The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Epidemiologic trends in fatal and nonfatal firearm injuries in the US, 2009-2017.
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Firearm injury research in the US has focused on fatal injuries. The incidence and epidemiologic factors associated with nonfatal firearm injuries are less understood. Objective: To evaluate estimates of incidence and trends over time of fatal and nonfatal firearm injuries. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional, ecologic study was conducted using data throughout the US from 2009 to 2017. Data on fatal injuries from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were combined with national data on emergency department visits for nonfatal firearm injury from the Nationwide Emergency Department (ED) sample. Data analysis was conducted from August 2019 to September 2020. Exposures: Firearm injuries identified with International Classification of Diseases external cause of injury codes and categorized by intent of injury, age group, and urban-rural location. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence, case fatality rate, and trends over time of firearm injury according to intent, age group, and urban-rural location. Results: From 2009 to 2017, there was a mean of 85 694 ED visits for nonfatal firearm injury and 34 538 deaths each year. An annual mean of 26 445 deaths (76.6%) occurred outside of the hospital. Assault was the most common overall mechanism (38.9%), followed by unintentional injuries (36.9%) and intentional self-harm (19.6%). Self-harm, which accounted for 21 128 deaths (61.2%), had the highest case fatality rate (89.4%; 95% CI, 88.5%-90.4%), followed by assault (25.9%; 95% CI, 23.7%-28.6%) and legal intervention (23.4%; 95% CI, 21.6%-25.5%). Unintentional injuries were the most common nonfatal injuries (43 729 [51.0%]) and had the lowest case fatality rate (1.2%; 95% CI, 1.1%-1.3%). Self-harm deaths, 87.8% of which occurred outside the hospital, increased in all age groups in both rural and urban areas during the study period and were most common among people aged 55 years and older. The rate of fatal assault injuries was higher in urban than in rural areas (16.6 vs 9.0 per 100 000 per year) and highest among people aged 15 to 34 years (38.6 per 100 000 per year). Rates of unintentional injury were higher in rural than in urban areas (18.5 per 100 000 vs 12.4 per 100 000). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, suicide appears to be the most common cause of firearm injury death in the US, and most people who die from suicide never reach the hospital. These findings suggest that assaults and unintentional injuries account for most nonfatal and overall firearm injuries and for most of the injuries that are treated in hospitals.
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“Two proxy measures commonly used in the existing body of literature are (1) ED visits and (2) time between firearm injury encounters.2,4-9”
From Machine learning classification of new firearm injury encounters in the St Louis region: 2010-2020 (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Additionally, our patients experienced much higher rates of non-fatal firearm injuries than reported elsewhere; the fatal to non-fatal firearm injury rate was 1:14 in the index injury population and 1:7 in the recurrent injury population, compared to rates of 1:2 reported elsewhere.10,31”
From Incidence of and Factors Associated With Recurrent Firearm Injury Among Patients Presenting to St. Louis Trauma Centers, 2010 to 2019 (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
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Cites
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Kravitz‐Wirtz, N., Bruns, A., Aubel, A. J., Zhang, X., & Buggs, S. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-022-00656-0 · Cited by 173
Baum, G. R., Baum, J. T., Hayward, D., & MacKay, B. J. (2022) · Orthopedic Research and Reviews · doi:10.2147/orr.s378278 · Cited by 99
Defining the Full Spectrum of Pediatric Firearm Injury and Death in the United States
Naik-Mathuria, B. J., Cain, C. M., Alore, E. A., Chen, L., & Pompeii, L. A. (2023) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000005833 · Cited by 75
Social and Structural Determinants of Community Firearm Violence and Community Trauma
Buggs, S. A. L., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., & Lund, J. J. (2022) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162231173324 · Cited by 61
Song, Z., Zubizarreta, J. R., Giuriato, M., Paulos, E., & Koh, K. A. (2022) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m21-2812 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Kaufman, E. J., Wiebe, D. J., Xiong, R. A., Morrison, C. N., Seamon, M. J., & Delgado, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kaufman, Elinore J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2021-02-01
- Volume
- 181
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237
- ISSN
- 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7851729
- OpenAlex
- W3112786647
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 22
- FWCI
- 17.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- firearm injuries, nonfatal firearm injuries, case fatality rate, intentional self-harm, firearm assault, unintentional firearm injury, emergency department visits, urban-rural disparities, injury trends
- MeSH terms
- Physical Abuse, Suicide, Completed, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Firearms, Homicide, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Wounds, Gunshot, Young Adult
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