erica R.
Ong, Jason C.
Venue: JAMA Internal Medicine
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2015-09-01
Volume: 175
Issue: 9
Pages: 1461
ISSN: 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3006
OpenAlex: W1574691271
Cited by: 527
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 7
FWCI: 64.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, insomnia comorbidity, psychiatric comorbidity, comorbidities, insomnia remission, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, subjective sleep quality, sleep restriction, stimulus control, relaxation training, paradoxical intention, risk of bias
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Sleep, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Comorbid With Psychiatric and Medical Conditions: A Meta-analysis

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