Prophylactic milrinone for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease often undergo heart surgery at a young age. They are at risk for postoperative low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) or death. Milrinone may be used to provide inotropic and vasodilatory support during the immediate postoperative period. OBJECTIVES: This review examines the effectiveness of prophylactic postoperative use of milrinone to prevent LCOS or death in children having undergone surgery for congenital heart disease. SEARCH METHODS: Electronic and manual literature searches were performed to identify randomised controlled trials. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science in February 2014 and conducted a top-up search in September 2014 as well as clinical trial registries and reference lists of published studies. We did not apply any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomised controlled trials were selected for analysis. We considered studies with newborn infants, infants, toddlers, and children up to 12 years of age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently extracted data according to a pre-defined protocol. We obtained additional information from all study authors. MAIN RESULTS: Three of the five included studies compared milrinone versus levosimendan, one study compared milrinone with placebo, and one compared milrinone verus dobutamine, with 101, 242, and 50 participants, respectively. Three trials were at low risk of bias while two were at higher risk of bias. The number and definitions of outcomes were non-uniform as well. In one study comparing two doses of milrinone and placebo, there was some evidence in an overall comparison of milrinone versus placebo that milrinone lowered risk for LCOS (risk ratio (RR) 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28 to 0.96; 227 participants). The results from two small studies do not provide enough information to determine whether milrinone increases the risk of LCOS when compared to levosimendan (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.32 to 4.65; 59 participants). Mortality rates in the studies were low, and there was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the effect of milrinone compared to placebo or levosimendan or dobutamine regarding mortality, the duration of intensive care stay, hospital stay, mechanical ventilation, or maximum inotrope score (where available). Numbers of patients requiring mechanical cardiac support were also low and did not allow a comparison between studies, and none of the participants of any study received a heart transplantation up to the end of the respective follow-up period. Time to death within three months was not reported in any of the included studies. A number of adverse events was examined, but differences between the treatment groups could not be proven for hypotension, intraventricular haemorrhage, hypokalaemia, bronchospasm, elevated serum levels of liver enzymes, or a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction < 50% or reduced left ventricular fraction of shortening < 28%. Our analysis did not prove an increased risk of arrhythmias in patients treated prophylactically with milrinone compared with placebo (RR 3.59, 95% CI 0.83 to 15.42; 238 participants), a decreased risk of pleural effusions (RR 1.78, 95% CI 0.92 to 3.42; 231 participants), or a difference in risk of thrombocytopenia on milrinone compared with placebo (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.88; 238 participants). Comparisons of milrinone with levosimendan or with dobutamine, respectively, did not clarify the risk of arrhythmia and were not possible for pleural effusions or thrombocytopenia. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of prophylactic milrinone in preventing death or low cardiac output syndrome in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease, compared to placebo. So far, no differences have been shown between milrinone and other inodilators, such as levosimendan or dobutamine, in the immediate postoperative period, in reducing the risk of LCOS or death. The existing data on the prophylactic use of milrinone has to be viewed cautiously due to the small number of small trials and their risk of bias.
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There is no uniform definition or criteria for LCOS in the literature.
“researchers do not use uniform criteria based on specific thresholds to describe the syndrome (definition) (13, 14).”
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“However, despite the obvious interest in LCOS from a clinical perspective, researchers do not use uniform criteria based on specific thresholds to describe the syndrome (definition) (13, 14).”
BackgroundCavigelli-Brunner, A., Hug, M. I., Dave, H., Baenziger, O., Buerki, C., Bettex, D., Cannizzaro, V., & Balmer, C. (2018) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000001533 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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“Therefore, we can conclude from the literature that there is insufficient evidence that milrinone improves clinical outcomes post pediatric heart surgery, a finding confirmed by a recent Cochrane review.(3) However, despite this lack of evidence, the positive hemodynamic effects of milrinone do lead to a widespread us…”
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- Authors
- Burkhardt, B. E., Rücker, G., & Stiller, B.
- Affiliations
- University Children's Hospital Zurich (CH)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-03-25
- Volume
- 2015
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- CD009515-CD009515
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- PMC
- PMC11032183
- OpenAlex
- W2135242378
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Congenital Heart Disease Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiovascular Conditions and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Keywords
- milrinone, low cardiac output syndrome, congenital heart disease, pediatric cardiac surgery, postoperative mortality, levosimendan, dobutamine, inotropic support, postoperative complications, ICU length of stay, mechanical ventilation, infants, neonates, adverse effects, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias
- MeSH terms
- Simendan, Cardiac Output, Low, Cardiotonic Agents, Dobutamine, Heart Defects, Congenital, Humans, Hydrazones, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Postoperative Complications, Pyridazines, Syndrome, Time Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Milrinone
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