Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage‐gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects
Open accessAbstract
The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in producing non-thermal effects have not been clearly established. However, studies in the literature, reviewed here, provide substantial support for such direct targets. Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers block or greatly lower diverse EMF effects. Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. Downstream responses of such EMF exposures may be mediated through Ca(2+) /calmodulin stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Potentially, physiological/therapeutic responses may be largely as a result of nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway stimulation. A well-studied example of such an apparent therapeutic response, EMF stimulation of bone growth, appears to work along this pathway. However, pathophysiological responses to EMFs may be as a result of nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-oxidative stress pathway of action. A single such well-documented example, EMF induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells, as measured by alkaline comet assays, is reviewed here. Such single-strand breaks are known to be produced through the action of this pathway. Data on the mechanism of EMF induction of such breaks are limited; what data are available support this proposed mechanism. Other Ca(2+) -mediated regulatory changes, independent of nitric oxide, may also have roles. This article reviews, then, a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain therapeutic and pathophysiological effects.
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Different electromagnetic field frequencies have the potential to activate voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to varied effects.
“Pall (2013) compared different electromagnetic field frequencies, noting their potential to activate voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to varied effects.”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Pall, 2013
Two theories have been proposed for how electromagnetic fields modulate Cav2+ channels: depolarization of the cell membrane, and direct action on the charged residues in the voltage-sensing S4 segment adjacent to the pore.
“To answer the first question, two theories have been proposed for how electromagnetic fields modulate Cav2+ channels: (1) by depolarization of the cell membrane, which is typically employed in mechanism of action explanations of voltage-gated ion channels such as Nav+, Kv+, and Cav2+ [48] and (2) by direct action on the charged residues in the voltage-sensing S4 segment adjacent to the pore that”
From Permeabilizing Cell Membranes with Electric Fields (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Pall, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pall, Martin L.
- ORCID
- Pall, Martin L.
- Venue
- Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-06-26
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 958-965
- ISSN
- 1582-1838 (ISSN-L)
- 1582-4934
- PMC
- PMC3780531
- OpenAlex
- W2119857404
- Cited by
- 440
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biofield Effects and Biophysics
- Keywords
- extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, voltage-gated calcium channels, non-thermal biological effects, L-type calcium channel blockers, nitric oxide production, calmodulin, bone growth stimulation, peroxynitrite, oxidative stress, single-strand breaks, alkaline comet assay, calcium signaling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electromagnetic Fields, Humans, Osteogenesis, Calcium Channels, Signal Transduction, Ion Channel Gating, DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded
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