Self‐nonself discrimination by the complement system
Open accessAbstract
The alternative pathway ( AP ) of complement can recognize nonself structures by only two molecules, C3b and factor H. The AP deposits C3b covalently on nonself structures via an amplification system. The actual discrimination is performed by factor H, which has binding sites for polyanions (sialic acids, glycosaminoglycans, phospholipids). This robust recognition of ‘self’ protects our own intact viable cells and tissues, while activating structures are recognized by default. Foreign targets are opsonized for phagocytosis or killed. Mutations in factor H predispose to severe diseases. In hemolytic uremic syndrome, they promote complement attack against blood cells and vascular endothelial cells and lead, for example, to kidney and brain damage. Even pathogens can exploit factor H. In fact, the ability to bind factor H discriminates most pathogenic microbes from nonpathogenic ones.
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Complement activity is tightly controlled by soluble and surface-bound regulatory proteins to avoid unnecessary damage to host tissues and organs.
“Because the complement cascade leads to generation of highly potent inflammatory molecules, its activity is tightly regulated by a variety of soluble and surface-bound regulatory proteins, thus preventing unnecessary damage to host tissues and organs.80,81”
From Innate immune sensing of adeno-associated virus vectors (2024) · cites this paper as [81]
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Self-citationComplement Activation and Regulation in Preeclamptic Placenta
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Self-citationBinding of the Complement Inhibitor C4bp to Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis
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Complement Factor H: A Biomarker for Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Self-citationSelf, Non-Self, and Danger: A Complementary View
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The evolution of natural killer cell receptors
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Complement activation in diseases presenting with thrombotic microangiopathy
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Self-citationPrimitive complement system of invertebrates
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New Insights into the Role of Ficolins in the Lectin Pathway of Innate Immunity
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Self-citationComplement Factor H as a Marker for Detection of Bladder Cancer
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Deciphering the Fine Details of C1 Assembly and Activation Mechanisms: “Mission Impossible�
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Role of Complement in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli–Induced Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
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Interactions of C-reactive protein and complement with liposomes
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“114 To focus complement activation on proper targets and prevent damage to the host, the 115 system is delicately regulated by fluid-phase and surface bound molecules, which control 116 activation in body fluids and on various cellular and non-cellular (such as basement 117 membranes) surfaces [1, 3, 7-9].”
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- Authors
- Meri, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Meri, Seppo
- ORCID
- Meri, Seppo
- Venue
- FEBS Letters
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-07-19
- Volume
- 590
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2418-2434
- ISSN
- 0014-5793 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-3468
- OpenAlex
- W2466150469
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- FEBS Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Suomen Akatemia
- Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö
- Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Coagulation, Bradykinin, Polyphosphates, and Angioedema
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Biomarkers in Disease Mechanisms
- Keywords
- complement system, alternative complement pathway, self/non-self discrimination, complement factor H, C3b, opsonization, sialic acid, polyanion binding, hemolytic uremic syndrome, factor H mutation, pathogen recognition
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Binding Sites, Brain Injuries, Complement Pathway, Alternative, Complement C3b, Glycosaminoglycans, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Humans, Mutation, Phagocytosis, Phospholipids, Sialic Acids, Complement Factor H
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