The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 20 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Whether and under which conditions D-cycloserine (DCS) augments the effects of exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders is unclear. Objective: To clarify whether DCS is superior to placebo in augmenting the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders and to evaluate whether antidepressants interact with DCS and the effect of potential moderating variables. Data Sources: PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 10, 2016. Reference lists of previous reviews and meta-analyses and reports of randomized clinical trials were also checked. Study Selection: Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were (1) double-blind randomized clinical trials of DCS as an augmentation strategy for exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy and (2) conducted in humans diagnosed as having specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Raw data were obtained from the authors and quality controlled. Data were ranked to ensure a consistent metric across studies (score range, 0-100). We used a 3-level multilevel model nesting repeated measures of outcomes within participants, who were nested within studies. Results: Individual participant data were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants. When controlling for antidepressant use, participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, -3.62; 95% CI, -0.81 to -6.43; P = .01; d = -0.25) but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, -1.66; 95% CI, -4.92 to 1.60; P = .32; d = -0.14) or from pretreatment to follow-up (mean difference, -2.98, 95% CI, -5.99 to 0.03; P = .05; d = -0.19). Additional analyses showed that participants assigned to DCS were associated with lower symptom severity than those assigned to placebo at posttreatment and at follow-up. Antidepressants did not moderate the effects of DCS. None of the prespecified patient-level or study-level moderators was associated with outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance: D-cycloserine is associated with a small augmentation effect on exposure-based therapy. This effect is not moderated by the concurrent use of antidepressants. Further research is needed to identify patient and/or therapy characteristics associated with DCS response.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In this individual participant data meta-analysis, D-cycloserine (DCS) produced a small short-term augmentation effect on exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders. The effect was not moderated by antidepressant use, and only publication year emerged as a significant moderator.
Key findings
- Controlling for antidepressant use, DCS was superior to placebo from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, −3.62; 95% CI, −0.81 to −6.43; P = .01; d = −0.25), but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, −1.66; 95% CI, −4.92 to 1.60; P = .32; d = −0.14) or follow-up (mean difference, −2.98; 95% CI, −5.99 to 0.03; P = .05; d = −0.19).
- DCS recipients had lower symptom severity than placebo recipients at posttreatment (difference, −3.19; 95% CI, −0.95 to −5.43; P = .006; d = −0.21) and follow-up (difference, −2.54; 95% CI, −0.04 to −5.04; P = .05; d = −0.16).
- Antidepressants did not moderate DCS effects, but regardless of randomized treatment, participants taking antidepressants improved more from pretreatment to follow-up (difference, −4.32; 95% CI, −0.64 to −8.01; P = .02; d = −0.28).
- Only publication year was a significant moderator: more recent studies showed smaller DCS–placebo differences at follow-up (b = 4.02; 95% CI, 0.59–7.45; P = .02; d = 0.26). Subgroup analyses found DCS advantage only for social anxiety disorder, and antidepressant moderation only for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (n = 77; 2 studies).
Methods
- One-stage individual participant data meta-analysis of double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials of DCS augmentation for exposure-based CBT/behavior therapy in specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder; PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 10, 2016.
- IPD were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants (523 DCS, 521 placebo; 3 missing group allocation); mean (SD) age was 32.1 (13.5) years, 516 (49.4%) were women, 275 (26.9%) were receiving antidepressants, and mean (SD) treatment sessions were 7.6 (4.5).
- Outcomes were harmonized to ranked scores (range 0–100) and analyzed with a 3-level multilevel model nesting repeated measures within participants within studies, using intent-to-treat analyses and testing prespecified and post hoc moderators.
Limitations
- The paper states less power to detect study-level moderators/predictors and for subgroup analyses; only 4 pediatric studies, limiting generalizability to younger populations; different outcome measures required transformation to ranked scores; and in-session experiences could not be examined as moderators.
- Evident from the text: one eligible trial (26 participants) could not be included because the local ethics committee did not allow data sharing, leaving 97.6% of available data; discrepancies between provided IPD and original reports were found in 16 of 21 studies (29 mismatches, mostly antidepressant medication counts); and DCS dose was highly skewed (428/523 [81.8%] received 50 mg), with most trials administering the drug about 1 hour before exposure, limiting variability for dose and timing analyses.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or from pretreatment to follow-up (mean difference, -2.98, 95% CI, -5.99 to 0.03; P = .05;d = -0.19)”
- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
“or from pretreatment to follow-up (difference, -2.98; 95% CI, -5.99 to 0.03; P = .05;d = -0.19)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we did find that regardless of randomized treatment condition, participants taking antidepressants improved more from pretreatment to follow-up than those not taking antidepressants (difference, -4.32; 95% CI, -0.64 to -8.01; P = .02,d = -0.28)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Antidepressants did not moderate the effects of DCS.”
- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
“Results showed that antidepressant use did not moderate any of the effects of DCS on outcome (Table 1).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and at follow-up (difference, -2.54; 95% CI, -0.04 to -5.04; P = .05;d = -0.16).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional post hoc analyses showed that the overall score in the Cochrane Collaboration Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias for each individual study (eResults and eTables 5 and 6 in the Supplement) was not a significant moderator of any of the DCS effects (Table 2).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Moderator Analyses (Secondary Aim)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the prespecified patient-level or study-level moderators was associated with outcomes.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional post hoc analyses also revealed that participants receiving DCS evidenced lower symptom severity than those receiving placebo at both posttreatment (difference, -3.19; 95% CI, -0.95 to -5.43; P = .006;d = -0.21)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When controlling for antidepressant use, participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, -3.62; 95% CI, -0.81 to -6.43; P = .01;d = -0.25)”
- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
“Participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement than those receiving placebo from pretreatment to posttreatment (difference, -3.62; 95% CI, -0.81 to -6.43, P = .01,d = -0.25)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, -1.66; 95% CI, -4.92 to 1.60; P = .32;d = -0.14)”
- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
“but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (difference, -1.66, 95% CI, -4.92 to 1.60; P = .32;d = -0.14)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,073Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis of the transformed DCS dosage showed that it was not associated with the outcome (Table 2).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Moderator Analyses (Secondary Aim)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 523Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 1 significant moderator emerged: year of publication.Specifically, the more recent the study, the smaller the difference between DCS and placebo for pretreatment to follow-up improvement (b = 4.02; 95% CI, 0.59-7.45;P = .02,d= 0.26).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Moderator Analyses (Secondary Aim)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual participant data were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants.”
- Also stated in: § Study Selection and IPD Obtained · plain
“We were able to obtain IPD from 21 of these 22 studies.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Study Selection and IPD Obtained · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the different outcome measures had different ranges and dis- tributions (eFigure in the Supplement), and therefore, the data were transformed to ensure a common measurement across studies (eMethods 2 in the Supplement).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, this meta-analysis includes 97.6% of all eligible data.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Risk of Bias Across Studies
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Antidepressants signifi- cantly moderated DCS effects only for participants with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, which made up the smallest diagnosis sample in our meta-analysis (n = 77) and included only 2 studies (eTable 1 in the Supplement).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Additional Analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While 428 of 523 participants (81.8%) received 50 mg of DCS, some received 250 mg or even 500 mg.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Moderator Analyses (Secondary Aim)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 523Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the analysis controlling for antidepressant use as a moderator of the DCS effects (primary aim 1), participants receiving DCS did not show greater improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment (difference, -2.85; 95% CI, -5.91 to 0.21; P = .06;d = -0.21)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Sensitivity Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random effects for the improvement from pretreatment to midtreatment (χ 2 10 = 144.02;P < .001),pretreatment to posttreat-ment (χ 2 10 = 150.83;P < .001),and pretreatment to follow-up (χ 2 10 = 1102.70;P < .001)were significant, indicating significant variability in the amount of improvement between studies, hence suggesting the existence of possible moderators.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Moderator Analyses (Secondary Aim)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified 11 different primary outcomes measures in the included studies (eTable 1 in the Supplement).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group × time pretreatment | -3.62 (1.44) | .01 b”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data were obtained for all participants who were initially randomized in each of the studies for which IPD were available.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Results of Individual Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our MLM analyses, performed using Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling version 7.01 (Scientific Software International Inc), were coded to perform the MLM equivalent of a repeated-measures analysis of covariance, allowing slopes and intercepts to vary between studies and retaining all participants even if they missed assessments or dropped out (ie, intent-to-treat analyses).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Synthesis Methods
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We established whether any randomized participant data were not included in the data sets (eg, if authors conducted analyses based on completers only, we requested all data on randomized patients in order to perform intent-to-treat analyses).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Risk of Bias Assessment in Individual Studies and Across Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, fear at the end of an exposure therapy session has emerged as 1 possible important variable 57 because it has been shown to moderate DCS efficacy in 2 studies 58,61 as well as the efficacy of 2 other pharmacological enhancement strategies (yohimbine 62 and methylene blue 63 ).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Strengths and Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57]
- Not checked yetcites [58]
- Not checked yetcites [61]
- Not checked yetcites [62]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, one of the data sets included 2 nonrandomized participants who were excluded prior to analysis.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > IPD Integrity and Risk of Bias Within Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Authors of 5 of the included studies were contacted to request missing data.All missing data were provided except for the age variable in one of the studies.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > IPD Integrity and Risk of Bias Within Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Cochrane Collaboration Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias 33,34 was used (post hoc) to explore possible bias in the individual studies.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Risk of Bias Assessment in Individual Studies and Across Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, there have only been 4 studies using pediatric samples, which limits the generalizability of our results to younger populations.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Strengths and Limitations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trial details, such as randomization methods and intervention details, were crosschecked against the original publications.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Individual Participant Data Integrity
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, we transformed the original data into ranked data to ensure a common metric across studies (score range, 0-100).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Data Items
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data were checked with respect to range, missing or extreme values, errors, and consistency with the published data.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Individual Participant Data Integrity
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We checked for unusual allocation patterns or distributions of participant characteristics and checked whether there were trials with inappropriate allocation.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Risk of Bias Assessment in Individual Studies and Across Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation is that different studies used different outcome measures, and for this reason, these had to be transformed into ranked scores to ensure a single metric across studies.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Strengths and Limitations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All discrepancies, except for a mismatch on the medication breakdown in one study (where we assumed that the actual data set was correct) were successfully resolved by correspondence with the authors.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > IPD Integrity and Risk of Bias Within Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Discrepancies between the provided IPD and the original reports were found in 16 of 21 studies.Twenty-nine mismatches were found, most of which were related to different numbers of patients receiving antidepressant medication reported in the publication vs the data set.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > IPD Integrity and Risk of Bias Within Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Corresponding authors of 6 of the eligible studies were contacted to request data on all randomized participants because initially only information on completers had been provided.Data were received for 31 noncompleters who had originally been omitted from the data sets.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > IPD Integrity and Risk of Bias Within Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two authors (B.M. and L.F.C.) independently assessed IPD data sets, with queries resolved by a third author (D.M.-C.).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Individual Participant Data Integrity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, because there were only 21 studies, the power to detect even a large effect size (d = 0.80) for the study-level moderators/predictors (eg, sample size and diagnosis) was only approximately 0.70 for single predictors (eg, sample size) and only about 0.40 for diagnosis, which was comprised of 4 dummy variables.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Synthesis Methods
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We excluded any nonrandomized participants from the data sets.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Risk of Bias Assessment in Individual Studies and Across Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eligibility criteria were prospectively defined, and all relevant published and unpublished trials were sought to avoid bias.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Risk of Bias Assessment in Individual Studies and Across Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42015025359) and it is accessible from http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display _record.asp?ID=CRD42015025359.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Protocol and Registration
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each trial was checked individually, and the trial data were sent to the original authors for verification.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Individual Participant Data Integrity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite several initial trials showing promising results in humans with anxiety disorders, [18][19][20] larger trials conducted within the past 5 years 21,22 have produced mixed results.[23][24][25][26]”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18][19][20]
- Not checked yetcites [21]
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [23][24][25][26]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, a large trial in obsessive-compulsive disorder 22 found a significant interaction effect between DCS and antidepressant medication in a post hoc analysis; concomitant antidepressants impaired treatment response in patients randomized to DCS but not in patients randomized to placebo.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individualparticipant data meta-analyses are considered the gold standard of meta-analysis and offer a number of important advantages over traditional meta-analyses that rely on summary statistics, including the better control of patient-level and study-level confounders and increased power for detecting interaction effects and subgroup analyses.31,32”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
- Not checked yetcites [32]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One promising strategy is the administration of Dcycloserine (DCS), a partial N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist that facilitates fear extinction in animals and reduces return of fear when given before or shortly after extinction training.16”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, the combination of these treatment modalities is not superior to CBT alone in the long run [11][12][13] and may in fact have deleterious effects and result in increased relapse rates after discontinuation of medication.14,15”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11][12][13]
- Not checked yetcites [14]
- Not checked yetcites [15]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results, which are consistent with the animal literature, [28][29][30] suggest that DCS may only be indicated in patients who are not receiving antidepressants, but these results require replication.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28][29][30]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Variables, such as the number of CBT sessions, the dose and number of DCS administrations, the timing of drug administration, the success of the exposure sessions, or compliance with between-session homework assignments, may also contribute to the conflicting results obtained to date.26”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
A substantial proportion of patients with anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, or posttraumatic stress disorders do not achieve sufficient symptom relief with first-line CBT or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and require additional long-term care.
“While there is ample support for the efficacy of CBT and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, a substantial proportion of patients do not achieve sufficient symptom relief and require additional long-term care.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In one study with a mismatch on the medication breakdown, the actual data set was correct.
“where we assumed that the actual data set was correct”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A recent systematic review of d-cycloserine as a means to augment psychotherapy for SAD found that it provides a small augmentation effect for exposure therapy in treating SAD (17).”
In the citing paper
“The most recent meta-analysis attributes only small, if at all, clinical effects of DCS augmentation of EBT for the treatment of anxiety disorders, OCD or PTSD (Burkner, Bittner, Holling, & Buhlmann, 2017;Mataix-Cols et al., 2017;Stojek, McSweeney, & Rauch, 2018).”
From Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Mataix-Cols et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Midtreatment confidence interval is not centered on its estimate
MinorThe reported 95% CI has a midpoint of -3.20, not the reported difference of -1.69. The other reported confidence intervals for these differences are centered on their estimates.
Reported -1.69 · recomputed -3.2
“difference, -1.69; 95% CI, -1.51 to -4.89; P = .30”
Number of studies screened differs between text and flowchart
MinorThe results say 377 studies were analyzed for eligibility, while the flowchart says 376 studies were screened for eligibility.
“Of the 377 studies that were initially identified and analyzed for eligibility, 22 studies met inclusion criteria”
“376 Studies screened for eligibility”
Citations
Cites
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mataix-Cols, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Monzani, B., Rosenfield, D., Andersson, E., Pérez-Vigil, A., Frumento, P., de Kleine, R. A., Difede, J., Dunlop, B. W., Farrell, L. J., Geller, D., Gerardi, M., Guastella, A. J., Hofmann, S. G., Hendriks, G.-J., Kushner, M. G., Lee, F. S., Lenze, E. J., Levinson, C. A., McConnell, H., Otto, M. W., Plag, J., Pollack, M. H., Ressler, K. J., Rodebaugh, T. L., Rothbaum, B. O., Scheeringa, M. S., Siewert-Siegmund, A., Smits, J. A. J., Storch, E. A., Ströhle, A., Tart, C. D., Tolin, D. F., van Minnen, A., Waters, A. M., Weems, C. F., Wilhelm, S., Wyka, K., Davis, M., Rück, C., and the DCS Anxiety Consortium, Altemus, M., Anderson, P., Cukor, J., Finck, C., Geffken, G. R., Golfels, F., Goodman, W. K., Gutner, C., Heyman, I., Jovanovic, T., Lewin, A. B., McNamara, J. P., Murphy, T. K., Norrholm, S., & Thuras, P.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden2Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- King's College London (GB)
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Center for Anxiety Disorders Overwaal, Institution for Integrated Mental Health Care Pro Persona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands7Behavioral Science Institute, NijCare, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Harvard University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Boston University (US)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Louisville (US)
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- New Mexico VA Health Care System (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- City University of New York (US)
- Region Stockholm (SE)
- Georgia State University (US)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital (GB)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System (US)
- ORCID
- Monzani, Benedetta
- Rosenfield, David
- Andersson, Erik
- Pérez-Vigil, Ana
- Frumento, Paolo
- Difede, JoAnn
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Farrell, Lara J.
- Geller, Daniel
- Guastella, Adam J.
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Hendriks, Gert-Jan
- Kushner, Matt G.
- Lee, Francis S.
- Lenze, Eric J.
- Levinson, Cheri A.
- Otto, Michael W.
- Plag, Jens
- Pollack, Mark H.
- Ressler, Kerry J.
- Rodebaugh, Thomas L.
- Rothbaum, Barbara O.
- Scheeringa, Michael S.
- Smits, Jasper A. J.
- Storch, Eric A.
- Ströhle, Andreas
- Tolin, David F.
- Waters, Allison M.
- Weems, Carl F.
- Wilhelm, Sabine
- Wyka, Katarzyna
- Rück, Christian
- Altemus, Margaret
- Anderson, Page
- Goodman, Wayne K.
- Gutner, Cassidy
- Heyman, Isobel
- Lewin, Adam B.
- McNamara, Joseph P.
- Murphy, Tanya K.
- Norrholm, Seth
- Thuras, Paul
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2017-05-01
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 501
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2581718547
- Semantic Scholar
- 59b8ce2a096830feb38c552f023b54ab4acb53e9
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 19
- FWCI
- 51.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2017-05-01)
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- OpenBU (Boston University) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- University of Oxford
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007261)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- D-cycloserine, augmentation therapy, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, symptom severity, treatment response variability, placebo response, medication adherence, individual differences in treatment response, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Combined Modality Therapy, Cycloserine, Drug Synergism, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, N-Methylaspartate, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists
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