Effectiveness of yoga for major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a relapse rate that cannot be ignored and places a tremendous burden on the patient in the prevention and treatment process. Yoga, a combination of physical and mental exercises, is effective and acceptable for the adjunctive treatment of MDD. This study aimed to explore further the evidence of yoga’s efficacy for patients with MDD. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, PsycINFO, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases from their inception to 13 October 2022 were searched by a pre-defined search strategy. RCTs of patients with MDD who met diagnostic criteria for yoga treatment were included. RoB2.0 was used to evaluate the quality of the literature. Improvement in depressive symptoms was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), or other scales were used as primary outcome indicators, and improvement in anxiety was assessed by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale as secondary outcome indicators. RR and Cohen’s d at 95% CI were used as effect size estimates, and Q and I 2 were used to evaluate the size of heterogeneity, with a p -value less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results: Thirty-four RCT studies, including 1,269 patients in the treatment group and 1,072 patients in the control group, 48.4% of whom were women, were included in the study. Compared to the control group, the BDI-II results yielded a moderate effect of yoga on the improvement of depressive symptoms (Cohen’s d = −0.60; 95% CI: −1.00 to −0.21; p < 0.01), the HAMD results yielded a moderate improvement of yoga on the severity of depressive symptoms (Cohen’s d = −0.64; 95% CI: −0.98 to −0.30; p < 0.01), and the STAI results can be concluded that yoga had a negligible effect on the improvement of the level of anxiety (Cohen’s d = −0.26; 95% CI: −0.48 to −0.04; p = 0.02). No adverse events occurred in the yoga group during the treatment. Conclusion: Yoga can improve depressive symptoms and anxiety in patients with MDD and has a safe and wide patient acceptance. Systematic review registration: [ https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ], identifier [PROSPERO, CRD42022373282].
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Wu et al. (2023) found that yoga improved depression symptoms and anxiety levels in patients with major depressive disorder in the short term, based on 34 literatures.
“They included 34 literatures, focusing on indicators of depression and anxiety, and found that yoga improved depression symptoms and anxiety levels in MDD patients in the short term [45].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
The Results > Literature search section reports 34 included studies, and Results > Meta-analysis reports improvements in depressive symptoms. Anxiety findings were mixed: STAI showed a small improvement, but HAMA did not show a statistically significant improvement. The short-term subgroup analysis addresses depressive symptoms, not anxiety, so the claim overstates the evidence for short-term improvement in both outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness yoga might help MDD sufferers minimize their depressed symptoms.
“The results showed that mindfulness yoga might help MDD sufferers minimize their depressed symptoms”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
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“They included 34 literatures, focusing on indicators of depression and anxiety, and found that yoga improved depression symptoms and anxiety levels in MDD patients in the short term [45].”
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- Authors
- Wu, Y., Yan, D., & Yang, J.
- Affiliations
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Jianli
- ORCID
- Wu, Yufei
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-03-23
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1138205-1138205
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10077871
- OpenAlex
- W4360612540
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- yoga, major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, anxiety, adjunctive therapy, depression relapse, treatment safety, patient acceptance, Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, effect size heterogeneity, publication bias, risk of bias assessment, adverse events
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