Seasonal overturning circulation in the Red Sea: 1. Model validation and summer circulation
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The overturning circulation in the Red Sea exhibits a distinct seasonally reversing pattern and is studied using high-resolution MIT general circulation model simulations. In the first part of this study, the vertical and horizontal structure of the summer overturning circulation and its dynamical mechanisms are presented from the model results. The seasonal water exchange in the Strait of Bab el Mandeb is successfully simulated, and the structures of the intruding subsurface Gulf of Aden intermediate water are in good agreement with summer observations in 2011. The model results suggest that the summer overturning circulation is driven by the combined effect of the shoaling of the thermocline in the Gulf of Aden resulting from remote winds in the Arabian Sea and an upward surface slope from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden set up by local surface winds in the Red Sea. In addition, during late summer two processes associated, respectively, with latitudinally differential heating and increased salinity in the southern Red Sea act together to cause the reversal of the contrast of the vertical density structure and the cessation of the summer overturning circulation. Dynamically, the subsurface northward pressure gradient force is mainly balanced by vertical viscosity resulting from the vertical shear and boundary friction in the Strait of Bab el Mandeb. Unlike some previous studies, the three-layer summer exchange flows in the Strait of Bab el Mandeb do not appear to be hydraulically controlled.
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The upwelling of intermediate and deep water takes place in a narrow band along the Egyptian coast, restricted to the northmost Red Sea (north of 24°N), and coincides with the location of the missing NMHC source.
“The upwelling of the intermediate and deep water takes place in the narrow band along the Egyptian coast. Spatially, the upwelling is restricted to the northmost Red Sea (north of 24°N) and coincides with the location of the missing NMHC source.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Section 3.5 (page unavailable) places the upwelling along the eastern coast of the southern Red Sea, contrary to the claimed narrow band along the Egyptian coast north of 24°N. The passages do not link upwelling to an NMHC source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe transfer from deep water to the surface can be relatively rapid due to the exceptionally effective vertical mixing of the Red Sea deep water and the outflows from the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba.
“The transfer from deep water to the surface can be relatively rapid due to the exceptionally effective vertical mixing of the Red Sea deep water and the outflows from the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba that have been considered to be important for the RSDW renewal in the period 1982–200132,41,42.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
The Introduction (page not available) discusses a deep overturning cell linked to Gulf of Suez overflows and observations indicating that the Gulf of Aqaba supplies the densest northern Red Sea water. It does not say that exceptionally effective mixing rapidly transfers deep water to the surface. Its discussion of vertical mixing in §4.1 concerns exchange flow in the strait, not that proposed deep-to-surface transfer. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe complex overturning circulation in the Red Sea has a pronounced seasonal cycle that modulates the vertical transport and can potentially amplify the emissions to the atmosphere during winter.
“The complex overturning circulation in the Red Sea has a pronounced seasonal cycle41,43 that modulates the vertical transport and can potentially amplify the emissions to the atmosphere during winter.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
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Mittal, H. V. R., Langodan, S., Zhan, P., Li, S., Knio, O., & Hoteit, I. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96572-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPetrovic, A., Ariza-Fuentes, M., Putri, I. S., Yahaya, L. N., Khanna, P., Purkis, S. J., & Vahrenkamp, V. (2021) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12955 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Simulating the Regional Impact of Dust on the Middle East Climate and the Red Sea
Osipov, S., & Stenchikov, G. (2018) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1002/2017jc013335 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Interannual Variability of the Exchange Flow Through the Strait of Bab‐al‐Mandeb
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Self-citationFishes and Connectivity of Red Sea Coral Reefs
Berumen, M. L., Roberts, M. B., Sinclair‐Taylor, T. H., DiBattista, J. D., Saenz‐Agudelo, P., Isari, S., He, S., Khalil, M. T., Hardenstine, R. S., Tietbohl, M. D., et al. (2019) · Coral reefs of the world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05802-9_8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Submesoscale Processes in the Upper Red Sea
Zhan, P., Guo, D., Krokos, G., Dong, J., Duran, R., & Hoteit, I. (2022) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2021jc018015 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThermocline Regulated Seasonal Evolution of Surface Chlorophyll in the Gulf of Aden
Yao, F., & Hoteit, I. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119951 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, W., El-Askary, H. M., Manikandan, K. P., Qurban, M. A., Garay, M. J., & Калашникова, О. В. (2017) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs9080778 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Al-Qthanin, R. N., & Alharbi, S. A. (2020) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f11121287 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Extreme marine heatwave linked to mass fish kill in the Red Sea
Tietbohl, M. D., Genevier, L., Krieger, E. C., Kattan, A., Wang, Y., Gokul, E. A., Bravo, L. M. R., Palm, L., Mele, G., Hoteit, I., et al. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179073 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationBaroclinic Tides Simulation in the Red Sea: Comparison to Observations and Basic Characteristics
Guo, D., Kartadikaria, A. R., Zhan, P., Xie, J., Li, M., & Hoteit, I. (2018) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2018jc013970 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationDeveloping an Atlas of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Red Sea: Linkages to Local Aquaculture
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Self-citationPhysical Mechanisms Routing Nutrients in the Central Red Sea
Zarokanellos, N., Kürten, B., Churchill, J. H., Roder, C. M., Voolstra, C. R., Abualnaja, Y. O., & Jones, B. H. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2017jc013017 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mixed layer depth variability in the Red Sea
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Brewin, R. J. W., Dall’Olmo, G., Gittings, J. A., Sun, X., Lange, P. K., Raitsos, D. Ε., Bouman, H. A., Hoteit, I., Aiken, J., & Sathyendranath, S. (2022) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2021jc018195 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationRegionalization of the Red Sea Based on Phytoplankton Phenology: A Satellite Analysis
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Capturing a Mode of Intermediate Water Formation in the Red Sea
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Self-citationPhytoplankton Biomass and the Hydrodynamic Regime in NEOM, Red Sea
Papagiannopoulos, N., Raitsos, D. Ε., Krokos, G., Gittings, J. A., Brewin, R. J. W., Papadopoulos, V. P., Pavlidou, A., Selmes, N., Groom, S., & Hoteit, I. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13112082 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationProcesses Governing the Seasonal Evolution of Mixed Layers in the Red Sea
Krokos, G., Cerovečki, I., Papadopoulos, V. P., Hendershott, M. C., & Hoteit, I. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2021jc017369 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Crossover of Boundary Currents in an Idealized Model of the Red Sea
Zhai, P., Pratt, L. J., & Bower, A. S. (2015) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/jpo-d-14-0192.1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationCumulative effects of large-scale desalination on the salinity of semi-enclosed seas
Chenoweth, J., & Al-Masri, R. A. (2022) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.115522 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wave modeling of a reef-sheltered coastal zone in the Red Sea
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Self-citationCoastal circulation and water transport properties of the Red Sea Project lagoon
Zhan, P., Krokos, G., Langodan, S., Guo, D., Dasari, H. P., Papadopoulos, V. P., Lermusiaux, P. F. J., Knio, O., & Hoteit, I. (2021) · Ocean Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101791 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationTaqi, A. M., Al-Subhi, A. M., Alsaafani, M. A., & Abdulla, C. P. (2019) · Ocean science · doi:10.5194/os-15-477-2019 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Numerical investigation of shipping noise in the Red Sea
Larayedh, R., Cornuelle, B. D., Krokos, G., & Hoteit, I. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56523-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationRegional Effects of the Mount Pinatubo Eruption on the Middle East and the Red Sea
Osipov, S., & Stenchikov, G. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1002/2017jc013182 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Krokos, G., Cerovečki, I., Papadopoulos, V. P., Zhan, P., Hendershott, M. C., & Hoteit, I. (2024) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2024.1342137 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationLudt, W. B., Morgan, L., Bishop, J. M., & Chakrabarty, P. (2017) · Marine Biodiversity · doi:10.1007/s12526-017-0740-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Seasonal variations of hydrographic parameters off the Sudanese coast of the Red Sea, 2009–2015
Ali, E. B., Churchill, J. H., Barthel, K., Skjelvan, I., Omar, A. M., de Lange, T. E., & Eltaib, E. B. A. (2017) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2017.12.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kheireddine, M., Ouhssain, M., Calleja, M. L., Morán, X. A. G., Sarma, Y. V. B., Tiwari, S. P., & Jones, B. H. (2018) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2018.02.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Evaporative Implications of Dry‐Air Outbreaks Over the Northern Red Sea
Menezes, V. V., Farrar, J. T., & Bower, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2018jd028853 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimal 3D trajectory planning for AUVs using ocean general circulation models
Albarakati, S., Lima, R., Giraldi, L., Hoteit, I., & Knio, O. (2019) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106266 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluences of Physical and Biogeochemical Variability of the Central Red Sea During Winter
Zarokanellos, N., & Jones, B. H. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2020jc016714 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Physical forcing of phytoplankton dynamics in the Al‐Wajh lagoon (Red Sea)
Zhan, P., Krokos, G., Gittings, J. A., Raitsos, D. Ε., Guo, D., Papagiannopoulos, N., & Hoteit, I. (2022) · Limnology and Oceanography Letters · doi:10.1002/lol2.10266 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationA generalized machine learning model for long-term coral reef monitoring in the Red Sea
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Variations in Plio-Pleistocene Deposition in the Red Sea
Mitchell, N. C., Ligi, M., & Rasul, N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99408-6_15 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Optimal 3D time-energy trajectory planning for AUVs using ocean general circulation models
Albarakati, S., Lima, R., Theußl, T., Hoteit, I., & Knio, O. (2020) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108057 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationOn calcium-to-alkalinity anomalies in the North Pacific, Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean
Steiner, Z., Sarkar, A., Liu, X., Berelson, W. M., Adkins, J. F., Achterberg, E. P., Sabu, P., Prakash, S., Vinaychandran, P. N., Byrne, R. H., et al. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.03.027 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Making the Case for High-Resolution Regional Ocean Reanalyses: An Example with the Red Sea
Sanikommu, S., Langodan, S., Dasari, H. P., Zhan, P., Krokos, G., Abualnaja, Y. O., Asfahani, K., & Hoteit, I. (2023) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-21-0287.1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationFar-Field Ocean Conditions and Concentrate Discharges Modeling Along the Saudi Coast of the Red Sea
Zhan, P., Yao, F., Kartadikaria, A. R., Viswanadhapalli, Y., Gopalakrishnan, G. L., & Hoteit, I. (2015) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13203-7_21 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationToye, H., Sanikommu, S., Raboudi, N., & Hoteit, I. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.3894 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationA Lagrangian model-based physical connectivity atlas of the Red Sea coral reefs
Wang, Y., Raitsos, D. Ε., Krokos, G., Zhan, P., & Hoteit, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.925491 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPetrovic, A., Reijmer, J. J. G., Alsaihati, S. H. M., Nommensen, D., & Vahrenkamp, V. (2023) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.13120 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A 1600-year record of extreme rainfall in northern Arabia
Purkis, S. J., Ward, S. N., Howes, B. J., Longenecker, J., Chakraborty, M. I., Kálmán, Á., Clement, A., Sharifi, A., Benzoni, F., Clarke, C., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adq3173 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Assessment of Red Sea temperatures in CMIP5 models for present and future climate
Agulles, M., Jordá, G., Hoteit, I., Agustı́, S., & Duarte, C. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255505 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship of the Warming of Red Sea Surface Water over 140 Years with External Heat Elements
Liu, X., & Yao, F. (2022) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse10070846 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of atmospheric data assimilation on wave simulations in the Red Sea
Langodan, S., Viswanadhapalli, Y., & Hoteit, I. (2016) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.02.020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental Setting for Reef Building in the Red Sea
Churchill, J. H., Davis, K. A., Wurgaft, E., & Shaked, Y. (2019) · Coral reefs of the world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05802-9_2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Eladawy, A., Shaltout, M., Sousa, M. C., Días, J. M., & Nadaoka, K. (2018) · Earth Systems and Environment · doi:10.1007/s41748-018-0049-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Multi-Mission Satellite Detection and Tracking of October 2019 Sabiti Oil Spill in the Red Sea
Vankayalapati, K., Dasari, H. P., Langodan, S., Mohtar, S. E., Sanikommu, S., Asfahani, K., Desamsetti, S., & Hoteit, I. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15010038 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationA new Lagrangian-based short-term prediction methodology for high-frequency (HF) radar currents
Solabarrieta, L., Hernández‐Carrasco, I., Rubio, A., Campbell, M., Esnaola, G., Mader, J., Jones, B. H., & Orfila, A. (2021) · Ocean science · doi:10.5194/os-17-755-2021 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Oil spill risk analysis for the NEOM shoreline
Mittal, H. V. R., Hammoud, M. A. E. R., Carrasco, A. K., Hoteit, I., & Knio, O. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57048-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDreano, D., Mallick, B. K., & Hoteit, I. (2015) · Spatial Statistics · doi:10.1016/j.spasta.2015.04.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationPutri, I. S., Petrovic, A., Ariza-Fuentes, M., Sorrentino, R., Perbawa, A., & Vahrenkamp, V. (2024) · Journal of Sedimentary Research · doi:10.2110/jsr.2023.103 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Drivers of marine heatwaves in coral bleaching regions of the Red Sea
Darmaraki, S., Krokos, G., Genevier, L., Hoteit, I., & Raitsos, D. Ε. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02096-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Mazloff, M. R., Verdy, A., Cerovečki, I., Kheireddine, M., Naylor, P. A., Krokos, G., & Hoteit, I. (2025) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2024gb008226 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationObservational Evidence of the Basin‐Wide Gyre Reversal in the Gulf of Taranto
Federico, I., Pinardi, N., Lyubartsev, V., Maicu, F., Causio, S., Trotta, F., Caporale, C., Coppini, G., Demarte, M., Falconieri, A., et al. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2020gl091030 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tritium and radiocarbon in the water column of the Red Sea
Povinec, P. P., Papadopoulos, V. P., Krokos, G., Abualnaja, Y. O., Pavlidou, A., Kontuĺ, I., Kaizer, J., Cherkinsky, A. E., Molnár, A., Molnár, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107051 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Yao, F., Hoteit, I., Pratt, L. J., Bower, A. S., Zhai, P., Köhl, A., & Gopalakrishnan, G.
- Affiliations
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (SA)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoteit, Ibrahim
- Venue
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2238-2262
- ISSN
- 2169-9275 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2006688772
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 8.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans (publishedVersion)
- Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Saudi Aramco
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Keywords
- Red Sea, summer circulation, thermocline shoaling, surface slope, differential heating, salinity, density structure, pressure gradient force, vertical viscosity, exchange flow, hydraulics, model validation
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