Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Background Canagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor that reduces glycemia as well as blood pressure, body weight, and albuminuria in people with diabetes. We report the effects of treatment with canagliflozin on cardiovascular, renal, and safety outcomes. Methods The CANVAS Program integrated data from two trials involving a total of 10,142 participants with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. Participants in each trial were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin or placebo and were followed for a mean of 188.2 weeks. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Results The mean age of the participants was 63.3 years, 35.8% were women, the mean duration of diabetes was 13.5 years, and 65.6% had a history of cardiovascular disease. The rate of the primary outcome was lower with canagliflozin than with placebo (occurring in 26.9 vs. 31.5 participants per 1000 patient-years; hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75 to 0.97; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.02 for superiority). Although on the basis of the prespecified hypothesis testing sequence the renal outcomes are not viewed as statistically significant, the results showed a possible benefit of canagliflozin with respect to the progression of albuminuria (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.79) and the composite outcome of a sustained 40% reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate, the need for renal-replacement therapy, or death from renal causes (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.77). Adverse reactions were consistent with the previously reported risks associated with canagliflozin except for an increased risk of amputation (6.3 vs. 3.4 participants per 1000 patient-years; hazard ratio, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.75); amputations were primarily at the level of the toe or metatarsal. Conclusions In two trials involving patients with type 2 diabetes and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, patients treated with canagliflozin had a lower risk of cardiovascular events than those who received placebo but a greater risk of amputation, primarily at the level of the toe or metatarsal. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; CANVAS and CANVAS-R ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01032629 and NCT01989754 , respectively.).
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Compared with placebo, empagliflozin reduced the risk of incident or worsening nephropathy (a composite of progression to UACR >300 mg/g creatinine, doubling of serum creatinine, ESKD, or death from ESKD) by 39%.
“Specifically, compared with placebo, empagliflozin reduced the risk of incident or worsening nephropathy (a composite of progression to UACR >300 mg/g creatinine, doubling of serum creatinine, ESKD, or death from ESKD) by 39%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [91]
The Renal Outcomes section reports results for canagliflozin versus placebo, not empagliflozin. Its renal composite is a sustained 40% reduction in eGFR, renal-replacement therapy, or renal death (hazard ratio 0.60); it does not report the claimed nephropathy composite or 39% reduction. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSemaglutide reduced the risk of new or worsening nephropathy (a composite of persistent UACR >300 mg/g creatinine, doubling of serum creatinine, or ESKD) by 36%.
“and semaglutide reduced the risk of new or worsening nephropathy (a composite of persistent UACR >300 mg/g creatinine, doubling of serum creatinine, or ESKD) by 36% (each P < 0.01).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [91]
The Renal Outcomes section reports results for canagliflozin versus placebo, not semaglutide. It reports a hazard ratio of 0.73 for albuminuria progression and 0.60 for a differently defined composite renal outcome; it does not report the claimed 36% reduction in new or worsening nephropathy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmpagliflozin reduced the risk of doubling of serum creatinine accompanied by eGFR ≤45 mL/min/1.73m2 by 44%.
“and the risk of doubling of serum creatinine accompanied by eGFR #45 mL/min/1.73m 2 by 44%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [91]
The Renal Outcomes section reports results for canagliflozin, not empagliflozin. It reports a hazard ratio of 0.60 for a composite of sustained 40% eGFR reduction, renal-replacement therapy, or renal death—not a 44% reduction in creatinine doubling accompanied by eGFR ≤45. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLiraglutide reduced the risk of new or worsening nephropathy (a composite of persistent macroalbuminuria, doubling of serum creatinine, ESKD, or death from ESKD) by 22%.
“liraglutide reduced the risk of new or worsening nephropathy (a composite of persistent macroalbuminuria, doubling of serum creatinine, ESKD, or death from ESKD) by 22%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [91]
The Renal Outcomes section (page unavailable) reports a canagliflozin-versus-placebo result, not a liraglutide result. Its renal composite was sustained 40% reduction in eGFR, renal-replacement therapy, or renal death, with a hazard ratio of 0.60—not the stated nephropathy composite and 22% reduction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCompared with placebo, liraglutide reduced the risk of new or worsening nephropathy by 22%.
“liraglutide reduced the risk of new or worsening nephropathy (a composite of persistent macroalbuminuria, doubling of serum creatinine, kidney failure, or death from kidney failure) by 22%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
The Renal Outcomes section reports results for canagliflozin versus placebo, not liraglutide. It gives a hazard ratio of 0.60 for a different renal composite—sustained 40% reduction in eGFR, renal-replacement therapy, or renal death—not a 22% reduction in the nephropathy composite stated in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Compared with placebo, empagliflozin reduced the risk of incident or worsening nephropathy by 39% and the risk of doubling of serum creatinine accompanied by eGFR ≤45 mL/min/1.73m2 by 44%.
“empagliflozin reduced the risk of incident or worsening nephropathy (a composite of progression to UACR >300 mg/g creatinine, doubling of serum creatinine, kidney failure, or death from kidney failure) by 39% and the risk of doubling of serum creatinine accompanied by eGFR ≤45 mL/ min/1.73m 2 by 44%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
The Renal Outcomes section (page not provided) reports results for canagliflozin, not empagliflozin. It reports a hazard ratio of 0.73 for progression of albuminuria and 0.60 for a different composite renal outcome; it does not report the claimed 39% and 44% reductions for the specified outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCompared with placebo, dulaglutide reduced the composite kidney outcome by 25%.
“dulaglutide reduced the composite kidney outcome (risk of ≥40% sustained decline in eGFR, kidney failure, or kidney-related death) by 25%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
The Renal Outcomes section reports this composite kidney outcome for canagliflozin versus placebo, not dulaglutide. It gives a hazard ratio of 0.60, corresponding to a 40% relative reduction rather than 25%. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAs in other SGLT2 inhibitor trials, there was an initial dip in estimated GFR followed by stabilization of kidney-function decline.
“As in other trials of SGLT2 inhibitors, there was an initial dip in the estimated GFR, followed by a stabilization of kidney-function decline.7,8,10”
From Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The Renal Outcomes section reports fewer sustained 40% eGFR reductions with canagliflozin than with placebo, supporting a general kidney-protective effect. It does not report an initial eGFR dip followed by stabilization of the rate of decline; searches for those terms and for longitudinal eGFR changes found no such passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSGLT2i cardiovascular outcome trials reported DKA rates of 0.1-0.6% compared with rates of <0.1-0.3% with placebo.
“The SGLT2i cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) have reported DKA rates of 0.1 -0.6% compared with rates of < 0.1 -0.3% with placebo (143 -147), with very low rates in the HF (148 -151) and CKD (152,153) outcome studies.”
From Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2022) · cites this paper as [144]
The paper’s diabetic-ketoacidosis passage reports few events in the canagliflozin CVOT: 0.6 versus 0.3 participants per 1,000 patient-years with placebo. It does not report the cited percentage ranges across SGLT2i cardiovascular outcome trials; its figures also use a different unit. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCanagliflozin reduced the risk of reduction in eGFR, ESKD, or death from ESKD by 40%.
“and the risk of reduction in eGFR, ESKD, or death from ESKD by 40%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [91]
The Renal Outcomes section reports a hazard ratio of 0.60, consistent with a 40% lower observed risk for the composite outcome. But the measured outcome was a sustained 40% reduction in eGFR, need for renal-replacement therapy, or death from renal causes—not any reduction in eGFR, ESKD, or death from ESKD. The Results section also cautions that the renal findings were not considered statistically significant under the prespecified testing sequence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is substantial evidence confirming that SGLT2i confer significant kidney and heart protective effects in patients with T2D and CKD.
“There is substantial evidence con fi rming that SGLT2i confer signi fi cant kidney and heart protective effects in these patients.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
The Discussion reports a significantly lower primary cardiovascular event rate with canagliflozin, and Renal Outcomes reports fewer albuminuria and composite renal events. But the trial enrolled people with type 2 diabetes at elevated cardiovascular risk, not specifically patients with CKD; the Discussion also says the renal findings were not statistically significant under its prespecified testing sequence and that more data were needed to confirm effects on kidney failure. The claim overstates what this trial confirms for SGLT2 inhibitors as a class in patients with both T2D and CKD. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere have now been 4 RCTs and a meta-analysis of 4 of these trials that have confirmed significant benefits of SGLT2i on clinically meaningful kidney outcomes beyond just proteinuria as a surrogate marker.
“As discussed, there have now been 4 RCTs 87,89,90,93 and a meta-analysis of 4 of these trials 97 that have con fi rmed the signi fi cant bene fi ts of SGLT2i on clinically meaningful kidney outcomes beyond just proteinuria as a surrogate marker.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
The Renal Outcomes section reports fewer events in the canagliflozin group for a composite of sustained eGFR decline, renal-replacement therapy, or renal death—outcomes beyond albuminuria. However, the discussion says the renal findings were not considered statistically significant under the prespecified testing sequence and that more data were needed to confirm effects on kidney failure. This trial therefore supports a possible benefit, but not the claim that it confirmed a significant clinical kidney benefit. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe recommendation is strong due to the known kidney and/or cardiovascular protective effects in patients with T2D and CKD as shown in high-quality trials, such as EMPA-REG, CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, CREDENCE, DAPA-CKD, SCORED, DAPA-HF, SOLOIST, EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved.
“The recommendation is strong due to the known kidney and/or cardiovascular protective effects in patients with T2D and CKD as shown in high-quality trials, such as EMPA-REG, CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, CREDENCE, DAPA-CKD, SCORED, DAPA-HF, SOLOIST, EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParticipants with T2D and an eGFR as low as 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 were included in the EMPA-REG, CANVAS, and CREDENCE trials, and efficacy and safety in these studies were consistent across both eGFR and albuminuria down to this threshold.
“Participants with T2D and an eGFR as low as 30 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 were included in the EMPA-REG, CANVAS, and CREDENCE trials, 87,90,93 and ef fi cacy and safety in these studies were consistent across both eGFR and albuminuria down to this threshold.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
The Participants section says the CANVAS trials enrolled people with type 2 diabetes whose entry eGFR was greater than 30 ml/min/1.73 m²; the Figure 4 subgroup analysis includes an eGFR category of 30 to <60. The cited paper reports efficacy outcomes, but the passages do not establish that both efficacy and safety were consistent across eGFR and albuminuria down to that threshold. This verdict concerns CANVAS, the trial addressed by this citation, not the separately cited EMPA-REG and CREDENCE trials. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCompared with placebo, canagliflozin reduced the risk of progression of albuminuria by 27% and the risk of reduction in eGFR, kidney failure, or death from kidney failure by 40%.
“canagliflozin reduced the risk of progression of albuminuria by 27% and the risk of reduction in eGFR, kidney failure, or death from kidney failure by 40%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
The Renal Outcomes section reports hazard ratios of 0.73 for albuminuria progression and 0.60 for the composite renal outcome, corresponding to the cited 27% and 40% relative risk reductions. But the composite specifically required a sustained 40% reduction in eGFR, renal-replacement therapy, or death from renal causes—not any reduction in eGFR or kidney failure generally. The Results section also calls these possible benefits because the prespecified testing sequence did not establish statistical significance. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSGLT2 inhibitors reduce the incidence of heart failure and improve heart failure-related outcomes, including hospitalization for heart failure and heart failure-related symptoms, in people with diabetes with preserved or reduced ejection fraction.
“SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the incidence of heart failure and improve heart failurerelated outcomes, including hospitalization for heart failure and heart failure-related symptoms, in people with diabetes with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (250,(255)(256)(257)(298)(299)(300)(301)(302)(303)(304)(305)(306).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [256]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResults of large cardiovascular outcome trials of empagliflozin and canagliflozin showed that treatment with either drug reduced rates of MI, stroke, or cardiovascular death.
“Results of large cardiovascular outcome trials of empagliflozin (10 mg or 25 mg daily) and canagliflozin (100 or 300 mg daily) showed that treatment with either drug reduced rates of MI, stroke, or cardiovascular death.”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [247]
The Cardiovascular Outcomes section reports that canagliflozin reduced the composite rate of cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke, and the Randomization section confirms the 100 mg and 300 mg doses. This paper does not report the empagliflozin trial’s results or substantiate its stated doses; it only references that trial. It also says the individual canagliflozin outcome components did not reach statistical significance. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe SGLT2 inhibitors empagliflozin, canagliflozin, and dapagliflozin reduce the incidence of heart failure and improve heart failure-related outcomes, including hospitalization for heart failure and heart failure-related symptoms, in people with diabetes with preserved or reduced ejection fraction.
“The SGLT2 inhibitors empagliflozin, canagliflozin, and dapagliflozin reduce the incidence of heart failure and improve heart failure–related outcomes, including hospitalization for heart failure and heart failure–related symptoms, in people with diabetes with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (242,247,248,281,286–294).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [247]
The discussion reports a lower risk of hospitalization for heart failure with canagliflozin than with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes, while cautioning that this finding was not considered statistically significant under the prespecified testing sequence (page not specified in our copy). The paper does not establish reduced incidence of heart failure, improved heart-failure symptoms, effects of dapagliflozin or empagliflozin, or outcomes by preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStratified analyses of SGLT2 inhibitor trials indicate that older adults have similar or greater benefits than younger people.
“Stratified analyses of the trials of this drug class indicate that older adults have similar or greater benefits than younger people”
From 13. Older Adults: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [140]
The Cardiovascular Outcomes section reports broadly consistent effects across prespecified subgroups, and Figure 4 includes a comparison of participants under 65 with those 65 or older. That supports similar cardiovascular benefit by age in the two canagliflozin trials, but this paper does not establish the age-stratified result across trials of the SGLT2 inhibitor class generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClinical trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors have shown similar results.
“Clinical trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors have shown similar results.8,10,19”
From Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Canagliflozin reduced the risk of progression of albuminuria by 27%.
“canagliflozin reduced the risk of progression of albuminuria by 27%”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [91]
In the CANVAS program, canagliflozin conferred a 40% lower risk of a composite kidney outcome (≥40% reduction in eGFR, need for kidney replacement therapy, or death from kidney cause; HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.47-0.77).
“and a 40% lower risk of a composite kidney outcome ( $ 40% reduction in eGFR, need for kidney replacement therapy, or death from kidney cause; HR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.47 -0.77).”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
In the CANVAS program, canagliflozin conferred a 27% lower risk of progression of albuminuria (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.67-0.79).
“canagli fl ozin also conferred kidney bene fi t, with a 27% lower risk of progression of albuminuria (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.67 -0.79)”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
In the CANVAS program, canagliflozin reduced MACE by 14% (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.75-0.97).
“the SGLT2i canagli fl ozin also reduced MACE by 14% (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75 -0.97).”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
The increased risk of lower-limb amputations seen with canagliflozin in the CANVAS trial was not reproduced in the CREDENCE trial.
“The increased risk of lower-limb amputations seen with canagli fl ozin in the CANVAS trial 87 was not reproduced in the CREDENCE trial, 93 even though this trial did implement special attention to foot care for prevention.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
The significantly lower rates of cardiovascular outcomes, including the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, in the canagliflozin group are consistent with those observed with canagliflozin in the CANVAS Program, despite smaller differences in glycemic control.
“The significantly lower rates of cardiovascular outcomes, including the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, in the canagliflozin group in our trial are consistent with those observed with canagliflozin in the CANVAS (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study) Program, 5 despite the smaller differences in glycemic control.”
From Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
The similar rates of amputation and fracture are consistent with trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors but differ from the CANVAS Program findings.
“The similar rates of amputation and fracture that we observed with canagliflozin and placebo are reassuring and consistent with trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors 6,7,20 but differ from the CANVAS Program findings.5”
From Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Canagliflozin significantly reduced the composite outcome of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke versus placebo (occurring in 26.9 vs 31.5 participants per 1,000 person-years; HR 0.86 [95% CI 0.75-0.97]).
“Similarly, canagliflozin significantly reduced the composite outcome of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke versus placebo (occurring in 26.9 vs. 31.5participants per 1,000 person-years; HR 0.86 [95% CI 0.75-0.97]).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [256]
There was an increased risk of lower-limb amputation with canagliflozin (6.3 vs 3.4 participants per 1,000 person-years; HR 1.97 [95% CI 1.41-2.75]).
“Of note, there was an increased risk of lower-limb amputation with canagliflozin ( 6.3 vs. 3.4 participants per 1,000 person-years; HR 1.97 [95% CI 1.41-2.75]) (256).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [256]
In the CANVAS Program, hospitalization from heart failure was reduced by 33% in people allocated to canagliflozin.
“In the CANVAS Program, hospitalization from heart failure was reduced by 33% in people allocated to canagliflozin, and only 14% of individuals enrolled had a prior history of heart failure (256).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [256]
There was an increased risk of lower-limb amputation with canagliflozin in one trial, but no significant increase in lower-limb amputations, fractures, AKI, or hyperkalemia was seen in other trials of canagliflozin.
“While there was an increased risk of lower-limb amputation with canagliflozin in one trial (247), no significant increase in lower-limb amputations, fractures, AKI, or hyperkalemia was seen in other trials of canagliflozin (248).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [247]
In the CANVAS Program, canagliflozin reduced hospitalization from heart failure by 33% in people with type 2 diabetes, only 14% of whom had a prior history of heart failure.
“In the CANVAS Program, hospitalization from heart failure was reduced by 33% in people allocated to canagliflozin, and only 14% of individuals enrolled had a prior history of heart failure (247).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [247]
Stratified analyses of SGLT2 inhibitor trials indicate that older adults have similar or greater benefits than younger people.
“Stratified analyses of the trials of this drug class indicate that older adults have similar or greater benefits than younger people (116-118).”
From 13. Older Adults: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [117]
Among patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for cardiovascular events, SGLT2 inhibitor use has been shown to significantly reduce death from cardiovascular causes and to lower the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and progression of kidney disease.
“Among patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for cardiovascular events, SGLT2 inhibitor use has been shown to significantly reduce death from cardiovascular causes and to lower the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and progression of kidney disease.4,6”
From Association of race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor use among patients with diabetes in the US (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
Canagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of heart failure hospitalization by 33%.
“Canagliflozin also significantly reduced the risk of HF hospitalization by 33%.151”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [151]
SGLT2 inhibitors, compared with placebo, were associated with more new-onset atrial fibrillation cases in EMPA-REG OUTCOME, but fewer incident atrial fibrillation cases in CANVAS and DECLARE-TIMI 58.
“SGLT2 inhibitors, compared with placebo, were associated with more new-onset AF cases in EMPA-REG OUTCOME (empagliflozin vs. placebo), but fewer incident AF cases in CANVAS (canagliflozin vs. placebo) and DECLARE-TIMI 58 (dapagliflozin vs. placebo).71,151,153,603”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [151]
The increased amputation risk with canagliflozin in CANVAS has not been repeated in CVOTs with other SGLT2 inhibitors.
“nor in CVOTs with other SGLT2 inhibitors.151”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [151]
For the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin, the risk of amputation was increased in the CANVAS study.
“for the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin, the risk of amputation was increased in the CANVAS study”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [151]
The increased amputation risk with canagliflozin in CANVAS has not been repeated in the CREDENCE trial comparing canagliflozin with placebo in patients with T2DM and CKD.
“a finding that has not been repeated in the CREDENCE trial comparing canagliflozin with placebo in patients with T2DM and CKD”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [151]
Canagliflozin lowers blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes and normal kidney function.
“Canagliflozin is a glucose-lowering agent of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor class, which has been shown to lower BP in people with T2DM and normal kidney function.5,6”
From Blood Pressure Effects of Canagliflozin and Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights From the CREDENCE Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Similar findings have been reported in short-term trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors, and longer-term blood pressure-lowering effects in type 2 diabetes with relatively preserved kidney function have been demonstrated in large cardiovascular outcome trials.
“Similar findings have been reported in short-term trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors, 6,18,19 and the longer-term BP lowering effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in individuals with T2DM and relatively preserved kidney function have been demonstrated in large cardiovascular outcome trials.5,20,21”
From Blood Pressure Effects of Canagliflozin and Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights From the CREDENCE Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In cardiovascular safety trials of SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes, secondary kidney endpoints and cardiovascular events were consistently reduced.
“In clinical trials designed to demonstrate the CVD safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), consistent reductions in risks for secondary kidney disease end points (albuminuria and a composite of serum creatinine doubling or 40% estimated glomerular filtration rate decline, kidney failure, or death), along with reductions in CVD events, were observed.”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
The kidney results were subsequently demonstrated across the SGLT2 inhibitor class with canagliflozin and dapagliflozin in their respective cardiovascular outcome trials.
“These results have subsequently been demonstrated across the class of SGLT2 inhibitors with canagliflozin (12) and dapagliflozin (13) in their respective CVOTs.”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
In the CANVAS program, canagliflozin reduced the risk for the primary outcome of major adverse cardiovascular events (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.75-0.97).
“In the CANVAS program, canagliflozin reduced the risk for the primary outcome of MACE (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75–0.97).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Reductions in hospitalizations for heart failure were seen in EMPA-REG OUTCOME, CANVAS, and DECLARE-TIMI 58, including patients with and without prevalent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and those with and without a history of heart failure.
“Reductions in hospitalizations for HF were seen in EMPA-REG OUTCOME, CANVAS, and DECLARE-TIMI 58, including patients with and without prevalent ASCVD and those with and without a history of HF.”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Diuresis is an important mechanism for reducing blood pressure and risk for heart failure events.
“Diuresis is an important mechanism for reducing blood pressure and risk for HF events (11–16,35).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
The cardiovascular outcome trials and CREDENCE were comparable in key aspects: type 2 diabetes participants, placebo controls, SGLT2 inhibitor dose not based on glycemia, all participants treated by standard of care, and similarly defined and adjudicated outcomes.
“The CVOTs designed to test safety and a CKD trial (CREDENCE) were comparable in key aspects: participants with T2DM, placebo controls, SGLT2 inhibitor dose not based on glycemia, all participants treated by standard of care, and similarly defined and adjudicated outcomes.”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
In the cardiovascular outcome trials and CREDENCE, kidney-protective effects are consistent overall and in participants with different levels of glycemic control (HbA1c below 7% or above 9%) or eGFR strata (above 90, 60-90, or 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m2).
“In the CVOTs and CREDENCE, kidney-protective effects are consistent overall (Fig. 6) (69) and in participants with different levels of glycemic control (HbA1c <7% or >9%) or eGFR strata (>90, 60–90, or 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2) (11,12,14,70).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
In the CANVAS program, the secondary kidney disease outcome (sustained 40% reduction in eGFR, need for kidney replacement therapy, or death from kidney disease) occurred less frequently among participants in the canagliflozin group versus placebo (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.47-0.77).
“The secondary kidney disease outcome (sustained 40% reduction in eGFR, need for KRT, or death from kidney disease) occurred less frequently among participants in the canagliflozin group versus placebo (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.47–0.77).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
The effect on new-onset albuminuria was observed in CANVAS and DECLARE-TIMI-58, but not in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial.
“This effect was observed in CANVAS (12) and DECLARE-TIMI-58 (67), but not in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial (11).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
In the CANVAS program, canagliflozin was associated with higher risks of lower extremity amputation (mainly toe or metatarsal; 6.3 vs. 3.4 per 1,000 person-years) and fracture (15.4 vs. 11.9 per 1,000 person-years) than placebo.
“Higher risks for lower extremity amputation, mainly toe or metatarsal (6.3 vs. 3.4 per 1,000 person-years), and fractures (15.4 vs. 11.9 per 1,000 person-years) were reported for canagliflozin versus placebo in the CANVAS program (12).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
The effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on kidney disease end points do not differ in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or those with multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors.
“The effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on kidney disease end points do not differ in patients with established ASCVD or those with multiple CVD risk factors (12,14,70).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
In CANVAS, canagliflozin reduced chronic kidney disease progression (6.6 versus 9.0 per 1000 person-years; 40% relative risk reduction).
“and chronic kidney disease progression (6.6 per 1000 person-years versus 9.0 per 1000 person-years; 40% RRR)”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In CANVAS, involving 10,142 patients with established or at high risk for cardiovascular disease, canagliflozin reduced major adverse cardiovascular events (26.9 versus 31.5 per 1000 person-years; 14% relative risk reduction).
“Canagliflozin reduced MACEs (26.9 per 1000 person-years versus 31.5 per 1000 person-years; 14% RRR)”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In CANVAS, canagliflozin reduced heart failure hospitalization (5.5 versus 8.7 per 1000 person-years; 33% relative risk reduction).
“heart failure hospitalization (5.5 per 1000 person-years versus 8.7 per 1000 person-years; 33% RRR)”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In CANVAS, canagliflozin doubled amputation rates (6.3 versus 3.4 per 1000 person-years) and increased bone fractures.
“These benefits were somewhat counterbalanced by a doubling of amputation rates (6.3 per 1000 person-years versus 3.4 per 1000 person-years) and more bone fractures in the canagliflozin arm of CANVAS”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In CANVAS, canagliflozin did not significantly reduce cardiovascular death.
“but there was no significant reduction in cardiovascular death”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
Large cardiovascular outcome trials first showed that SGLT2 inhibitors slow kidney function decline and reduce kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients, most of whom had relatively preserved kidney function.
“Large cardiovascular outcome trials provided initial proof that SGLT2 inhibitors slow the progression of kidney function decline and reduce the risks of kidney outcomes in patients with T2D of whom the majority had relatively preserved kidney function (Wiviott et al., 2019; Neal et al., 2017; Zinman et al., 2015; Mosenzon et al., 2019).”
From A kidney perspective on the mechanism of action of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as Neal et al., 2017
Rates of heart failure hospitalization have been improved in recent trials of people with type 2 diabetes, most of whom also had ASCVD, using SGLT2 inhibitors.
“Rates of heart failure hospitalization have been improved in recent trials including people with type 2 diabetes, most of whom also had ASCVD, with sodium -glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (8 -11).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the combined CANVAS Program analysis, canagliflozin reduced the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke compared with placebo, with 26.9 versus 31.5 events per 1,000 patient-years and a hazard ratio of 0.86 (95% CI 0.75-0.97).
“The combined analysis of the two trials found that canagli fl ozin signi fi cantly reduced the composite outcome of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke versus placebo (occurring in 26.9 vs. 31.5 participants per 1,000 patient-years; HR 0.86 [95% CI 0.75 -0.97]).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the CANVAS trial, the hazard ratio for canagliflozin versus placebo on the primary composite cardiovascular outcome was 0.88 (95% CI 0.75-1.03).
“The speci fi c estimates for canagli fl ozin versus placebo on the primary composite cardiovascular outcome were HR 0.88 (95% CI 0.75 -1.03) for the CANVAS trial and 0.82 (0.66 -1.01) for CANVAS-R, with no heterogeneity found between trials.”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the CANVAS-R trial, the hazard ratio for canagliflozin versus placebo on the primary composite cardiovascular outcome was 0.82 (95% CI 0.66-1.01).
“The speci fi c estimates for canagli fl ozin versus placebo on the primary composite cardiovascular outcome were HR 0.88 (95% CI 0.75 -1.03) for the CANVAS trial and 0.82 (0.66 -1.01) for CANVAS-R, with no heterogeneity found between trials.”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
No heterogeneity was found between the CANVAS and CANVAS-R trials for the primary composite cardiovascular outcome.
“The speci fi c estimates for canagli fl ozin versus placebo on the primary composite cardiovascular outcome were HR 0.88 (95% CI 0.75 -1.03) for the CANVAS trial and 0.82 (0.66 -1.01) for CANVAS-R, with no heterogeneity found between trials.”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Canagliflozin increased the risk of lower-limb amputation compared with placebo, with 6.3 versus 3.4 events per 1,000 patient-years and a hazard ratio of 1.97 (95% CI 1.41-2.75).
“Of note, there was an increased risk of lower-limb amputation with canagli fl ozin (6.3 vs. 3.4 participants per 1,000 patient-years; HR 1.97 [95% CI 1.41 -2.75]) (9).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In CANVAS and DECLARE-TIMI 58, SGLT2 inhibitor use versus placebo reduced heart failure hospitalization by 33% and 27%, respectively.
“Similarly, in CANVAS and DECLARE-TIMI 58, there were 33% and 27% reductions in hospitalization for heart failure, respectively, with SGLT2 inhibitor use versus placebo (9,196).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Numerous large randomized controlled trials report statistically significant reductions in cardiovascular events for three FDA-approved SGLT2 inhibitors: empagliflozin, canagliflozin, and dapagliflozin, with lesser benefits seen with ertugliflozin.
“In summary, there are now numerous large randomized controlled trials reporting statistically signi fi cant reductions in cardiovascular events for three of the FDA-approved SGLT2 inhibitors (empagli fl ozin, canagli fl ozin, dapagli fl ozin, with lesser bene fi ts seen with ertugli fl ozin)”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
SGLT2 inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
“Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have recently been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.”
From Efficacy of Dapagliflozin on Renal Function and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Results of DAPA-HF (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Not all DPP4 inhibitors are associated with higher rates of HF.
“Not all DPP4 inhibitors are associated with higher rates of HF (Table 8).16 -24,184-186”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
Empagliflozin in EMPA-REG OUTCOME, but not canagliflozin in CANVAS, reduced all-cause and CV mortality as well as HF hospitalization.
“Empagliflozin in EMPA-REG OUTCOME, but not canagliflozin in CANVAS, reduced all-cause and CV mortality as well as HF hospitalization.”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
In the CANVAS trial, treatment with canagliflozin was associated with a significantly higher risk of lower-limb amputations (6.3 vs. 3.4 per 1000 patient-years; HR 1.97) and possibly a higher risk of fractures compared with placebo.
“In the CANVAS trial, treatment with canagliflozin was associated with a significantly higher risk of lower-limb amputations (6.3 vs. 3.4 per 1000 patient-years; HR 1.97) and possibly a higher risk of fractures compared with placebo.21”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
Recent cardiovascular outcomes trials demonstrate that SGLT2 inhibitors may reduce heart failure morbidity and mortality and slow decline in renal function.
“Recent cardiovascular outcomes trials demonstrate that therapies that inhibit sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT)2 may reduce heart failure morbidity and mortality and slow decline in renal function (7,8,23,42,43).”
From Evaluation of renal and cardiovascular protection mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors: model-based analysis of clinical data (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
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Rieg, T., & Vallon, V. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4654-7 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
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Toyama, T., Neuen, B. L., Jun, M., Ohkuma, T., Neal, B., Jardine, M. J., Heerspink, H. L., Wong, M. G., Ninomiya, T., Wada, T., et al. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13648 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Neal, B., Perkovic, V., Mahaffey, K. W., de Zeeuw, D., Fulcher, G., Erondu, N., Shaw, W., Law, G., Desai, M., & Matthews, D. R.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2017-08-17
- Volume
- 377
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 644-657
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2626446274
- Semantic Scholar
- 217dea76f9fb1b91292ebf7cc128d9e23855e4e8
- Cited by
- 7,830
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 432 · 2025: 640 · 2024: 759 · 2023: 845 · 2022: 927 · 2021: 1158 · 2020: 1090 · 2019: 925 · 2018: 786 · 2017: 246 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 659.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- canagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular outcomes, renal outcomes, albuminuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, renal replacement therapy, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, amputation risk, CANVAS trial, drug safety, non-inferiority, high cardiovascular risk, albuminuria progression
- MeSH terms
- Canagliflozin, Aged, Albuminuria, Amputation, Surgical, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Foot, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Hospitalization, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Kidney Diseases, Male, Middle Aged, Disease Progression
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