Cited by 288Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

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D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data

Open access

Mataix-Cols, David, Fernández de la Cruz, Lorena, Monzani, Benedetta, Rosenfield, David, Andersson, Erik, Pérez-Vigil, Ana, Frumento, Paolo, de Kleine, Rianne A., Difede, JoAnn, Dunlop, Boadie W., Farrell, Lara J., Geller, Daniel, Gerardi, Maryrose, Guastella, Adam J., Hofmann, Stefan G., Hendriks, Gert-Jan, Kushner, Matt G., Lee, Francis S., Lenze, Eric J., Levinson, Cheri A., McConnell, Harry, Otto, Michael W., Plag, Jens, Pollack, Mark H., Ressler, Kerry J., Rodebaugh, Thomas L., Rothbaum, Barbara O., Scheeringa, Michael S., Siewert-Siegmund, Anja, Smits, Jasper A. J., Storch, Eric A., Ströhle, Andreas, Tart, Candyce D., Tolin, David F., van Minnen, Agnes, Waters, Allison M., Weems, Carl F., Wilhelm, Sabine, Wyka, Katarzyna, Davis, Michael, Rück, Christian, and the DCS Anxiety Consortium, Altemus, Margaret, Anderson, Page, Cukor, Judith, Finck, Claudia, Geffken, Gary R., Golfels, Fabian, Goodman, Wayne K., Gutner, Cassidy, Heyman, Isobel, Jovanovic, Tanja, Lewin, Adam B., McNamara, Joseph P., Murphy, Tanya K., Norrholm, Seth, Thuras, Paul·2017·JAMA Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3955

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Abstract

Importance: Whether and under which conditions D-cycloserine (DCS) augments the effects of exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders is unclear. Objective: To clarify whether DCS is superior to placebo in augmenting the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders and to evaluate whether antidepressants interact with DCS and the effect of potential moderating variables. Data Sources: PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 10, 2016. Reference lists of previous reviews and meta-analyses and reports of randomized clinical trials were also checked. Study Selection: Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were (1) double-blind randomized clinical trials of DCS as an augmentation strategy for exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy and (2) conducted in humans diagnosed as having specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Raw data were obtained from the authors and quality controlled. Data were ranked to ensure a consistent metric across studies (score range, 0-100). We used a 3-level multilevel model nesting repeated measures of outcomes within participants, who were nested within studies. Results: Individual participant data were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants. When controlling for antidepressant use, participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, -3.62; 95% CI, -0.81 to -6.43; P = .01; d = -0.25) but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, -1.66; 95% CI, -4.92 to 1.60; P = .32; d = -0.14) or from pretreatment to follow-up (mean difference, -2.98, 95% CI, -5.99 to 0.03; P = .05; d = -0.19). Additional analyses showed that participants assigned to DCS were associated with lower symptom severity than those assigned to placebo at posttreatment and at follow-up. Antidepressants did not moderate the effects of DCS. None of the prespecified patient-level or study-level moderators was associated with outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance: D-cycloserine is associated with a small augmentation effect on exposure-based therapy. This effect is not moderated by the concurrent use of antidepressants. Further research is needed to identify patient and/or therapy characteristics associated with DCS response.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In this individual participant data meta-analysis, D-cycloserine (DCS) produced a small short-term augmentation effect on exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders. The effect was not moderated by antidepressant use, and only publication year emerged as a significant moderator.

Key findings

Controlling for antidepressant use, DCS was superior to placebo from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, −3.62; 95% CI, −0.81 to −6.43; P = .01; d = −0.25), but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, −1.66; 95% CI, −4.92 to 1.60; P = .32; d = −0.14) or follow-up (mean difference, −2.98; 95% CI, −5.99 to 0.03; P = .05; d = −0.19).
DCS recipients had lower symptom severity than placebo recipients at posttreatment (difference, −3.19; 95% CI, −0.95 to −5.43; P = .006; d = −0.21) and follow-up (difference, −2.54; 95% CI, −0.04 to −5.04; P = .05; d = −0.16).
Antidepressants did not moderate DCS effects, but regardless of randomized treatment, participants taking antidepressants improved more from pretreatment to follow-up (difference, −4.32; 95% CI, −0.64 to −8.01; P = .02; d = −0.28).
Only publication year was a significant moderator: more recent studies showed smaller DCS–placebo differences at follow-up (b = 4.02; 95% CI, 0.59–7.45; P = .02; d = 0.26). Subgroup analyses found DCS advantage only for social anxiety disorder, and antidepressant moderation only for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (n = 77; 2 studies).

Methods

One-stage individual participant data meta-analysis of double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials of DCS augmentation for exposure-based CBT/behavior therapy in specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder; PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 10, 2016.
IPD were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants (523 DCS, 521 placebo; 3 missing group allocation); mean (SD) age was 32.1 (13.5) years, 516 (49.4%) were women, 275 (26.9%) were receiving antidepressants, and mean (SD) treatment sessions were 7.6 (4.5).
Outcomes were harmonized to ranked scores (range 0–100) and analyzed with a 3-level multilevel model nesting repeated measures within participants within studies, using intent-to-treat analyses and testing prespecified and post hoc moderators.

Limitations

The paper states less power to detect study-level moderators/predictors and for subgroup analyses; only 4 pediatric studies, limiting generalizability to younger populations; different outcome measures required transformation to ranked scores; and in-session experiences could not be examined as moderators.
Evident from the text: one eligible trial (26 participants) could not be included because the local ethics committee did not allow data sharing, leaving 97.6% of available data; discrepancies between provided IPD and original reports were found in 16 of 21 studies (29 mismatches, mostly antidepressant medication counts); and DCS dose was highly skewed (428/523 [81.8%] received 50 mg), with most trials administering the drug about 1 hour before exposure, limiting variability for dose and timing analyses.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3955

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 20 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or from pretreatment to follow-up (mean difference, -2.98, 95% CI, -5.99 to 0.03; P = .05;d = -0.19)”
- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
  “or from pretreatment to follow-up (difference, -2.98; 95% CI, -5.99 to 0.03; P = .05;d = -0.19)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,073
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Antidepressants did not moderate the effects of DCS.”
- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
  “Results showed that antidepressant use did not moderate any of the effects of DCS on outcome (Table 1).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,073
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When controlling for antidepressant use, participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, -3.62; 95% CI, -0.81 to -6.43; P = .01;d = -0.25)”
- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
  “Participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement than those receiving placebo from pretreatment to posttreatment (difference, -3.62; 95% CI, -0.81 to -6.43, P = .01,d = -0.25)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 1,047
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, -1.66; 95% CI, -4.92 to 1.60; P = .32;d = -0.14)”
- Also stated in: § Results of Syntheses (Primary Aim) · plain
  “but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (difference, -1.66, 95% CI, -4.92 to 1.60; P = .32;d = -0.14)”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,073
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes

Show all 31 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 24
Probably not a substantial claim. 22
The quote only partly states this claim. 1

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual participant data were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants.”
- Also stated in: § Study Selection and IPD Obtained · plain
  “We were able to obtain IPD from 21 of these 22 studies.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,047
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, fear at the end of an exposure therapy session has emerged as 1 possible important variable 57 because it has been shown to moderate DCS efficacy in 2 studies 58,61 as well as the efficacy of 2 other pharmacological enhancement strategies (yohimbine 62 and methylene blue 63 ).”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Strengths and Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57]
- Not checked yetcites [58]
- Not checked yetcites [61]
- Not checked yetcites [62]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite several initial trials showing promising results in humans with anxiety disorders, [18][19][20] larger trials conducted within the past 5 years 21,22 have produced mixed results.[23][24][25][26]”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18][19][20]
- Not checked yetcites [21]
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [23][24][25][26]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, a large trial in obsessive-compulsive disorder 22 found a significant interaction effect between DCS and antidepressant medication in a post hoc analysis; concomitant antidepressants impaired treatment response in patients randomized to DCS but not in patients randomized to placebo.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individualparticipant data meta-analyses are considered the gold standard of meta-analysis and offer a number of important advantages over traditional meta-analyses that rely on summary statistics, including the better control of patient-level and study-level confounders and increased power for detecting interaction effects and subgroup analyses.31,32”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
- Not checked yetcites [32]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One promising strategy is the administration of Dcycloserine (DCS), a partial N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist that facilitates fear extinction in animals and reduces return of fear when given before or shortly after extinction training.16”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, the combination of these treatment modalities is not superior to CBT alone in the long run [11][12][13] and may in fact have deleterious effects and result in increased relapse rates after discontinuation of medication.14,15”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11][12][13]
- Not checked yetcites [14]
- Not checked yetcites [15]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results, which are consistent with the animal literature, [28][29][30] suggest that DCS may only be indicated in patients who are not receiving antidepressants, but these results require replication.”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28][29][30]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Variables, such as the number of CBT sessions, the dose and number of DCS administrations, the timing of drug administration, the success of the exposure sessions, or compliance with between-session homework assignments, may also contribute to the conflicting results obtained to date.26”
§ D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

39 of 39

The paper relies on this without support.
A substantial proportion of patients with anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, or posttraumatic stress disorders do not achieve sufficient symptom relief with first-line CBT or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and require additional long-term care.
“While there is ample support for the efficacy of CBT and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, a substantial proportion of patients do not achieve sufficient symptom relief and require additional long-term care.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In one study with a mismatch on the medication breakdown, the actual data set was correct.
“where we assumed that the actual data set was correct”

2 of 2

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Midtreatment confidence interval is not centered on its estimate
Minor
The reported 95% CI has a midpoint of -3.20, not the reported difference of -1.69. The other reported confidence intervals for these differences are centered on their estimates.
Reported -1.69 · recomputed -3.2
Number of studies screened differs between text and flowchart
Minor
The results say 377 studies were analyzed for eligibility, while the flowchart says 376 studies were screened for eligibility.

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Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
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Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative.
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Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data: The PRISMA-IPD Statement
Stewart, L. A., Clarke, M., Rovers, M., Riley, R. D., Simmonds, M., Stewart, G., & Tierney, J. F. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.3656 · Cited by 2,134
Cognitive Enhancers as Adjuncts to Psychotherapy: Use of D-Cycloserine in Phobic Individuals to Facilitate Extinctionof Fear
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Higgins JPT, Altman DG; Cochrane Statistical Methods Group and the Cochrane Bias Methods Group. Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins J, Green S, eds. Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions. West Sussex, United Kingdom: The Cochrane Collaboration and John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2008.

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Authors: Mataix-Cols, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Monzani, B., Rosenfield, D., Andersson, E., Pérez-Vigil, A., Frumento, P., de Kleine, R. A., Difede, J., Dunlop, B. W., Farrell, L. J., Geller, D., Gerardi, M., Guastella, A. J., Hofmann, S. G., Hendriks, G.-J., Kushner, M. G., Lee, F. S., Lenze, E. J., Levinson, C. A., McConnell, H., Otto, M. W., Plag, J., Pollack, M. H., Ressler, K. J., Rodebaugh, T. L., Rothbaum, B. O., Scheeringa, M. S., Siewert-Siegmund, A., Smits, J. A. J., Storch, E. A., Ströhle, A., Tart, C. D., Tolin, D. F., van Minnen, A., Waters, A. M., Weems, C. F., Wilhelm, S., Wyka, K., Davis, M., Rück, C., and the DCS Anxiety Consortium, Altemus, M., Anderson, P., Cukor, J., Finck, C., Geffken, G. R., Golfels, F., Goodman, W. K., Gutner, C., Heyman, I., Jovanovic, T., Lewin, A. B., McNamara, J. P., Murphy, T. K., Norrholm, S., & Thuras, P.
Affiliations: Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden2Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
King's College London (GB)
Southern Methodist University (US)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Center for Anxiety Disorders Overwaal, Institution for Integrated Mental Health Care Pro Persona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands7Behavioral Science Institute, NijCare, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
Emory University (US)
Griffith University (AU)
Harvard University (US)
The University of Sydney (AU)
Boston University (US)
Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
University of Minnesota (US)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
University of Louisville (US)
Stiftung Charité (DE)
Rush University Medical Center (US)
Tulane University (US)
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
University of South Florida (US)
New Mexico VA Health Care System (US)
Yale University (US)
Iowa State University (US)
City University of New York (US)
Region Stockholm (SE)
Georgia State University (US)
University of Florida Health (US)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Great Ormond Street Hospital (GB)
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
Minneapolis VA Health Care System (US)
ORCID: Monzani, Benedetta
Rosenfield, David
Andersson, Erik
Pérez-Vigil, Ana
Frumento, Paolo
Difede, JoAnn
Dunlop, Boadie W.
Farrell, Lara J.
Geller, Daniel
Guastella, Adam J.
Hofmann, Stefan G.
Hendriks, Gert-Jan
Kushner, Matt G.
Lee, Francis S.
Lenze, Eric J.
Levinson, Cheri A.
Otto, Michael W.
Plag, Jens
Pollack, Mark H.
Ressler, Kerry J.
Rodebaugh, Thomas L.
Rothbaum, Barbara O.
Scheeringa, Michael S.
Smits, Jasper A. J.
Storch, Eric A.
Ströhle, Andreas
Tolin, David F.
Waters, Allison M.
Weems, Carl F.
Wilhelm, Sabine
Wyka, Katarzyna
Rück, Christian
Altemus, Margaret
Anderson, Page
Goodman, Wayne K.
Gutner, Cassidy
Heyman, Isobel
Lewin, Adam B.
McNamara, Joseph P.
Murphy, Tanya K.
Norrholm, Seth
Thuras, Paul
Venue: JAMA Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2017-05-01
Volume: 74
Issue: 5
Pages: 501
ISSN: 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3955
OpenAlex: W2581718547
Semantic Scholar: 59b8ce2a096830feb38c552f023b54ab4acb53e9
Cited by: 288
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 19
FWCI: 51.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2017-05-01)
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Locations: JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
OpenBU (Boston University) (submittedVersion)
Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Eli Lilly and Company
Pfizer
Massachusetts General Hospital
University of Oxford
National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007261)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: D-cycloserine, augmentation therapy, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, symptom severity, treatment response variability, placebo response, medication adherence, individual differences in treatment response, individual differences
MeSH terms: Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Combined Modality Therapy, Cycloserine, Drug Synergism, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, N-Methylaspartate, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists

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D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data

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