Association between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and lower extremity amputation among patients with type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Results of clinical trials suggest that canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor for treating type 2 diabetes, may be associated with lower extremity amputation. Objective: To quantify the association between the use of oral medication for type 2 diabetes and 5 outcomes (lower extremity amputation, peripheral arterial disease, critical limb ischemia, osteomyelitis, and ulcer). Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters data on new users between September 1, 2012, and September 30, 2015. The study focused on 2.0 million commercially insured individuals and used propensity score weighting to balance baseline differences among groups. Sensitivity analyses varied statistical models, assessed the effect of combining dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists as a single referent group, adjusted for baseline use of older oral agents, and included people with baseline amputation. Exposures: New use of SGLT-2 inhibitors alone, DPP-4 inhibitors alone, GLP-1 agonists alone, or other antidiabetic agents (sulfonylurea, metformin hydrochloride, or thiazolidinediones). Main Outcomes and Measures: Foot and leg amputation, defined by validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Results: Among 2.0 million potentially eligible individuals, a total of 953 906 (516 046 women and 437 860 men; mean [SD] age, 51.8 [10.9] years) were included in the final analyses, including 39 869 new users of SGLT-2 inhibitors (4.2%), 105 023 new users of DPP-4 inhibitors (11.0%), and 39 120 new users of GLP-1 agonists (4.1%). The median observation time ranged from 99 days for new users of GLP-1 agonists to 127 days for those using metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones, while the crude incident rates ranged from 4.90 per 10 000 person-years for those using metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones to 10.53 per 10 000 person-years for new users of SGLT-2 inhibitors. After propensity score weighting and adjustment for demographics, severity of diabetes, comorbidities, and medications, there was a nonstatistically significant increased risk of amputation associated with new use of SGLT-2 inhibitors compared with DPP-4 inhibitors (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.85-2.67) and GLP-1 agonists (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.64-3.36). New use of SGLT-2 inhibitors was statistically significantly associated with amputation compared with sulfonylureas, metformin, or thiazolidinediones (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.19-3.77). These results persisted in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions and Relevance: Use of SGLT-2 inhibitors may be associated with increased risk of amputation compared with some oral treatments for type 2 diabetes. Further observational studies are needed with extended follow-up and larger sample sizes.
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Observational data on SGLT2i and amputation risk have been inconclusive.
“Observational data have been inconclusive.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [114]
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- Authors
- Chang, H.-Y., Singh, S., Mansour, O., Baksh, S., & Alexander, G. C.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Alexander, G. Caleb
- Venue
- JAMA Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-09-01
- Volume
- 178
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1190
- ISSN
- 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6142968
- OpenAlex
- W2886009800
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 15.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL139426)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- SGLT2 inhibitors, canagliflozin, lower limb amputation, type 2 diabetes, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, peripheral arterial disease, critical limb ischemia, osteomyelitis, foot ulcer, drug safety, commercially insured patients, propensity score weighting, metformin
- MeSH terms
- Canagliflozin, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Amputation, Surgical, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Retrospective Studies, United States, Incidence, Lower Extremity, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors, Propensity Score, Peripheral Arterial Disease
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