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Variation in COVID-19 Mortality in the US by Race and Ethnicity and Educational Attainment
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Racial and ethnic inequities in COVID-19 mortality have been well documented, but little prior research has assessed the combined roles of race and ethnicity and educational attainment. Objective: To measure inequality in COVID-19 mortality jointly by race and ethnicity and educational attainment. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed data on COVID-19 mortality from the 50 US states and the District of Columbia for the full calendar year 2020. It included all persons in the United States aged 25 years or older and analyzed them in subgroups jointly stratified by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and educational attainment. Main Outcomes and Measures: Population-based cumulative mortality rates attributed to COVID-19.F. Results: Among 219.1 million adults aged 25 years or older (113.3 million women [51.7%]; mean [SD] age, 51.3 [16.8] years), 376 125 COVID-19 deaths were reported. Age-adjusted cumulative mortality rates per 100 000 ranged from 54.4 (95% CI, 49.8-59.0 per 100 000 population) among Asian women with some college to 699.0 (95% CI, 612.9-785.0 per 100 000 population) among Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander men with a high school degree or less. Racial and ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 mortality rates remained when comparing within educational attainment categories (median rate ratio reduction, 17% [IQR, 0%-25%] for education-stratified estimates vs unstratified, with non-Hispanic White individuals as the reference). If all groups had experienced the same mortality rates as college-educated non-Hispanic White individuals, there would have been 48% fewer COVID-19 deaths among adults aged 25 years or older overall, including 71% fewer deaths among racial and ethnic minority populations and 89% fewer deaths among racial and ethnic minority populations aged 25 to 64 years. Conclusions and Relevance: Public health research and practice should attend to the ways in which populations that share socioeconomic characteristics may still experience racial and ethnic inequity in the distribution of risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 exposure and infection fatality rates (eg, housing, occupation, and prior health status). This study suggests that a majority of deaths among racial and ethnic minority populations could have been averted had all groups experienced the same mortality rate as college-educated non-Hispanic White individuals, thus highlighting the importance of eliminating joint racial-socioeconomic health inequities.
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“These groups of workers have been at the greatest risk of serious illness and death from COVID-19.”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [278]
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“60”
Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Self-reported Health Among U.S. Adults, 2023–2024
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Metadata
- Authors
- Feldman, J. M., & Bassett, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Feldman, Justin M.
- Venue
- JAMA Network Open
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2021-11-23
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e2135967
- ISSN
- 2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8611482
- OpenAlex
- W3215441144
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 34
- FWCI
- 9.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 mortality, racial and ethnic disparities, educational attainment, health disparities, SARS-CoV-2, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, socioeconomic status, United States adults, COVID-19 pandemic, health inequalities reduction, infection fatality rate
- MeSH terms
- Academic Success, COVID-19, Health Inequities, Ethnic and Racial Minorities, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Minority Groups, United States, Health Status Disparities
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