Electromagnetic field stimulation for treating delayed union or non-union of long bone fractures in adults
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Delayed union and non-union of fractures are a considerable cause of morbidity to patients. Laboratory studies have shown that electromagnetic fields can stimulate the formation of new bone, indicating a potential role for electromagnetic stimulation in the treatment of fractures that have failed to heal. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of electromagnetic stimulation for treating delayed union or non-union of long bone fractures in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (May 2010), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (in The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2010) and EMBASE (1980 to 2010 Week 20), trial registers and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials evaluating electromagnetic field stimulation for the treatment of delayed union or non-union of long bones in adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently selected studies and performed data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Treatment effects were assessed using risk ratios and, where appropriate, data were pooled using a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS: Four studies, involving 125 participants, were included. Three studies evaluated the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields and one study, capacitive coupled electric fields. Participants with delayed union and non-union of the long bones were included, but most data related to non-union of the tibia. Although all studies were blinded randomised placebo-controlled trials, each study had limitations.The primary measure of the clinical effectiveness of electromagnetic field stimulation was the proportion of participants whose fractures had united at a fixed time point. The overall pooled effect size was small and not statistically significant (risk ratio 1.96; 95% confidence interval 0.86 to 4.48; 4 trials). There was substantial clinical and statistical heterogeneity in this pooled analysis (I(2) = 58%). A sensitivity analysis conducted to determine the effect of multiple follow-up time-points on the heterogeneity amongst the studies showed that the effect size remained non-significant at 24 weeks (risk ratio 1.61; 95% confidence interval 0.74 to 3.54; 3 trials), with similar heterogeneity (I(2) = 57%).There was no reduction in pain found in two trials. No study reported functional outcome measures. One trial reported two minor complications resulting from treatment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Though the available evidence suggests that electromagnetic field stimulation may offer some benefit in the treatment of delayed union and non-union of long bone fractures, it is inconclusive and insufficient to inform current practice. More definitive conclusions on treatment effect await further well-conducted randomised controlled trials.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
(2008) · Cited by 3,790 · see citing works
Effects of Electric Currents on Bone In Vivo
Bassett, C. A. L., Pawluk, R. J., & Becker, R. O. (1964) · Nature · doi:10.1038/204652a0 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
A double-blind trial of pulsed electromagnetic fields for delayed union of tibial fractures
Sharrard, W. (1990) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.72b3.2187877 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Treatment of Nonunions With Electric and Electromagnetic Fields
Aaron, R. K., Ciombor, D. M., & Simon, B. J. (2004) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/00003086-200402000-00005 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Fundamental and practical aspects of therapeutic uses of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs).
Bassett, C. A. L. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 232 · see citing works
PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY FOR TIBIAL NON-UNION
Barker, A. T., Dixon, R. A., Sharrard, W. J. W., & SUTCLIFFE, M. L. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92329-8 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Scott, G., & King, J. B. (1994) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-199406000-00005 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Standards for the Management of Open Fractures of the Lower Limb
Nanchahal, J., Nayagam, S., Khan, U. A., Moran, C., Barrett, S., Sanderson, F. H., & Pallister, I. (2009) · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Mollon, B., da Silva, V., Busse, J. W., Einhorn, T. A., & Bhandari, M. (2008) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.h.00111 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Phieffer, L. S., & Goulet, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-200601000-00026 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
HEALING OF NONUNION OF THE MEDIAL MALLEOLUS BY MEANS OF DIRECT CURRENT
Friedenberg, Z. B., Harlow, M. C., & Brighton, C. T. (1971) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-197110000-00010 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Electrical treatment of tibial non-union: a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial
Simonis, R. B., Parnell, E., Ray, P. S., & Peacock, J. L. (2003) · Injury · doi:10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00209-7 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bone reaction to varying amounts of direct current.
Zb, F., Et, A., Bi, S., Bw, P., & Brighton, C. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Non-invasive treatment of ununited fractures of the tibia using electrical stimulation
de Haas, W., Watson, J., & MORRISON, D. M. (1980) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.62b4.6968752 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Repair of non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields.
Bassett, C. A. L., Mitchell, S. N., Norton, L. A., & Pilla, A. A. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bone reaction to varying amounts of direct current
Friedenberg, Z. B., Andrews, E. T., Sinolenski, B. I., Bw, P., & Brighton, C. T. (1971) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-197107000-00060 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Griffin, X. L., Warner, F., & Costa, M. L. (2008) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2007.12.014 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationElectric stimulation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of nonunions
Karamitros, A., Kalentzos, V. N., & Soucacos, P. N. (2006) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2006.02.042 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Overview of the locking compression plate and its clinical applications in fracture healing.
Miller, D., Goswami, T., & Prayson, M. J. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
ITOH, S., Ohta, T., SEKINO, Y., Yukawa, Y., & Shinomiya, K. (2008) · Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) · doi:10.1177/1753193408092253 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Barker, A., & Dixon, R. A. (1991) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.73b2.2005179 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pulsed electromagnetic field treatment failure in radius non-united fracture healing
Madroñero, A., Pitillas, I., & Manso, F. (1988) · Journal of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/0141-5425(88)90153-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bray, T. J. (1995) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-199505000-00023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sharrard, W. (1992) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.74b4.1624534 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Compared Effect of a Four-Coiled System in Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation
Çakırgil, G. S., Saplakoglu, A., & Yazar, T. (1989) · Orthopedics · doi:10.3928/0147-7447-19891101-15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Parnell EJ, Simonis RB. The effect of electrical stimulation in the treatment of non‐union of the tibia [Abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery ‐ British Volume 1991;73 Suppl 2:178. [Google Scholar]
- Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6.4.11: Search Filters. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2 (updated September 2009). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2009. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
- Sharrard WJ. Pulsed electromagnetic fields [letter; comment]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery ‐ British Volume 1992;74(4):630. [PUBMED: 1624534] [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yasuda I. Fundamental aspects of fracture treatment. Journal of the Kyoto Medical Society 1953;4:395‐406. [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pall, M. L. (2013) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.12088 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Mechanical regulation of signaling pathways in bone
Thompson, W. R., Rubin, C. T., & Rubin, J. E. (2012) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.076 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Handoll, H. H., Brealey, S., Rangan, A., Keding, A., Corbacho, B., Jefferson, L., Chuang, L., Goodchild, L. M., Hewitt, C. E., & Torgerson, D. J. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19240 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Update on stress fractures in female athletes: epidemiology, treatment, and prevention
Chen, Y., Tenforde, A. S., & Fredericson, M. (2013) · Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12178-013-9167-x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Endocrine Crosstalk Between Muscle and Bone
Brotto, M. A. P., & Johnson, M. L. (2014) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-014-0209-0 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Electrical Stimulation and Bone Healing: A Review of Current Technology and Clinical Applications
Khalifeh, J. M., Zohny, Z., MacEwan, M. R., Stephen, M., Johnston, W., Gamble, P. G., Zeng, Y., Yan, Y., & Ray, W. Z. (2018) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2018.2799189 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Complications After Hip Nailing for Fractures
Mavrogenis, A. F., Panagopoulos, G. N., Megaloikonomos, P. D., Igoumenou, V. G., Galanopoulos, I. P., Vottis, C. T., Karampinas, P. K., Koulouvaris, P., Kontogeorgakos, V. A., Vlamis, J., et al. (2016) · Orthopedics · doi:10.3928/01477447-20151222-11 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mechanotransduction in osteogenesis
Stewart, S. K., Darwood, A. R. J., Masouros, S. D., Higgins, C. A., & Ramasamy, A. (2020) · Bone and Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.91.bjr-2019-0043.r2 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Aleem, I. S., Aleem, I., Evaniew, N., Busse, J. W., Yaszemski, M. J., Agarwal, A., Einhorn, T. A., & Bhandari, M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31724 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Shi, H., Xiong, J., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Qiu, X., Wang, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-35 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bagheri, L., Pellati, A., Rizzo, P., Aquila, G., Massari, L., Mattei, M. D., & Ongaro, A. (2017) · Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.1002/term.2455 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Bone Healing: Molecular Pathways and Clinical Applications
Caliogna, L., Medetti, M., Bina, V., Brancato, A. M., Castelli, A., Jannelli, E., Ivone, A., Gastaldi, G., Annunziata, S., Mosconi, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147403 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
de Girolamo, L., Stanco, D., Galliera, E., Viganò, M., Colombini, A., Setti, S., Vianello, E., Romanelli, M. M. C., & Sansone, V. C. (2013) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-013-9514-y · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The scope and sequence of growth factor delivery for vascularized bone tissue regeneration
Bayer, E., Gottardi, R., Fedorchak, M. V., & Little, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Biofield physiology: A Framework for an emerging discipline
Hammerschlag, R., Levin, M. G., McCraty, R., Bat, N., Ives, J. A., Lutgendorf, S. K., & Oschman, J. L. (2015) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2015.015.suppl · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Yan, J., Xu, H., Yong, Y., Li, W., Wu, H. K., & Liu, C. (2018) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-018-0883-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ebrahim, S., Mollon, B., Bance, S., Busse, J. W., & Bhandari, M. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1503/cjs.010113 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Haffner, N., Antonic, V., Smolen, D., Slezak, P., Schaden, W., Mittermayr, R., & Stojadinovic, A. (2016) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2016.04.010 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Fernández-Bances, I., Pérez‐Basterrechea, M., Pérez-López, S., Batalla, D. N., Fernández‐Rodríguez, A., Álvarez‐Viejo, M., Ferrero-Gutiérrez, A., Menéndez-Menéndez, Y., Gala, J. M. G., Escudero, D., et al. (2013) · Cytotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.01.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Peng, L., Fu, C., Xiong, F., Zhang, Q., Liang, Z., Chen, L., He, C., & Wei, Q. (2020) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.22271 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Treatment of aseptic non-union after intramedullary nailing without removal of the nail
Garnavos, C. (2017) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2017.04.022 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ghaffarpasand, F., Shahrezaei, M., & Dehghankhalili, M. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Healing in the New Millennium: Bone Stimulators
Cook, J. J., Summers, N. J., & Cook, E. A. (2014) · Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2014.09.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pan, Y., Dong, Y., Hou, W., Ji, Z., Zhi, K., Yin, Z., Wen, H., & Chen, Y. (2012) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.21755 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hollenberg, A. M., Huber, A., Smith, C. O., & Eliseev, R. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98625-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mohajerani, H., Tabeie, F., Vossoughi, F., Jafari, E., & Assadi, M. (2019) · Journal of Stomatology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jormas.2019.02.022 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Song, M., Yu, J.-Z., Zhao, D., Wei, S., Liu, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, W., Yang, Y., & Wu, H. K. (2013) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-013-9764-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Tu, C., Chen, J.-Y., Huang, C., Xiao, Y., Tang, X., Li, H., Ma, Y., Yan, J., Li, W., Wu, H. K., et al. (2020) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-020-01954-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Song, M., Zhao, D., Wei, S., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Wang, B., Zhao, W., Yang, K., Yong, Y., & Wu, H. K. (2014) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.21867 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Galli, C., Pedrazzi, G., Mattioli‐Belmonte, M., & Guizzardi, S. (2018) · International Journal of Biomaterials · doi:10.1155/2018/8935750 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Xu, H., Han, Z., Chen, P., Yu, Q., Lei, Y., Li, Z., Zhao, M. F., & Tian, J. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.056 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Iammarrone, C. S., Cadossi, M., Sambri, A., Grosso, E., Corrado, B., & Iammarrone, F. S. (2016) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.21953 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Methods to accelerate fracture healing – a narrative review from a clinical perspective
Ganse, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384783 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Electromagnetically controllable osteoclast activity
Hong, J. M., Kang, K. S., Yi, H., Kim, S., & Cho, D. (2014) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The cellular effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on osteoblasts: A review
Galli, C., Pedrazzi, G., & Guizzardi, S. (2019) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.22187 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Epidemiology, Clinical Assessments, and Current Treatments of Nonunions
Reahl, G. B., Gerstenfeld, L. C., & Kain, M. S. H. (2020) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-020-00575-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pulsed electromagnetic field may accelerate in vitro endochondral ossification
Wang, J., Tang, N., Xiao, Q., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Li, J., Wang, J., Zhao, Z., & Tan, L. (2014) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.21882 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Integrating sensing elements on external fixators for healing assessment of fractured femur
Ong, W. H., Chiu, W. K., Russ, M. K., & Chiu, Z. K. (2016) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1002/stc.1843 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons® Clinical Consensus Statement: Perioperative Management
Meyr, A. J., Mirmiran, R., Naldo, J., Sachs, B. D., & Shibuya, N. (2017) · The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2016.10.016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Haglin, J. M., Jain, S., Eltorai, A. E. M., & Daniels, A. H. (2017) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.16.00117 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Trofè, A., Piras, A., Muehsam, D. J., Meoni, A., Campa, F., Toselli, S., & Raffi, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060922 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Xu, H., Zhang, J., Lei, Y., Han, Z., Rong, D., Yu, Q., Zhao, M. F., & Tian, J. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.044 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Extra-cardiac stimulators: what do cardiologists need to know?
Guinand, A., Noble, S., Frei, A., Renard, J., Tramèr, M. R., & Burri, H. (2016) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euv453 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Clinical management and innovation in fracture non-union
Siverino, C., Metsemakers, W., Sutter, R., Bella, E. D., Morgenstern, M., Barcik, J. P., Ernst, M., D’Este, M., Joeris, A., Chittò, M., et al. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2024.2391491 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Towards a Non-Invasive Technique for Healing Assessment of Internally Fixated Femur
Chiu, W. K., Vien, B. S., Russ, M. K., & Fitzgerald, M. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19040857 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jayankura, M., Schulz, A., Delahaut, O., Witvrouw, R., Seefried, L., Berg, B. V., Heynen, G., & Sonnet, W. (2021) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-021-02432-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Giusti, A., Giovale, M., Ponte, M. P. T. R., Fratoni, F., Tortorolo, U., Vincentiis, A. D., & Bianchi, G. (2012) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00915.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yi, H., Wang, Y., Liang, Q., & Mao, X. (2022) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897211051743 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The effect of platelet-rich plasma on fracture healing in long-bone pseudoarthrosis
Başdelioğlu, K., Meriç, G., Sargın, S., Atik, A., Ulusal, A. E., & Akseki, D. (2020) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-020-02730-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liu, W., Jin, X., Guan, Z., & Zhou, Q. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/4650057 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Electromagnetic fields do not affect bone micro-architecture in osteoporotic rats
van der Jagt, O. P., van der Linden, J. C., Waarsing, J. H., Verhaar, J. A. N., & Weinans, H. (2014) · Bone and Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.37.2000221 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ziegler, P., Nussler, A. K., Wilbrand, B., Falldorf, K., Springer, F., Fentz, A., Eschenburg, G., Ziegler, A., Stöckle, U., Maurer, E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8112008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chiu, W. K., Ong, W. H., Russ, M. K., & Fitzgerald, M. (2017) · Procedia Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.502 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Silver-Coated Nylon Dressing Plus Active DC Microcurrent for Healing of Autogenous Skin Donor Sites
Malin, E. W., Galin, C. M., Lairet, K. F., Huzar, T. F., Williams, J., Renz, E. M., Wolf, S. E., & Cancio, L. C. (2013) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/sap.0b013e31829d2311 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Krzyżańska, L., Straburzyńska‐Lupa, A., Rąglewska, P., & Romanowski, L. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/6849352 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Extending structural health monitoring concepts for bone healing assessment
Ong, W. H., Chiu, W. K., Russ, M. K., & Chiu, Z. K. (2016) · Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures · doi:10.1111/ffe.12382 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effect of external mechanical stimuli on human bone: a narrative review
Mancuso, M. E., Wilzman, A. R., Murdock, K. E., & Troy, K. L. (2021) · Progress in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1088/2516-1091/ac41bc · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects of electromagnetic fields on bone loss in hyperthyroidism rat model
Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Fu, T., Liu, Y., Wei, S., Yong, Y., Zhao, D., Zhao, W., Song, M., Tang, X., et al. (2016) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.22022 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chiarello, E., Donati, D. M., Tedesco, G., Cevolani, L., Frisoni, T., Cadossi, M., Hoque, M., Spazzoli, B., & Giannini, S. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Torretta, E., Moriggi, M., Capitanio, D., Orfei, C. P., Raffo, V., Setti, S., Cadossi, R., de Girolamo, L., & Gelfi, C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25168852 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of Peripheral Electromagnetic Fields on Spasticity: A Systematic Review
Viñolo-Gil, M. J., Rodríguez-Huguet, M., García‐Muñoz, C., González-Medina, G., Martin-Vega, F. J., & Martín‐Valero, R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11133739 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Najafzadeh, A., Wong, L., Gunawardena, D. S., Tran, T., Fu, J. W., Chen, B. K., Cheng, X., & Tam, H. (2022) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2022.113930 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ryskalin, L., Fulceri, F., Morucci, G., Dell’Agli, S., Soldani, P., & Gesi, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1286480 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bauman, W. A., & Cardozo, C. P. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415853-5.00047-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bender, T. (2013) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/oh.2013.29758 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A scoping review of operative and non-invasive management in the treatment of non-unions
Phillips, M., Harrison, A. J., Mehta, S. D., Nolte, P. A., Bhandari, M., & Zura, R. (2022) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2022.09.021 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anastasio, A. T., Zinger, B. S., & Anastasio, T. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276562 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nam, M.-H., Park, H., & Seo, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043058 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stimulation of Osteogenesis by Direct Electric Current (Review)
Овчинников, Е. Н., & Стогов, М. В. (2019) · Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia · doi:10.21823/2311-2905-2019-25-3-185-191 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Zhao, H., Chen, K., & Huang, Y. (2019) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/09168451.2019.1695574 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shuvy, M., Abedat, S., Beeri, R., Valitzky, M., Stein, Y., Meir, K. S., & Lotan, C. (2014) · Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.etp.2014.05.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ion channels as molecular targets of glioblastoma electrotherapy
Abed, T., Ganser, K., Eckert, F., Stransky, N., & Huber, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1133984 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Complications of Intramedullary Nailing
Berkes, M. B., Little, M. T. M., & Lorich, D. G. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6612-2_8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pereira, A., Díaz, J. J. H., Saur, M., Botero, S. S., Facca, S., & Liverneaux, P. A. (2017) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-017-1960-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Klinder, A., Mows, F., Ziebart, J., Su, Y., Gabler, C., Jonitz‐Heincke, A., van Rienen, U., Ellenrieder, M., & Bader, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1395715 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ghaffarpasand, F., Dehghankhalili, M., & Shahrezaei, M. (2013) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Magnetic Stimulation Therapy in Patients with COPD: A Systematic Review
Polastri, M., Comellini, V., Pacilli, A. M. G., & Nava, S. (2018) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412555.2018.1439910 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Guo, S., Zhao, G.-Z., Chen, X., Xue, Y., Ouyang, X.-L., Liu, J.-Y., Huang, Y.-P., Liu, Y.-J., Yao, Q., Han, L.-H., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056691 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Biophysical Enhancement in Fracture Healing: A Review of the Literature
Aifantis, I. D., Ampadiotaki, M.-M., Pallis, D., Tsivelekas, K. K., Papadakis, S. A., & Chronopoulos, E. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.37704 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Konchugova, T. V., Kulchitskaya, D. B., & Ivanov, A. V. (2019) · Problems of Balneology Physiotherapy and Exercise Therapy · doi:10.17116/kurort20199604163 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wijekoon, S., & de Silva, D. D. N. (2021) · World s Veterinary Journal · doi:10.54203/scil.2021.wvj10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Stimulate Cellular Proliferation in Different Types of Cells
Cho, H.-W., Kim, S.-N., Kim, K. K., Kim, K. E., & Kim, K. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2016.2520980 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessing the potential of mesenchymal stem cells in craniofacial bone repair and regeneration
Waddington, R., Jones, S., & Moseley, R. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119282181.ch4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Biomecánica del hueso: aplicación al tratamiento y a la consolidación de las fracturas
Reina, N., & Laffosse, J. (2014) · EMC - Aparato Locomotor · doi:10.1016/s1286-935x(14)68513-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Complications and Revision Surgery of Forearm Fractures
López, V. M. S., Wu, C. H., & Bozentka, D. J. (2023) · Hand Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2023.02.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Khoury, J., Zigdon‐Giladi, H., Ginesin, O., Gabay, E., & Mayer, Y. (2023) · Clinical and Experimental Dental Research · doi:10.1002/cre2.770 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Clausen, F. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.069 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brotto, M., Isaacson, J., & de Abreu, E. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25976-5_4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Other Modalities in Veterinary Rehabilitation
Millis, D. L., & Levine, D. F. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0309-2.00023-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spinal Cord Injury: Skeletal Pathophysiology and Clinical Issues
Bauman, W. A., & Cardozo, C. P. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118453926.ch122 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hart, D. A. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0723.v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Matsubara, T., Matsumine, A., Kusuzaki, K., Asanuma, K., Nakamura, T., Uchida, A., & Sudo, A. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2013.48064 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cardozo, C. P., & Bauman, W. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813073-5.00040-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Galle, S. E., & Zamorano, D. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7178-7_13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Vukičević, S., Perić, M., Bordukalo-Nikšić, T., Blažević, V., Đurđević, D., Ivanjko, N., Oreskovic, K., Giannoudis, P. V., & Windhager, R. H. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-025-02918-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, L., Yang, L., Yang, Y., Zhu, J., Shi, R., Deng, Q., Wang, J., & Sun, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1646903 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field on the course of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
Byalovsky, Y., Ivanov, A. V., & Rakitina, I. S. (2021) · Russian Journal of Physiotherapy Balneology and Rehabilitation · doi:10.17816/rjpbr107453 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of a Static Magnetic Field on Early Osseointegration: A Pilot Study in Canines
Michels, R., Kampleitner, C., Dobsak, T., Doppelmayer, K., Heimel, P., Lettner, S., Tangl, S., Gruber, R., & Benfatti, C. A. M. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16051846 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Are We Being Unfair to Physical Therapy Agents?
Kabayel, D. D., & Yavuz, S. (2014) · Türkiye Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi · doi:10.5152/tftrd.2014.29567 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Griffin, X. L., Costa, M. L., Parsons, N., & Smith, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-04-13
- Volume
- 2011
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- CD008471-CD008471
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- PMC
- PMC12754039
- OpenAlex
- W2110949712
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2006-08-001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Bone fractures and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electromagnetic Effects on Materials
- Keywords
- electromagnetic field stimulation, pulsed electromagnetic fields, delayed union, nonunion, long bone fractures, tibial fractures, fracture healing, bone formation, pain, treatment complications, adults, functional outcome, treatment effect heterogeneity, risk of bias, sensitivity analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arm Injuries, Fractures, Ununited, Humans, Leg Injuries, Tibial Fractures, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Fracture Healing, Magnetic Field Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
