The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.
Open accessAbstract
Much biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study's generalisability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. We convened a 2-day workshop in September, 2004, with methodologists, researchers, and journal editors to draft a checklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles.18 items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies.A detailed explanation and elaboration document is published separately and is freely available on the websites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The study was designed and reported in accordance with the CONSORT 2010 guidelines.
“This study was designed and reported in accordance with the CONSORT 2010 guidelines to ensure transparency, reproducibility, and completeness of reporting [13].”
From Blood PCSK9 Impacts Alzheimer's Disease Risk in an <i>APOE</i> Genotype‐Dependent Manner: A Prospective Cohort Study (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
The Introduction identifies CONSORT as a separate guideline and says it was revised in 2001. The Implications and limitations section identifies this paper's guideline as STROBE, for reporting observational studies—not CONSORT 2010. The paper cannot verify how the citing study was designed or reported. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis retrospective observational cohort study followed the STROBE reporting guideline.
“This retrospective observational cohort study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline.25”
From Discontinuation and Reinitiation of Dual-Labeled GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Among US Adults With Overweight or Obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
The study was reported according to the TRIPOD Statement and the STROBE Statement.
“This multivariate prediction scale was reported according to the TRIPOD (Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis) Statement and according to the guidelines for reporting observational studies as described in the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) Statement [18,26].”
The study followed the STROBE reporting guideline for observational studies.
“We followed the STROBE reporting guideline for observational studies [17].”
The study adhered to the STROBE guidelines to improve reporting quality.
“To improve the quality of the reporting, this study adhered to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines [35].”
The study adhered to the STROBE declaration standards.
“The study adhered to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) declaration standards [26].”
From Financial barriers to healthcare access among reproductive-age women in Sierra Leone: evidence from demographic health surveys of 2008, 2013, and 2019 (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
The reporting of this study conforms to CONSORT guidelines.
“The reporting of this study conforms to CONSORT guidelines [12].”
From Mindfulness intervention, homogeneous medical concept, and concentrated solution nursing for colorectal cancer patients: a retrospective study (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction distinguishes CONSORT, which concerns reporting randomized trials, from the STROBE recommendations developed in this paper for observational studies. It says nothing about whether the citing study’s reporting conforms to CONSORT, so that claim cannot be verified from this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA 22-item STROBE checklist was generated to enhance the reporting of observational studies across disciplines.
“Thus a 22-item checklist was generated to enhance the reporting of observational studies across disciplines.25,26”
From Observational studies: Cohort and case-control studies (2010) · cites this paper as [25]
The quality assessment of included studies was carried out using the STROBE checklist.
“The quality assessment of the included studies was carried out using the Strobe-checklist (28).”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The study followed STROBE reporting guidelines.
“The study follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology guidelines.15”
The study was reported according to the STROBE guidelines.
“This study was performed following the ethical standards of our institution's Committee on Human Experimentation (Institutional Review Board N°00006477, approval 15-062) and reported according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [16].”
From Improving clinical suspicion of acute mesenteric ischemia among patients with acute abdomen: A cross-sectional study from an intestinal stroke center (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (N°00006477, approval 15-062).
“This study was performed following the ethical standards of our institution's Committee on Human Experimentation (Institutional Review Board N°00006477, approval 15-062) and reported according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [16].”
From Improving clinical suspicion of acute mesenteric ischemia among patients with acute abdomen: A cross-sectional study from an intestinal stroke center (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Most guidelines advise investigators to report both unadjusted and adjusted results.
“Most guidelines, such as the STROBE guidelines for the reporting of observational studies or the REMARK guidelines for tumour marker prognostic studies, specifically advise investigators to report both unadjusted results (i.e., from univariable analysis, yielding the association of each candidate predictor with the outcome) and adjusted results (i.e., from a multivariable analysis) [4],[38],[63].”
From Reporting and Methods in Clinical Prediction Research: A Systematic Review (2012) · cites this paper as [38]
The quality of the quantitative studies was assessed using an adaptation of the STROBE statement.
“The quality of the quantitative studies was assessed using an adaptation of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement”
From The Mistreatment of Women during Childbirth in Health Facilities Globally: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020 · see citing works
Self-citationVandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 · Cited by 8,613 · see citing works
Self-citationMoher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04337-3 · Cited by 5,373 · see citing works
Self-citationMoher, D., Cook, D. J., Eastwood, S., Olkin, I., Rennie, D., & Stroup, D. F. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)04149-5 · Cited by 4,826 · see citing works
Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., & for the CONSORT Group (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5661 · Cited by 3,510 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 · Cited by 3,309 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Transparent reporting is also needed to judge whether and how results can be included in systematic reviews (4, 5).”
Self-citationTowards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD Initiative.
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00010 · Cited by 3,219 · see citing works
Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7379.41 · Cited by 3,215
Towards Complete and Accurate Reporting of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: The STARD Initiative
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P., Irwig, L., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2003) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00443-5 · Cited by 3,182 · see citing works
Vandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., & Egger, M. (2007) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181577511 · Cited by 2,779 · see citing works
Self-citationCONSORT statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Elbourne, D. R., & Altman, D. G. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7441.702 · Cited by 2,557 · see citing works
Self-citationPiaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Pocock, S. J., Evans, S. J. W., Altman, D. G., & CONSORT Group, F. T. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.87802 · Cited by 2,428 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care
Black, N. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7040.1215 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
Better Reporting of Harms in Randomized Trials: An Extension of the CONSORT Statement
Ioannidis, J. P. A., Evans, S. J. W., Gøtzsche, P. C., O'Neill, R. T., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K., Moher, D., & for the CONSORT Group* (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00009 · Cited by 1,593 · see citing works
Self-citationSanderson, S., Tatt, I. D., & Higgins, J. P. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym018 · Cited by 1,531 · see citing works
Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials: An Extension of the CONSORT Statement
Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., Pocock, S. J., Evans, S. J. W., & CONSORT Group, F. T. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.10.1152 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Self-citation<i>Meta-analysis</i> Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies
Egger, M., Schneider, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Self-citationPlint, A. C., Moher, D., Morrison, A., Schulz, K., Altman, D. G., Hill, C., & Gaboury, I. (2006) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00557.x · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Self-citationReporting Randomized, Controlled Trials of Herbal Interventions: An Elaborated CONSORT Statement
Gagnier, J. J., Boon, H., Rochon, P., Moher, D., Barnes, J., Bombardier, C., & for the CONSORT Group* (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00013 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Assessing the quality of research.
Glasziou, P., Vandenbroucke, J., & Chalmers, I. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7430.39 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Self-citationQuality of reporting of observational longitudinal research.
Tooth, L. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi042 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Value of Flow Diagrams in Reports of Randomized Controlled Trials
Egger, M. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.15.1996 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationIssues in the reporting of epidemiological studies: a survey of recent practice.
Pocock, S. J., Collier, T. J., Dandreo, K. J., de Stavola, B. L., Goldman, M. B., Kalish, L. A., Kasten, L. E., & McCormack, V. A. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38250.571088.55 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationCONSORT Revised—Improving the Reporting of Randomized Trials
Rennie, D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.15.2006 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
A road map for efficient and reliable human genome epidemiology.
The Human Genome Epidemiology Network and the Network of Investigator Networks, Ioannidis, J. P. A., Gwinn, M., Little, J., Higgins, J. P. T., Bernstein, J. L., Boffetta, P., Bondy, M., Bray, M. S., Brenchley, P. E., et al. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0106-3 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Comparison of evidence on harms of medical interventions in randomized and nonrandomized studies
Papanikolaou, P. N. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.050873 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Bartlett, C., Sterne, J., & Egger, M. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7355.81 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical Epidemiological Quality in Molecular Genetic Research
Bogardus, S. T., Concato, J., & Feinstein, A. R. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.20.1919 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Bias in psychiatric case–control studies: Literature survey
Lee, W., Bindman, J., Ford, T., Glozier, N., Moran, P., Stewart, R., & Hotopf, M. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027250 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Moher, D. (2004) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040031 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Suggestions for Improving the Reporting of Clinical Research: The Role of Narrative
Schriger, D. L. (2005) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.09.022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
GUIDELINES FOR DOCUMENTATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
(1981) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113231 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
CONSORT your submissions: an update for authors
Ormerod, A. D. (2001) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04404.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
CONSORT your submissions: an update for authors
Ormerod, A. D. (2008) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2001.04404.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inouye, S. K., Westendorp, R. G., & Saczynski, J. S. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60688-1 · Cited by 3,722 · see citing works
Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges
McCarthy, M. I., Abecasis, G. R., Cardon, L. R., Goldstein, D. B., Little, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2344 · Cited by 2,891 · see citing works
Rotenstein, L. S., Ramos, M. A., Torre, M., Segal, J. B., Peluso, M. J., Guille, C., Sen, S., & Mata, D. A. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17324 · Cited by 2,479 · see citing works
Nepogodiev, D., Bhangu, A., Glasbey, J. C., Li, E., Omar, O. M., Simoes, J. F., Abbott, T. E., Alser, O., Arnaud, A. P., Bankhead-Kendall, B. K., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31182-x · Cited by 1,711 · see citing works
Bohren, M. A., Vogel, J. P., Hunter, E. C., Lutsiv, O., Makh, S. K., Souza, J. P., Aguiar, C., Saraiva Coneglian, F., Diniz, A. L. A., Tunçalp, Ö., et al. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001847 · Cited by 1,656 · see citing works
Ma, L.-L., Wang, Y.-Y., Yang, Z.-H., Huang, D., Weng, H., & Zeng, X.-T. (2020) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8 · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works
Seretny, M., Currie, G. L., Sena, E. S., Ramnarine, S., Grant, R., MacLeod, M. R., Colvin, L. A., & Fallon, M. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.020 · Cited by 1,555 · see citing works
Reducing waste from incomplete or unusable reports of biomedical research
Glasziou, P., Altman, D. G., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Clarke, M., Julious, S., Michie, S., Moher, D., & Wager, E. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62228-x · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, T., Jia, X., Shi, H., Niu, J., Yin, X., Xie, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Ardern, C. L., Glasgow, P., Schneiders, A., Witvrouw, E., Clarsen, B., Cools, A., Gojanovic, B., Griffin, S., Khan, K. M., Moksnes, H., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096278 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
CRP, IL-6 and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Valkanova, V., Ebmeier, K. P., & Allan, C. L. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.004 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Observational studies: Cohort and case-control studies
Song, J. W., & Chung, K. C. (2010) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181f44abc · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Palmer, S., Vecchio, M., Craig, J. C., Tonelli, M., Johnson, D. W., Nicolucci, A., Pellegrini, F., Saglimbene, V., Logroscino, G., Fishbane, S., et al. (2013) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2013.77 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Kilkenny, C., Parsons, N., Kadyszewski, E., Festing, M. F. W., Cuthill, I. C., Fry, D., Hutton, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007824 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis
Seidelmann, S. B., Claggett, B., Cheng, S., Henglin, M., Shah, A., Steffen, L. M., Folsom, A. R., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Solomon, S. D. (2018) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30135-x · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Mattsson, N., Cullen, N. C., Andreasson, U., Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0765 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Hall, V. J., Foulkes, S., Saei, A., Andrews, N., Oguti, B., Charlett, A., Wellington, E., Stowe, J., Gillson, N., Atti, A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00790-x · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection
Hall, V., Foulkes, S., Insalata, F., Kirwan, P., Saei, A., Atti, A., Wellington, E., Khawam, J., Munro, K., Cole, M., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2118691 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Brown adipose tissue is associated with cardiometabolic health
Becher, T., Palanisamy, S., Kramer, D. J., Eljalby, M., Marx, S. J., Wibmer, A. G., Butler, S. D., Jiang, C. S., Vaughan, R., Schöder, H., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1126-7 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Mehta, N. N., Azfar, R. S., Shin, D. B., Neimann, A. L., Troxel, A. B., & Gelfand, J. M. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp567 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Takeshita, J., Wang, S., Loren, A. W., Mitra, N., Shults, J., Shin, D. B., & Sawinski, D. L. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24583 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Reporting and Methods in Clinical Prediction Research: A Systematic Review
Bouwmeester, W., Zuithoff, N. P. A., Mallett, S., Geerlings, M. I., Vergouwe, Y., Steyerberg, E. W., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001221 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Self-citationBiccard, B. M., Madiba, T. E., Kluyts, H.-L., Munlemvo, D. M., Madzimbamuto, F. D., Basenero, A., Gordon, C. S., Youssouf, C., Rakotoarison, S. R., Gobin, V., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30001-1 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
van den Boogaard, E., Vissenberg, R., Land, J. A., van Wely, M., van der Post, J. A. M., Goddijn, M., & Bisschop, P. H. (2011) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr024 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Hooker, A. B., Lemmers, M., Thurkow, A. L., Heymans, M. W., Opmeer, B. C., Brolmann, H. A. M., Mol, B. W., & Huirne, J. A. F. (2014) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt045 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Neurodegenerative disease mortality among former professional soccer players
Mackay, D. F., Russell, E. R., Stewart, K., MacLean, J. A., Pell, J. P., & Stewart, W. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1908483 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Malekinejad, M., Johnston, L. G., Kendall, C., Kerr, L. R. F. S., Rifkin, M. R., & Rutherford, G. W. (2008) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9421-1 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Prentice, P., & Viner, R. M. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.177 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Hernandez-Boussard, T., Bozkurt, S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Shah, N. H. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa088 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Marciano, L., Ostroumova, M., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Degenhardt, L., Charlson, F., Mathers, B., Hall, W. D., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., & Vos, T. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12551 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
de Groot, P. C. M., Dekkers, O. M., Romijn, J. A., Dieben, S. W. M., & Helmerhorst, F. M. (2011) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr001 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Provision of protein and energy in relation to measured requirements in intensive care patients
Allingstrup, M. J., Esmailzadeh, N., Wilkens Knudsen, A., Espersen, K., Hartvig Jensen, T., Wiis, J., Perner, A., & Kondrup, J. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.12.006 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Lubans, D. R., Boreham, C. A., Kelly, P., & Foster, C. E. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-5 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Rodriguez, P. J., Zhang, V., Gratzl, S., Do, D., Goodwin Cartwright, B., Baker, C., Gluckman, T. J., Stucky, N., & Emanuel, E. J. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.57349 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Optimizing Emergency Department Front-End Operations
Wiler, J. L., Gentle, C., Halfpenny, J. M., Heins, A., Mehrotra, A., Mikhail, M. G., & Fite, D. (2010) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.05.021 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Okomo, U., Akpalu, E. N. K., Le Doare, K., Roca, A., Cousens, S., Jarde, A., Sharland, M., Kampmann, B., & Lawn, J. E. (2019) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30414-1 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity
Rodriguez, P. J., Goodwin Cartwright, B. M., Gratzl, S., Brar, R., Baker, C., Gluckman, T. J., & Stucky, N. L. (2024) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.2525 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Riebl, S. K., Estabrooks, P. A., Dunsmore, J. C., Savla, J., Frisard, M. I., Dietrich, A. M., Peng, Y., Zhang, X., & Davy, B. M. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.016 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
When and how can real world data analyses substitute for randomized controlled trials?
Franklin, J. M., & Schneeweiss, S. (2017) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.857 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Lalani, T., Cabell, C. H., Benjamin, D. K., Lasca, O., Naber, C., Fowler, V. G., Corey, G. R., Chu, V. H., Fenely, M., Pachirat, O., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.864488 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Prevalence of depression among university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis study
Sarokhani, D., Delpisheh, A., Veisani, Y., Sarokhani, M. T., Manesh, R. E., & Sayehmiri, K. (2013) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/373857 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Costigan, S. A., Barnett, L., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Lubans, D. R. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.07.018 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Hosang, G. M., Shiles, C., Tansey, K. E., McGuffin, P., & Uher, R. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-7 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Chronic diseases in the European Union: the prevalence and health cost implications of chronic pain
Leadley, R. M., Armstrong, N., Lee, Y. C., Allen, A., & Kleijnen, J. (2012) · Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.3109/15360288.2012.736933 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome
Papadopoulos, A. S., & Cleare, A. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.153 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Social and academic functioning in adolescents with anxiety disorders: A systematic review
de Lijster, J. M., Dieleman, G. C., Utens, E. M. W. J., Dierckx, B., Wierenga, M., Verhulst, F. C., & Legerstee, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.008 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
False Alarms and Pseudo-Epidemics: The Limitations of Observational Epidemiology
Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2012) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31826af61a · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Nuzzo, A., Maggiori, L., Ronot, M., Becq, A., Plessier, A., Gault, N., Joly, F., Castier, Y., Vilgrain, V., Paugam, C., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2017.38 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Miele, L., Vallone, S., Cefalo, C., La Torre, G., Di Stasi, C., Vecchio, F. M., D’Agostino, M., Gabrieli, M. L., Vero, V., Biolato, M., et al. (2009) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.06.008 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Walmsley, R., Chan, S., Smith-Byrne, K., Ramakrishnan, R., Woodward, M., Rahimi, K., Dwyer, T., Bennett, D., & Doherty, A. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104050 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Saturni, S., Bellini, F., Braido, F., Paggiaro, P., Sanduzzi, A., Scichilone, N., Santus, P. A., Morandi, L., & Papi, A. (2014) · Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2014.01.005 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Handgun Ownership and Suicide in California
Studdert, D. M., Zhang, Y., Swanson, S. A., Prince, L., Rodden, J. A., Holsinger, E. E., Spittal, M. J., Wintemute, G. J., & Miller, M. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1916744 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Data linkage: a powerful research tool with potential problems
Bohensky, M. A., Jolley, D., Sundararajan, V., Evans, S., Pilcher, D. V., Scott, I., & Brand, C. A. (2010) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-346 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence for literature reviews: opportunities and challenges
Bolaños, F., Salatino, A., Osborne, F., & Motta, E. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-024-10902-3 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Digital Health Tools for the Passive Monitoring of Depression: A Systematic Review of Methods
de Angel, V., Lewis, S., White, K., Oetzmann, C., Leightley, D., Oprea, E., Lavelle, G., Matcham, F., Pace, A., Mohr, D. C., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.21260786 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Korpershoek, C., van der Bijl, J., & Hafsteinsdóttir, T. B. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05659.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Malnutrition as a strong predictor of the onset of sarcopenia
Beaudart, C., Sanchez-Rodriguez, D., Locquet, M., Reginster, J.-Y., Lengelé, L., & Bruyère, O. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122883 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The impact of physical pain on suicidal thoughts and behaviors: meta-analyses
Calati, R., Laglaoui Bakhiyi, C., Artero, S., Ilgen, M., & Courtet, P. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.004 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Zhou, C., Peng, S., Lin, A., Jiang, A., Peng, Y., Gu, T., Liu, Z., Cheng, Q., Zhang, J., & Luo, P. (2023) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101967 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Morning cortisol levels in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis
Girshkin, L., Matheson, S. L., Shepherd, A. M., & Green, M. J. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.013 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Arbelo, E., Brugada, J., Hindricks, G., Maggioni, A. P., Tavazzi, L., Vardas, P., Laroche, C., Anselme, F., Inama, G., Jais, P., et al. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu001 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Association between depression and death in people with CKD: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
Palmer, S. C., Vecchio, M., Craig, J. C., Tonelli, M., Johnson, D. W., Nicolucci, A., Pellegrini, F., Saglimbene, V., Logroscino, G., Hedayati, S. S., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.02.369 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Saccone, G., Berghella, V., Maruotti, G. M., Ghi, T., Rizzo, G., Simonazzi, G., Rizzo, N., Facchinetti, F., Dall’Asta, A., Visentin, S., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.026 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Refining a taxonomy for guideline implementation: results of an exercise in abstract classification
Mazza, D., Bairstow, P., Buchan, H., Chakraborty, S. P., Van Hecke, O., Grech, C., & Kunnamo, I. (2013) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-8-32 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Li, C., Xing, C., Zhang, J., Zhao, H., Shi, W., & He, B. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02817-2 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Lloyd, S., & Operario, D. (2012) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2012.24.3.228 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Impact of a deep learning sepsis prediction model on quality of care and survival
Boussina, A., Shashikumar, S. P., Malhotra, A., Owens, R. L., El-Kareh, R., Longhurst, C. A., Quintero, K., Donahue, A., Chan, T. C., Nemati, S., et al. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00986-6 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination in the vaccine safety datalink
Hanson, K. E., Goddard, K., Lewis, N., Fireman, B., Myers, T. R., Bakshi, N., Weintraub, E., Donahue, J. G., Nelson, J. C., Xu, S., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8879 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Long-term yield of pancreatic cancer surveillance in high-risk individuals
Overbeek, K. A., Levink, I. J. M., Koopmann, B. D. M., Harinck, F., Konings, I. C. A. W., Ausems, M. G. E. M., Wagner, A., Fockens, P., van Eijck, C. H., Groot Koerkamp, B., et al. (2022) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323611 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Ossenkoppele, R., Lyoo, C. H., Jester-Broms, J., Sudre, C. H., Cho, H., Ryu, Y. H., Choi, J. Y., Smith, R., Strandberg, O., Palmqvist, S., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.5154 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Association of Food Allergy and Other Allergic Conditions with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children
Xu, G., Snetselaar, L. G., Jing, J., Liu, B., Strathearn, L., & Bao, W. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0279 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
van Loon, F. H. J., van Hooff, L. W. E., de Boer, H. D., Koopman, S. S. H. A., Buise, M. P., Korsten, H. H. M., Dierick-van Daele, A. T. M., & Bouwman, A. R. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8020144 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Montana, J. I., Matamala-Gomez, M., Maisto, M., Mavrodiev, P. A., Cavalera, C. M., Diana, B., Mantovani, F., & Realdon, O. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9020500 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Cortical superficial siderosis and intracerebral hemorrhage risk in cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Charidimou, A., Peeters, A. P., Jäger, R., Fox, Z., Vandermeeren, Y., Laloux, P., Baron, J.-C., & Werring, D. J. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000435298.80023.7a · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Ratheesh, A., Davey, C., Hetrick, S., Alvarez‐Jimenez, M., Voutier, C., Bechdolf, A., McGorry, P. D., Scott, J., Berk, M., & Cotton, S. M. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12686 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Tullu, M. (2019) · Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/sja.sja_685_18 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Catalá-López, F., Hutton, B., Page, M. J., Driver, J. A., Ridao, M., Alonso-Arroyo, A., Valencia, A., Macías Saint-Gerons, D., & Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (2022) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6401 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Shinners, L., Aggar, C., Grace, S., & Smith, S. (2020) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458219874641 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Prevalence of epilepsy in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, X., Sun, X., Sun, C., Zou, M., Chen, Y., Huang, J., Wu, L., & Chen, W.-X. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211045029 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Posserud, M., Skretting Solberg, B., Engeland, A., Haavik, J., & Klungsøyr, K. (2021) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13368 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Banek, K., Lalani, M., Staedke, S. G., & Chandramohan, D. (2014) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-7 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Jin, Y., Sanger, N., Shams, I., Luo, C., Shahid, H., Li, G., Bhatt, M., Zielinski, L., Bantoto, B., Wang, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s155103 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Dagres, N., Varounis, C., Gaspar, T., Piorkowski, C., Eitel, C., Iliodromitis, E. K., Lekakis, J. P., Flevari, P., Simeonidou, E., Rallidis, L. S., et al. (2011) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.07.009 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Katikireddi, S. V., Cerqueira-Silva, T., Vasileiou, E., Robertson, C., Amele, S., Pan, J., Taylor, B., Boaventura, V., Werneck, G. L., Flores-Ortiz, R., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02754-9 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Factors associated with participation in resistance training: a systematic review.
Rhodes, R. E., Lubans, D. R., Karunamuni, N., Kennedy, S., & Plotnikoff, R. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096950 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Variation in COVID-19 mortality in the US by race and ethnicity and educational attainment
Feldman, J. M., & Bassett, M. T. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.35967 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Solmi, M., Veronese, N., Correll, C. U., Favaro, A., Santonastaso, P., Caregaro, L., Vancampfort, D., Luchini, C., De Hert, M., & Stubbs, B. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12556 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Leaune, E., Samuel, M., Oh, H., Poulet, E., & Brunelin, J. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106264 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of cytokines in suicidal behavior
Ducasse, D., Olié, E., Guillaume, S., Artéro, S., & Courtet, P. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Roberts, S. E., Thorne, K., Thapar, N., Broekaert, I., Benninga, M. A., Dolinsek, J., Mas, E., Miele, E., Orel, R., Pienar, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Crohn's and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa037 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Fan, D., Xia, Q., Liu, L., Wu, S., Tian, G., Wang, W., Wu, S., Guo, X., & Liu, Z. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170194 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Garcia, J. L., Sanchez-Nievas, G., Arevalo-Serrano, J., Garcia-Gomez, C., Jimenez-Vizuete, J. M., & Martinez-Alfaro, E. (2021) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa587 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Stevenson, S. F., Doubal, F. N., Shuler, K., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.569855 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Nielssen, O., Wootton, B., Kayrouz, R., Karin, E., Genest, B., Bennett-Levy, J., Purtell, C., Bezuidenhout, G., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30224-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
A mixed‐method systematic review: support for ethical competence of nurses
Poikkeus, T., Numminen, O., Suhonen, R., & Leino‐Kilpi, H. (2014) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12213 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Reporting guidelines of health research studies are frequently used inappropriately
Caulley, L., Catalá-López, F., Whelan, J., Khoury, M., Ferraro, J., Cheng, W., Husereau, D., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.03.006 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationAntibiotic Exposure and Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Finland: A Nationwide Case‐Control Study
Mertsalmi, T. H., Pekkonen, E., & Scheperjans, F. (2020) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27924 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Marschner, N., Zacharias, S., Lordick, F., Hegewisch-Becker, S., Martens, U., Welt, A., Hagen, V., Gleiber, W., Bohnet, S., Kruggel, L., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0643 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Surgery for Infantile Craniosynostosis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Riordan, C. P., Zurakowski, D., Meier, P. M., Alexopoulos, G., Meara, J. G., Proctor, M. R., & Goobie, S. M. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.09.037 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
- Authors
- von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- University of London (GB)
- Cochrane (DK)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 370
- Issue
- 9596
- Pages
- 1453-1457
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2275737843
- Semantic Scholar
- 1b33b74fe5eac26cd9e207bc0d5a477e7aa5391b
- Cited by
- 21,320
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5336 · 2025: 3610 · 2024: 2953 · 2023: 1928 · 2022: 1503 · 2021: 1392 · 2020: 1065 · 2019: 731 · 2018: 566 · 2017: 498 · 2016: 419 · 2015: 337 · 2014: 270 · 2013: 198 · 2012: 167
- FWCI
- 71.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- European Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Keywords
- STROBE statement, reporting guidelines, observational studies, cohort studies, case-control study, cross-sectional study, reporting quality, checklists, study design reporting
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Publishing, Cohort Studies, Epidemiologic Research Design, Case-Control Studies, Observation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
