Evolution of the human life cycle

Abstract

The influence of early childhood determinants on age at menarche was investigated in a sample of Guatemalan women who participated as children in a nutrition intervention study conducted from 1969 to 1977. Age at menarche was retrospectively estimated in 1991 and 1992. Mean age at menarche was 13.7 (±1.3) years. Data on linear growth, diarrhea and respiratory illnesses, and energy intake from supplementation as well as home sources were available between birth and 7 years of age. Socioeconomic status (SES) data were collected in 1975. Four hundred and ninety-seven women who had reached menarche by 1992 were grouped into three categories of stunting based on their height-for-age z-scores (none, >-2.0; moderate, -2.0 SD to -3.0 SD; severe, <-3.0 SD relative to National Center for Health Statistics reference data) at 3 years of age. About 78% of the sample was moderately or severely stunted at 3 years of age. The group that was severely stunted in childhood reached menarche at 14.1 ± 1.4 years, significantly later than those who were moderately stunted (13.7 ± 1.2 years) or not stunted (13.5 ± 1.3 years). Using multiple linear regression methods, stunting was a significant predictor of age at menarche. Average energy intake (kcal/d) from home diet was associated with earlier menarche independent of preschool growth status. Percent time ill with diarrhea was positively associated with age at menarche. When the effects of diet, supplement, percent time ill with diarrhea and respiratory illnesses, and SES were taken into account, the independent influence of stunting on age at menarche persisted and remained significant. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.