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Prevalence of Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Both Parents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Importance: New and expectant parents experience perinatal mood disorders, with consequences to parenting ability, bonding with the neonate, interpersonal relationships, and health and well-being of parents. Research shows that maternal and paternal perinatal mood disorders are associated, but no recent systematic review has addressed the prevalence of perinatal mood disorders in both mothers and fathers (parental dyad). Objective: To examine the prevalence of perinatal mood disorders in parental dyads and identify factors associated with perinatal mood disorders in parental dyads. Data Sources: Ovid (MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO) and Web of Science were searched from January 1, 1990, to June 8, 2021, for observational studies reporting on the prevalence of perinatal depression or anxiety in a parental dyad. Study Selection: Studies reporting the prevalence of anxiety or depression in both members of a parental dyad were included, with diagnosis according to established criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition], International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision) or use of validated screening tools. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Prevalence data were extracted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were analyzed in subgroups: antenatal depression, early postnatal depression (0-12 weeks), late postnatal depression (3-12 months), and perinatal anxiety. Pooled prevalence was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Quality assessment was performed using Joanna Briggs Institute Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. Data were analyzed in June 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of perinatal anxiety and perinatal depression in parental dyads. Results: Twenty-three studies were included, with data from 29 286 couples. The pooled prevalence of antenatal depression in both parents was 1.72% (95% CI, 0.96%-2.48%; P < .001). The prevalence of early postnatal depression (up to 12 weeks post partum) was 2.37% (95% CI, 1.66%-3.08%; P < .001) and the prevalence of late postnatal depression (3-12 months post partum) was 3.18% (95% CI, 2.3-4.05; P < .001). Only 3 studies reported on perinatal anxiety in both parents, precluding a quantitative analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: In up to 3.18% of couples, both parents may concurrently experience perinatal depression. Perinatal health care must consider the mental health needs of parents, both as individuals and as a parental dyad. Further research is needed to examine outcomes in families where both parents experience perinatal mood disorders.
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“Parents with babies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) experience high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression.”
From A digital Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and education intervention targeting stress of parents and caregivers with preterm babies in the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomised controlled cluster trial protocol (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Increased psychological distress of NICU parents is associated with a wide range of short- and long-term challenges for parents and infants, including increased risk of mental health disorders [1 -3], impaired parenting, and early childhood behavioural and emotional problems [5].”
From A digital Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and education intervention targeting stress of parents and caregivers with preterm babies in the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomised controlled cluster trial protocol (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Postnatal depression affects approximately 13 % of mothers and 9 % of co-parents, with many cases going undetected and untreated, posing significant risks to women, their families, and especially their children [12 -14].”
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In the citing paper
“Postnatal depression affects approximately 13 % of mothers and 9 % of co-parents, with many cases going undetected and untreated, posing significant risks to women, their families, and especially their children [12 -14].”
From Systematic home visit planning prior to hospital discharge: a propensity-score matched comparative cohort study of over one million mother-infant dyads with one-year follow-up (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
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Zhu, L., Ji, C. F., Liu, Y., Chen, W., Liu, X., & Yang, F. (2025) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00535 · Cited by 2
Postpartum depression among newly delivered mothers based on postnatal newborn care
Manasyan, A., Lakhwani, J., Kapesa, H., Owuor, K. O., Menon, J. A., Bosomprah, S., Nalwamba, L., Machona, S., & Carlo, W. A. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07614-5 · Cited by 1
Ge, J.-D., Tang, C. Y., & Shen, Y. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.109408 · Cited by 1
Culpin, I., Pearson, R. M., Wright, N., Stein, A. L., Bornstein, M. H., Fredriksen, E., Evans, J., Miller, T., Dermott, E., Heron, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120855 · Cited by 1
Gaucher, L., Desplanches, T., Sormani, J., Cattani, G., Mueller, A. N., Celetta, E., Widmer, I. N., Lorthe, E., & Grylka‐Baeschlin, S. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-121443 · Cited by 1
Sentimental Analysis on Twitter data using Deep Learning
Brindha, V., Shanthi, S., Bhavishya, C., Durgashree, V., Devi, K. N., & Jaganathan, P. (2024) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications Theme: Healthcare and Internet of Things (AIMLA) · doi:10.1109/aimla59606.2024.10531618 · Cited by 1
Weigl, L.-M., Jabeen, F., Jan Treur, A., Taal, H. R., & Roelofsma, P. H. M. P. (2024) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72075-8_8 · Cited by 1
Giulio, P., Eleuteri, S., & Petruccelli, I. (2025) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint6030073 · Cited by 1
Takahashi, N., Okumura, A., Kubota, C., & Tsuchiya, K. J. (2025) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1265/ehpm.25-00191 · Cited by 1
Correia, J., Debrot, A., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2212576 · Cited by 1
Tufail, M., Waseem, S., & Adawi, T. R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5401678 · Cited by 1
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Impact of Expectant Father’s Depression on Health-Promoting Behaviors and Marital Adjustment
Zohouri, S., Faramarzi, M., & Jahromi, R. G. (2023) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2023.2246027
Most users of a prenatal consultation dedicated to future fathers are immigrants facing hardshipPreprint
Penot, P., Jacob, G., Guerizec, A., Trevisson, C., Letembet, V.-A., Harich, R., Phuong, T., Renevier, B., Manuellan, P.-E., du Loû, A. D., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.23295896
Expert survey: safer research with parent survivors of child maltreatment
van Rensburg, E. J., Ohan, J. L., Wickens, N., Milroy, H., & Lin, A. P. (2023) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2023.2265519
Zechmeister‐Koss, I., Kern, J., Edlinger, M., Hörtnagl, C., Lampe, A., Buchheim, A., & Paul, J. L. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908813/v1
Franchitto, L. G. (2024) · La Presse Médicale Formation · doi:10.1016/j.lpmfor.2024.06.002
Evaluation of the Quality of Online Information About Perinatal Depression in China
Li, M., Abas, W. A. W., Ma’rof, A. A., Wang, P., & Wang, X. (2024) · Studies in Media and Communication · doi:10.11114/smc.v12i3.6908
Factors associated with depressive symptoms among 1,502 couples in the immediate puerperium
Hernández-Santillán, G., Gurpegui, M., Alcamí-Pertejo, M., Lahera, G., & Bravo-Ortiz, M. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241296047
Noda, Y., & Nakajima, S. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100103
Metadata
- Authors
- Smythe, K. L., Petersen, I., & Schartau, P.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Smythe, Kara L.
- Venue
- JAMA Network Open
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2022-06-24
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e2218969
- ISSN
- 2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9233234
- OpenAlex
- W4283397289
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 5.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety, antenatal depression, postpartum depression, prevalence, couples, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Parents, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Depression, Postpartum
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