Assessment of Changes in Child and Adolescent Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Importance: To limit the spread of COVID-19, numerous restrictions were imposed on youths, including school closures, isolation requirements, social distancing, and cancelation of extracurricular activities, which independently or collectively may have shifted screen time patterns. Objective: To estimate changes in the duration, content, and context of screen time of children and adolescents by comparing estimates taken before the pandemic with those taken during the pandemic and to determine when and for whom screen time has increased the most. Data Sources: Electronic databases were searched between January 1, 2020, and March 5, 2022, including MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. A total of 2474 nonduplicate records were retrieved. Study Selection: Study inclusion criteria were reported changes in the duration (minutes per day) of screen time before and during the pandemic; children, adolescents, and young adults (≤18 years); longitudinal or retrospective estimates; peer reviewed; and published in English. Data Extraction and Synthesis: A total of 136 articles underwent full-text review. Data were analyzed from April 6, 2022, to May 5, 2022, with a random-effects meta-analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures: Change in daily screen time comparing estimates taken before vs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The meta-analysis included 46 studies (146 effect sizes; 29 017 children; 57% male; and mean [SD] age, 9 [4.1] years) revealed that, from a baseline prepandemic value of 162 min/d (2.7 h/d), during the pandemic there was an increase in screen time of 84 min/d (1.4 h/d), representing a 52% increase. Increases were particularly marked for individuals aged 12 to 18 years ( k [number of sample estimates] = 26; 110 min/d) and for device type (handheld devices [ k = 20; 44 min/d] and personal computers [ k = 13; 46 min/d]). Moderator analyses showed that increases were possibly larger in retrospective ( k = 36; 116 min/d) vs longitudinal ( k = 51; 65 min/d) studies. Mean increases were observed in samples examining both recreational screen time alone ( k = 54; 84 min/d) and total daily screen time combining recreational and educational use ( k = 33; 68 min/d). Conclusions and Relevance: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to considerable disruptions in the lives and routines of children, adolescents, and families, which is likely associated with increased levels of screen time. Findings suggest that when interacting with children and caregivers, practitioners should place a critical focus on promoting healthy device habits, which can include moderating daily use; choosing age-appropriate programs; promoting device-free time, sleep, and physical activity; and encouraging children to use screens as a creative outlet or a means to meaningfully connect with others.
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- Authors
- Madigan, S., Eirich, R., Pador, P., McArthur, B. A., & Neville, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Madigan, Sheri
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2022-12-01
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1188
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- PMC
- PMC9641597
- OpenAlex
- W4308367590
- Semantic Scholar
- 109c8b49a1cc9ae481b4d279bb127d5db00109a8
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 11.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, screen time, children, adolescents, school closures, social distancing, recreational screen time, handheld devices, personal computers, screen time duration, social isolation, extracurricular activities, age differences, children's video games
- MeSH terms
- Screen Time, COVID-19, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Exercise, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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